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1、2009英語高考復(fù)習(xí)之,閱讀理解,Yang Caijun,調(diào)查問卷,在平時(shí)的高考模擬題操練中，我最不喜歡做的題型是,原因： 詞匯量大，句型復(fù)雜，篇幅長(zhǎng)，較難讀懂。, 篇數(shù)太多，當(dāng)讀到D篇時(shí)已在崩潰邊緣，讀到 E篇時(shí)已完全麻木，若任務(wù)型簡(jiǎn)單些則能恢復(fù) 知覺，否則將昏迷不醒。, 分值大，很多選項(xiàng)模棱兩可難以抉擇，失分率 較高，很有挫敗感。, 練習(xí)過程痛苦，見效太慢。,調(diào)查反饋,3、對(duì)于英語高考，我最沒有把握并想快速提高的題型是,Please work hard at the reading comprehension！,閱讀理解題考查的是考生閱讀理解英語 篇章的能力，文章涉及到人物、故事

2、、經(jīng)濟(jì)、 政治、新聞、廣告、科普、文化、社會(huì)等多 種題材, 涵蓋了記敘文、說明文、議論文和 應(yīng)用文等多種體裁，它考查的不僅是考生對(duì) 整篇文章的把握能力, 而且考查考生快速捕 捉信息, 準(zhǔn)確理解特定細(xì)節(jié)以及復(fù)雜句子的 能力。考生不僅要理解文章的表層意思, 更 重要的是能通過文章的表層去合理推斷, 挖 掘文章的隱含意義、延伸意義。,閱讀理解考查內(nèi)容,近六年閱讀短文題材一覽表(以全國卷I為例),,考試大綱要求,1、理解主旨和要義； 2、理解文中具體信息； 3、根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義； 4、做出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理； 5、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)； 6、理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。,閱讀理解命題分類,,主旨大意

3、型,,事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型,詞義猜測(cè)型,,,推理判斷型,,,命題類,,閱讀理解之,主旨大意,,主旨大意型,,常見提問形式,,,1). 主題型主旨大意題的題干表現(xiàn)形式: The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? What is the passage mainly about? 2). 目的類主旨大意題 The passage is meant to . The purpo

4、se of this article is to 3). 標(biāo)題類主旨大意題 The best title for the passage might be The paragraph could be entitled,How To Get The Main Idea?,如何做主旨大意題?,如何做主旨大意題,做此類題目時(shí)，首先要搞清是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中的蘊(yùn)含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便

5、容易抓住文章的中心。,,,,第三: 要學(xué)會(huì)借助文章的結(jié)構(gòu)來把握中心思想。段落中心思想常常由主題句( Topic sentence)來表達(dá)。主題句常常出現(xiàn)在段首(60%--90%)或段尾處, 有時(shí)也在段落中間。同樣, 一篇文章的中心思想也常常在開始段或結(jié)尾段點(diǎn)出。因此, 在閱讀中, 我們要對(duì)文章的開始段和結(jié)尾段及段落的主題句給予特別的注意。,,,一、主旨大意型,,實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練,,1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besi

6、des the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, can

7、cer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?,1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a

8、“smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?,,,,,,,,,,（1）主題句在段首 一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。,2 Often no one looks more guilt

9、y than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance,,,,So, it is foolish to try to judge a perso

10、n only by his appearance,（2）主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。 作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù), 層層推理論證, 最后自然得出結(jié)論, 即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論,3 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hu- -rry.” However, when you go to the store rea

11、dy to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switc

12、hed to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _________. A. Buyer Be CarefulB. Closeout(出清存貨) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set,,,,,This sales trick is called “bait and switch”.,（3）

13、在短文中間當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí), 通常前面只提出問題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, 而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展.,4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided h

14、im with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that ______.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School

15、 and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.,,,detail,detail,detail,,一、主旨大意型,,解題要領(lǐng),,A、干擾項(xiàng) 可能屬文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。,B、干擾項(xiàng) 可能屬從文中某些 (不完全的) 事 實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。,C、干擾項(xiàng) 可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。,D、正確項(xiàng) 是根據(jù)文章意思全面理解而歸納 概括出來的；但不能太籠統(tǒng)、言

16、過 其實(shí)或以偏概全。,,,,,Types Of Paragraph Structures,,,,,At the beginning,At the end,In the middle,No clear topic sentence,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,details,Paragraph ideas,Passage idea,,,上下文,構(gòu)詞法,猜測(cè)詞意,閱讀理解之,猜測(cè)詞意,猜測(cè)詞義題常見設(shè)問方式:,1. The word “...” refers to/probably means 2. The underlined word “”could best be replaced

17、 by 3. What do you think the expression “”stands for? 4. By saying “”,we mean 5. “”,as used in the passage can best be defined as 6. Which of the following words can take the place of the word “”? 7. The underlined phrase “”is closet in meaning to..? 8. The underlined word “..” roughly means?,How

18、 to guess the meanings of new words?,A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrust the skin and then drink blood. Desert can be defined as a large area of land where there is not enough rain and vegetation to support human life. 信號(hào)詞：be, be called, means, be defined as,1. Definition and explanati

19、on 利用定義和解釋猜測(cè)詞義；,蚊子,沙漠,Ex. 1 A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.,木匠,動(dòng)物學(xué)家,牧人,Though Toms face has been washed quite

20、clean, his neck still remains grubby. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty. 2. Guessing from Comparison and Contrast 信號(hào)詞: but, however, yet, otherwise, while, though, on the one handon the other hand, for one thingfor another thing, instead o

21、f 等,污穢的,節(jié)約的,Ex. 2 In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil. If you agree, write “ yes”; if you dissent, write “no”.,混亂,不同意,Rubber(橡膠) can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic.

22、The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. 3. Guessing word from Cause and Result 信號(hào)詞: because, since, as, for, due to, so, therefore, sothat, suchthat, thus, owing to, thanks to, result in, lead to, contribute to, result from, contribute to,彈性的,,,混濁的,,,E

23、x. 3 Hes such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.,精明的,修剪,,Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes. On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens,

24、ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.,,家禽,裝置,信號(hào)詞: such, such as, like, for example/ instance, especially, include, consist of,4. Guessing word from examples.,,,In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields. All whales fall into two group

25、s, those with teeth and those without, Dolphins belong to odontoceti, that is to say, they are toothed whales. 5.Guessing words according to retelling 信號(hào)詞: or, that is ( to say ), in other words, to put it another way, i.e.,灌溉,有牙齒的,,,The new tax law supersedes or replaces the law that was in effect

26、 last year. Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter. 6. Guessing word from Synonym and Antonym 信號(hào)詞: or, and, like , asas, the same as,替代,圓胖的,,Is he intelligent or stupid? Most women in Ghana--- the educated and illiterate, the

27、urban and rural, the young and old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved. The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means ____. A. re

28、peated B. reiterated. C. uneducated D. sick,,clever,Ex.6,,,When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him. When you throw a stone into still

29、water of a lake, you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water. 7.Guessing words according to the common sense,麻藥,波紋,8. Word formation 即根據(jù)前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生 等構(gòu)詞知識(shí)判斷生詞的詞義,(1)Overwork may cause diseases. 前綴over-的意思是“過分的、過量的”故overwork的意思應(yīng)為“工作過度”。 (2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manag

30、ers eyes. satisfied的意思是“滿意的”，前綴dis-的意思是“不”，故dissatisfied的意思應(yīng)該是“不滿意的”。,conclusion,歷年高考題,1.When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it came on the market in a

31、dark blue and white package-blue because we think of it as safe, and white as calm.(2004年NMET全國，廣東卷),65.The underlined part “the colors turned the customers off” (in Para.3) means that the colors_______. A. had weak effects on the customers B. tricked the customers into shopping C. caused the custom

32、ers to lose interest D. attracted the customers strongly,,通過因果法可知答案為C,2.(NMET2002,E篇,74) A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. 74.What does the under lined word hassle probably mean?

33、 A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests,解析:反義法由前句的否定doesnt與后句的肯定can be這一對(duì)比關(guān)系，可以推斷出,為了慶祝孩子的生日,又不至于麻煩,可以買一個(gè)生日開心包。hassle的意思應(yīng)該與fun相反,而與difficulty, trouble等相近。故答案為C。,3. One mistaken idea about business

34、 is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. (NMET 2000),,Which of the following can be used in place of “ Quite the reverse”? A. Quite right. B . True enough.

35、 C. Most unlikely. D. Just the opposite,D,4.Remember that People on line may not be who they seem. Because you cant see or even hear the person. It would be easy for someone to misrepresent himself/herself. Thus someone who says that she is a 12-year-old girl. could really be an old man.,The under

36、lined word probably means ____. making a wrong judgment about B. understanding somebody wrongly C. giving a wrong description of D. forming a wrong opinion about,,5. Im a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I wont give it up easily. A. frighten B. brave and careless C. firm D. angry,,Thank you!,,