《英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法》名詞解釋 <P3> u Structural view (結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言理論） The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system (phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax). u Functional view（功能主義語(yǔ)言理論） The functional view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. In order to perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. u Interactional view（交互語(yǔ)言理論） The interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. <P5-6> u Behaviourist theory（行為主義理論）------Skinner The key point of the theory of conditioning is that＂you can train an animal to do anything( with reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement＂. u Cognitive theory（認(rèn)知理論） Chomsky thinks that language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language. u Constructivist theory (建構(gòu)主義理論)-------John Dewey The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows. u Socio-constructivist theory (社會(huì)建構(gòu)主義理論) Vygotsky emphasises interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) and scaffolding. <P18> u Linguistic competence（語(yǔ)言能力）----Hedge Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning. u Pragmatic competence (語(yǔ)用能力) ----Hedge Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context. u Discourse competence (話語(yǔ)能力/ 語(yǔ)篇能力) ----Canale and Swain Discourse competence refers to one’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them. u Strategic competence (策略能力) Strategic competence refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources. <P86> u Errors An error has direct relation with the learners’ language competence.Errors result from lack of knowledge in the target language. u Mistakes A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip of tongue, and it is a failure performance to a known system.Mistakes result from carelessness and hesitation. <P143> u Bottom-up model （自下而上的模式） In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognitions. In other words, “we use information in the speech itself to try to comprehend the meaning” . u Top-down model （自上而下的模式） In the top-down model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasised. In other words, listening comprehension involves “ knowledge that a listener brings to a text, sometimes called “ inside the head” information, as opposed to the information that is available within the text itself” .