考研真題 英語(yǔ)真題及參考答案 2021年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（一）試題 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the follog te_t. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily e_ercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and o_ygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. __6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as e_ercise does, laughter arently acplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they bee sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an e_periment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ e_pression. Those forced to e_ercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that e_pressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1．[A]among [B]e_cept [C]despite [D]like 2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]e_pected 8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]rela_es 9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11．[A]E_cept for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at 13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14．[A]e_hausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold 17．[A]disointed [B]e_cited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted 19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the follog four te_ts. Answer the questions below each te_t by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Te_t 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its ne_t music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his ointment in 2021. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the ointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is paratively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s ointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the ne_t music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting positions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my puter and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must pete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater panies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Ale_ Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely e_panding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract. 21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s ointment has [A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity. 22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is [A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented. 23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A]ignore the e_penses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C]e_aggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances. 24. According to the te_t, which of the follog is true of recordings? [A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B]They are easily accessible to the general public. [C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces. 25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels [A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled. Te_t 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his e_planation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his e_it in the usual vague e_cuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a pany.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of pany he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 e_ecutives at Avon and American E_press quit with the e_planation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, e_ecutives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a . In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23 from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years e_ecutives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.” Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Inter-based modities e_change. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 20__5 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.” 26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being [A]arrogant. [B]frank. [C]self-centered. [D]impulsive. 27. According to Paragraph 2, senior e_ecutives’ quitting may be spurred by [A]their e_pectation of better financial status. [B]their need to reflect on their private life. [C]their strained relations with the boards. [D]their pursuit of new career goals. 28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means [A]roved of. [B]attended to. [C]hunted for. [D]guarded against. 29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of performers is getting out-dated. [C] performers care more about reputations. [D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules. 30. Which of the follog is the best title for the te_t? [A]CEOs: Where to Go? [B]CEOs: All the Way Up? [C] Managers Jump without a [D]The Only Way Out for Performers Te_t 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television mercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, panies today can e_ploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now roach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media bee another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-merce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-merce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson Johnson, for e_le, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes plementary and even petitive products. Besides generating ine, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives panies opportunities to learn valuable information about the eal of other panies’ marketing, and may help e_pand user traffic for all panies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) munications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or caign bees hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social works, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to ly pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that hens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target pany at risk. In such a case, the pany’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for e_le, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response caign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as and the social-news site Digg. 31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are [A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. [B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. [C] eager to help their friends promote quality products. [D] enthusiastic about remending their favorite products. 32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature [A] a safe business environment. [B] random petition. [C] strong user traffic. [D] fle_ibility in organization. 33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. [B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. [C] may be responsible for fiercer petition. [D] deserve all the negative ments about them. 34. Toyota Motor’s e_perience is cited as an e_le of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media. [B] persuading customers into boycotting products. [C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media. 35. Which of the follog is the te_t mainly about ? [A] Alternatives to conventional paid media. [B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C] Dominance of hijacked media. [D] Popularity of owned media. Te_t 4 It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a pletely fulfilling, life-enriching e_perience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either hy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine hiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being hy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day e_perience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment den our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.” The magazine cover shog an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to pare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less hy than childless couples, single parents are the least hy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake. It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, hiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual e_perience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. 36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring [A]temporary delight [B]enjoyment in progress [C]hiness in retrospect [D]lasting reward 37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that [A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. [B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention. [C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. [D]having children is highly valued by the public. 38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A]are constantly e_posed to criticism. [B]are largely ignored by the media. [C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life. 39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is [A]soothing. [B]ambiguous. [C]pensatory. [D]misleading. 40.Which of the follog can be inferred from the last paragraph? [A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. [B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. [C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D]We sometimes neglect the hiness from child rearing. Part B Directions: The follog paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent te_t by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered bo_es. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. [B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22 of American college graduates now major in business pared with only 2 in history and 4 in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue. [C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. [D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by American universities that liberal-arts ed