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1、Logical Fallacies 錯(cuò)誤的推理 11-1BS 彭秀秀 Eight Types of Fallacy Dicto simpliciter 絕對(duì)判斷 Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論 Post hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會(huì) Contradictory premises 矛盾前提 Ad misericordiam 文不對(duì)題 False analogy 錯(cuò)誤類比 Hypothesis contrary to fact 與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè) Poisoning the well 井下放毒 Dicto simpliciter 絕對(duì)判斷 Exercise is

2、good， so everybody should exercise. No! Dicto simpliciter 絕對(duì)判斷 Exercise is good， so everybody should exercise. No! It means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. 即將普遍規(guī)則運(yùn)用于有特殊情況發(fā)生 的個(gè)別情形之中。 Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論 Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians a

3、re thieves. No! Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論 Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. No! It applies a special case to general rule. 由個(gè)別情形來推斷普遍規(guī)則 . Post hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會(huì) McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restau

4、rant to provide us with nutritious foods. No! Post hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會(huì) McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods. No! The cause has no connection with the result. 原因和結(jié)果沒有必然聯(lián)系 He decided to give up all his dec

5、isions. No! Contradictory premises 矛盾前提 When the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument. 當(dāng)論證的前提相互矛盾時(shí)，這立論便不能成立。 We hope youll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it. No! The answer has no connection with the questio

6、n. Ad misericordiam 文不對(duì)題 Young children are like flowers---flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative. No! Making an analogy between different things. False analogy 錯(cuò)誤類比 If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that tes

7、t . No! Drawing any supportable conclusion from a hyperthesis that is not ture. Hypothesis contrary to fact 與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè) . Poisoning the well 井下放毒 My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say. No! . Poisoning the well 井下放毒 My opponent is a notorious liar. You

8、cant believe a word that he is going to say. No! Poisoning the Well, or speaking “against the man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false. Thank you! Thank you! Thank you! Thank you!