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鄭州輕工業(yè)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）學(xué)生自查表 （中期教學(xué)檢查用） 學(xué)生姓名 師國(guó)賓 專業(yè) 機(jī)制自動(dòng)化 班級(jí) 機(jī)制08-4班 指導(dǎo)教師姓 名 肖艷秋 課題名稱 可控并聯(lián)雙筒式減震器設(shè)計(jì) 個(gè)人作息時(shí) 間 上午 自 9時(shí) 至 12時(shí) 下午 自 3 時(shí) 至 6 時(shí) 晚上 自 7 時(shí) 至 10 時(shí) 工作地點(diǎn) 上午 計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)房 下午 計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)房 晚上 宿舍 個(gè)人精力實(shí)際投入 日平均工作時(shí)數(shù) 8 周平均工作時(shí)數(shù) 60 迄今缺席天數(shù) 無 出勤 率% 100 指導(dǎo)教師每周指導(dǎo)次數(shù) 3 每周指導(dǎo) 時(shí)間（小時(shí)） 8 備注 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作進(jìn)度 已完成的主要內(nèi)容 % 待完成的主要內(nèi)容 % 課題調(diào)研，搜集查閱資料，撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述； 翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)一篇； 熟悉CAD、ProE等繪圖軟件。 35 確定總體設(shè)計(jì)方案，分析校核減震器，繪制零件圖、裝配圖等；編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書 65 存在問題 對(duì)減震器的具體結(jié)構(gòu)欠缺了解，制圖軟件的運(yùn)用不太熟悉， 任務(wù)艱巨，工作量大，自己的時(shí)間分配不是很合理！ 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 2012年4月10日 鄭州輕工業(yè)學(xué)院 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 題 目 可控并聯(lián)雙筒式減震器 學(xué)生姓名 師國(guó)賓 專業(yè)班級(jí) 機(jī)制08-4班 學(xué) 號(hào) 200802010431 院 （系） 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師(職稱) 肖艷秋（教授） 完成時(shí)間 2012年 5月28日 鄭州輕工業(yè)學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書 題目 可控并聯(lián)雙筒式減振器設(shè)計(jì) 專業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 學(xué)號(hào) 200802010431姓名 師國(guó)賓 主要內(nèi)容、基本要求、主要參考資料等： 要求及原始數(shù)據(jù)： 伸張行程最大阻力為2156～2646N，壓縮行程最大阻力為392～588N 主要內(nèi)容： 減震器總體設(shè)計(jì)，機(jī)械控制機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)， （1） 設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份 （2） 總裝配圖一張 （3） 組件圖一張 （4） 零件圖兩張 主要參考資料 余志生，汽車?yán)碚?，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2009出版 屠衛(wèi)星，汽車底盤構(gòu)造，人民交通出版社，2001出版 王國(guó)權(quán)，汽車設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2010出版 雙向作用筒式減振器，http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjA2MzkzMDA=.html 完 成 期 限：2012-03——2012-06 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 專業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)人簽名： 2011年 12 月 8 日 外文翻譯 題 目 可控并聯(lián)雙筒式減震器 學(xué)生姓名 師國(guó)賓 專業(yè)班級(jí) 機(jī)制08-4班 學(xué) 號(hào) 200802010431 院 （系） 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師(職稱) 肖艷秋（教授） 完成時(shí)間 2012年 6月2日 汽車減振器 汽車減振器是汽車的懸掛系統(tǒng)的一部分，并發(fā)揮了重要作用，在確保車輛安全和正確操作。如何才能了解汽車減振器的工作，你也應(yīng)該明白的懸掛系統(tǒng)的所有部件和它們?nèi)绾我黄鸸ぷ?，以確保車輛運(yùn)行安全。然后，你將能更好地了解汽車減振器，在這個(gè)過程中扮演的角色。 汽車的懸掛系統(tǒng)由幾部分組成，并幫助駕駛員控制車輛。懸掛系統(tǒng)之間的公路和汽車的輪胎摩擦增加，使乘客更加舒適車內(nèi)，并給汽車的穩(wěn)定性，當(dāng)它被司機(jī)處理。汽車的懸掛系統(tǒng)包括彈簧，防搖酒吧和減振器。在懸掛系統(tǒng)的彈簧，鋼板彈簧，空氣彈簧，扭桿彈??簧。 阻尼器是任何打擊和吸收沖擊的懸掛系統(tǒng)組件。這些組件之一，是汽車減振器。沒有到位的減振器，彈簧懸掛系統(tǒng)吸收的能量將被釋放沒有任何控制。這將使在乘坐汽車或其他車輛顛簸，司機(jī)和乘客非常不舒服。汽車減振器控制抑制休克彈簧的議案。這是通過減少上車打凹凸或另一種類型的休克發(fā)生時(shí)的振動(dòng)。 減振器有兩個(gè)坐騎，上部安裝和下端安裝。汽車減振器上安裝附加的幀和下端安裝附加軸。當(dāng)你的車撞擊的凹凸，汽車減振器衰減的沖擊，通過一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的過程。春天的能量被轉(zhuǎn)移到汽車減振器活塞。允許液體泄漏，活塞上下移動(dòng)。流體釋放減緩活塞下行，導(dǎo)致在一個(gè)春天的運(yùn)動(dòng)減緩下來。 大多數(shù)汽車減振器依靠流體摩擦如上所述，但也有一些其他類型車輛的減振器。氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可用于氣體壓縮挫傷休克的車輛和減少?gòu)椈傻倪\(yùn)動(dòng)。在一些車輛使用磁性阻尼器，但是這是不是一種廣泛使用的減震方法。 許多人認(rèn)為它是好的，因?yàn)樗皇谴靷{駛時(shí)收到的沖擊損壞的汽車減振器駕駛。然而，這種假設(shè)是不正確的。減振器有相關(guān)的安全，包括對(duì)車輛的控制軋制和搖曳的重要職能。此外，減震可以幫助保護(hù)車輛的其他部分，減少損失和降低維修費(fèi)用。如果您懷疑您的汽車減振器損壞，把車開到一個(gè)機(jī)械師和盡快簽出。你的技師將可以告訴你，如果你的車需要一個(gè)新的汽車減振器或其他維修，如果需要作出的。 您的汽車減振器應(yīng)改為從時(shí)間，以最大的汽車性能。有許多方法，更換您的汽車減振器，可以幫助你的車有更好的表現(xiàn)。處理的汽車將更加一致，將車輛制動(dòng)。您的彈簧和懸掛運(yùn)動(dòng)也將更好地控制。其他好處包括防止輪胎早期磨損，減少磨損和撕裂你的車的其他部分，并保持正確對(duì)齊的車輪。 最現(xiàn)代化的車主通常會(huì)感覺很舒服，他們的車。他們的車可能順利推動(dòng)各種道路表面留下的乘客感覺很舒服。但他們有沒有意識(shí)到，他們可能會(huì)失去這樣的安慰，如果他們不采取減振器照顧？這正是為什么車主都應(yīng)該知道的賠率和減振器的兩端。減振器是什么？ 車主需要了解減振器 - 顧名思義 - 那是他們的車，被分配減少過度運(yùn)動(dòng)的任務(wù)，由于路面凹凸不平，汽車接收組件。 避震器如何工作？ 每一次司機(jī)打凹凸，敲門或超過道路上的一個(gè)洞，這些特定的組件盡力以吸收振蕩，由于發(fā)生時(shí)，汽車彈簧向上和向下的議案。 為了做到這一點(diǎn)，減振器活塞通過油執(zhí)行，以發(fā)展所需的液壓摩擦。這是為了消除過多的懸浮運(yùn)動(dòng)。 有2種方法在減振器的工作。首先是一個(gè)稱為壓縮或關(guān)閉的議案。另一種是反彈或者是什么又稱開幕議案。它是由這2種方式，減振器能夠保持與路面接觸的輪胎。 可用的減振器類型有各類減振器，每一種不同的目的服務(wù)。 1?？諝鉁p振器 有時(shí)也被稱為負(fù)載可調(diào)減振器?？諝鉁p振器使用壓縮空氣吸收圍追堵截。也可用于壓縮空氣器的彈簧。載入更多的空氣，使空氣減振器圍追堵截，同時(shí)消除空氣中會(huì)使其少僵硬。 2。阻尼器電擊器 俗稱阻尼器，這個(gè)特殊的減振器設(shè)計(jì)車輛平穩(wěn)減速，并在兩個(gè)變化：流體或機(jī)械。流體阻尼器減輕沖擊，通過使用壓縮流體的車輛，而機(jī)械阻尼器模擬流體設(shè)計(jì)，但使用電信號(hào)，而不是只是一個(gè)流體物質(zhì)。 3。沖擊與水庫(kù) 通常用于越野車水庫(kù)，水庫(kù)的沖擊，沖擊。水庫(kù)的沖擊使用氮作為吸音材料，其主要目的是提高反彈力，當(dāng)車輛通過表面粗糙和顛簸行駛。 4。彈簧減振器 最基本和最常用的減振器彈簧減振器。顧名思義，它使用橡膠或彈性彈簧，需要時(shí)可以壓縮或擴(kuò)大。 減振器如何持久？ 遺憾的是，通常情況下，大部分在市場(chǎng)上的減振器相對(duì)容易損害。如果汽車的懸掛系統(tǒng)，往往被迫在極端溫度下工作，這是特別真實(shí)。 然而，在這個(gè)時(shí)候，車主可要求如何，他們都應(yīng)該知道，如果需要更換減振器。那么，車主可以接近最簡(jiǎn)單的方法是駕駛自己的車，最近有很多的顛簸或孔不平坦的道路。同樣重要的是要記住，減振器漏油，即使是明顯的替代指標(biāo)，是有一些傾向，穿，即使沒有漏油量最少。然而，這也是車主需要特別注意的減振器，衣衫襤褸的灌木叢中，可見微小的孔，在活塞桿和輪胎條件異常的身體上可見凹陷的任何跡象。 沖擊磨損指示器 車主還需要知道已使用了多久，減振器，以便預(yù)測(cè)可能損壞或需要更換。有些車主使用里程指標(biāo)數(shù)的計(jì)數(shù)。不幸的是，僅汽車?yán)锍滩粔蚩煽?。原因是因?yàn)橛辛己玫臈l件下仍然工作后，已達(dá)到超過六十五個(gè)萬公里，而另一些人穿出來之前，甚至達(dá)到三萬公里的減振器。這也是明智的，來執(zhí)行傳統(tǒng)保險(xiǎn)杠彈跳測(cè)試。這通常有助于確保車主是否減振器需要更換。最后但并非最不重要的，另外，車主往往沖擊磨損指示器誤解的事情是由經(jīng)銷商提供保修。擔(dān)保往往意味著提高，而不一定表明多久，他們一直都在用減振器的銷售價(jià)值。即使保修可能擺脫重置成本車主，很少提供免費(fèi)的勞動(dòng)力成本。 一個(gè)減振器是懸掛組件，控制車輛的車輪向上和向下運(yùn)動(dòng)。 雖然設(shè)備被稱為避震吸收顛簸，導(dǎo)致車輪顛簸或逢低傳遞時(shí)的工作主要是處理由彈簧。更準(zhǔn)確地被命名為減振器阻尼器，因?yàn)樗麄兪窃谟?guó)稱為。他們的主要工作是潮濕的上述議案，保持車輛的身體，從上彈簧的彈跳道路。其實(shí)，最簡(jiǎn)單的減振器測(cè)試是推動(dòng)車輛的保險(xiǎn)杠，一個(gè)健康的減振器或麥弗遜式將允許身體反彈，但很快就來休息。如果車輛長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的反彈周期，休克需要更換。不良沖擊或Struts并不安全，因?yàn)樗麄兾茨茏畲蠡牡缆?，從而降低處理和制?dòng)輪胎接觸。 每個(gè)減振器包含活塞通過氣缸滑動(dòng)?；钊^兩側(cè)的液壓油提供車輪向上和向下運(yùn)動(dòng)的必須工作，因?yàn)樗鼔嚎s和擴(kuò)展減振器的阻力。一個(gè)閥，在活塞頭部和通常在另一個(gè)汽缸的基礎(chǔ)，使流體，或油，流經(jīng)為單位擴(kuò)展和壓縮。但壓縮更快或更大時(shí)，油不能擠通過閥門的速度不夠快，并成為加壓。油加壓，越抵抗活塞的議案。 閥門的孔徑大小有助于確定減振器的速度 - 這是多么公司或軟。堅(jiān)定減振器作出更嚴(yán)厲的車程，但可以提高處理和幫助，以盡量減少車身側(cè)傾。有浮息減振器 - 手動(dòng)和電子控制。該手冊(cè)有一個(gè)設(shè)置，可以調(diào)整雇主或技工。類型電子控制自適應(yīng)懸架，其中最復(fù)雜的電腦不同的反應(yīng)條件的個(gè)人沖擊堅(jiān)定性每秒多次的關(guān)鍵。 Car Shock Absorber The car shock absorber is part of the vehicle's suspension system and plays an important role in making sure the vehicle is operating safely and correctly. Before you can understand how a car shock absorber works, you should also understand all of the parts of the suspension system and how they work together to ensure safe vehicle operation. Then you will be better able to understand the role that the car shock absorber plays in this process. A car's suspension system consists of several parts and helps a driver to control the vehicle. The suspension system increases friction between the road and the car's tires, makes passengers more comfortable inside the car, and give the car stability when it's being handled by a driver. The car's suspension system consists springs, anti-sway bars, and dampers. The springs in a suspension system can be coil springs, leaf springs, air springs, or torsion bars. Dampers are any component of the suspension system that dampen and absorb shock. One of these components is the car shock absorber. Without dampers in place, all of the energy absorbed by the springs in the suspension system would be released without any sort of control. This would make riding in a car or other vehicle extremely bumpy and uncomfortable for the driver and passengers. The car shock absorber controls the motion of the springs by dampening the shock. This is accomplished by cutting down on the vibrations that are made when the car hits a bump or another type of shock happens. The shock absorber has two mounts, the upper mount and the lower mount. The upper mount of the car shock absorber is attached to the frame and the lower mount is attached to the axle. When your car hits a bump, the car shock absorber dampens the shock through a simple process. The spring's energy is transferred from the car shock absorber into the piston. Fluid is allowed to leak as the piston moves up and down. The release of fluid slows the piston down, which results in a slowing down of the spring's movement. Most car shock absorbers rely on fluid friction as described above, but there are also several other types of shock absorbers available for vehicles. Pneumatic systems can be used where the compression of gas dampens the shock to the vehicle and reduces the spring's movement. Magnetic dampers are used in some vehicles, but this is not a widely used shock absorption method. Many people think that it is okay to drive with a damaged car shock absorber since it just dampens the shocks received while driving. However, this assumption is incorrect. Shock absorbers have important functions related to safety including controlling rolling and swaying of the vehicle. In addition, shock absorption can help protect other parts of the vehicle, reducing damages and cutting repair costs. If you suspect your car shock absorber is damaged, take your car to a mechanic and have it checked out as soon as possible. Your mechanic will be able to tell you if your vehicle needs a new car shock absorber or if other repairs need to be made. Your car shock absorber should be replaced from time to time for maximum vehicle performance. There are many ways that replacing your car shock absorber can help your car perform better. Handling of the car will be more consistent, as will braking the vehicle. Your spring and suspension movement will also be better controlled. Other benefits include prevention of early tire wear, reduction of wear and tear on other parts of your car, and keeping the wheels aligned properly. Most modern car owners usually feel very comfortable with their car. Their car may drive smoothly on various kinds of road surfaces leaving the passengers to feel pretty comfortable. But do they realise that they may lose such comfort if they don't take care of the shock absorbers? This is exactly why car owners are supposed to know the odds and ends of their shock absorbers. What are shock absorbers? Car owners need to know that shock absorbers - as its name implies - are the component of their cars that are assigned the task of minimising excessive motion that the car receives due to uneven road surfaces. How do shock absorbers work? Every single time a driver hits a bump or knocks over a hole on the road, these particular components try their best in order to absorb the oscillation due to the motion that takes place when car springs move upwards and downwards. In order to do this, the shock absorbers enforce a piston through oil so as to develop the required hydraulic friction. This is meant to eliminate the excessive suspension motion.There are 2 ways in which shock absorbers work. The first is the one known as compression or the closing motion. Another one is the rebound or what is also known as the opening motion. It is by these 2 ways that shock absorbers are able to maintain the contact of the tyres with the surface of the road.Types of shock absorbers availableThere are various types of shock absorbers available, each serving a different kind of purpose. 1. Air shock absorbers Also sometimes called a load-adjustable shock absorber. Air shock absorbers use compressed air to make the absorber stiffer. Compressed air is also used for the spring of the absorber. Loading more air will make the air shock absorber stiffer while removing air will make it less stiff. 2. Damper shock absorbers Commonly called dampers, this particular shock absorber is designed for smooth deceleration for the vehicle, and comes in two variations: fluid or mechanical.Fluid dampers lessen the shock to a vehicle through the use of compressed fluids, while mechanical dampers mimics the fluid design, but uses electric signals instead of just a fluid substance. 3. Shocks with reservoirs Shocks with reservoirs, or reservoir shocks, are commonly used for off-road vehicles. Reservoir shocks uses nitrogen as an absorbing material, as their primary purpose is to improve bounciness when the vehicle is travelling through rough and bumpy surfaces. 4. Spring Shock AbsorberThe most basic and commonly used shock absorber is the spring shock absorber. As its name suggests, it uses a rubber or elastic spring that can compress or expand when needed. How durable are shock absorbers? Unfortunately, it is often the case that most of the shock absorbers available in the market are relatively vulnerable to damages. This is especially true if the car's suspension system is often forced to work under extreme temperatures. Yet, at this point of time, car owners may be asking how they are supposed to know if their shock absorbers need to be replaced. Well, the easiest way car owners can approach is to drive their car to the nearest uneven roads that have lots of bumps or holes.It is also important to keep in mind that even though oil leakage coming out of the shock absorbers are obvious indicator for replacement, there is a tendency for some to wear out even without the least amount of oil leakage.Yet, it is also necessary for car owners to pay careful attention to any signs of dents visible on the body of the shock absorbers, ragged bushes, tiny holes visible in piston rod and also abnormal tyre conditions. Shock wear indicator Car owners also need to know how long shock absorbers have been in use so as to anticipate for possible damages or needs of replacement. Some car owners make use of the count on mileage number as the indicator. Unfortunately, car mileage alone is not reliable enough. The reason is because there are shock absorbers that still work under excellent condition after having reached more than sixty-five thousand kilometres while some others wear out before even reaching thirty thousand kilometres.It is also wise to perform a conventional bumper bounce test. This usually helps to ensure car owners whether or not their shock absorbers require a replacement.Last but not least, another thing that car owners often misunderstand for shock wear indicator is the warranty offered by the dealers. Warranties are often meant to raise the sale value of the shock absorbers without necessarily indicating how long they have been in use. Even though warranty might free car owners from the replacement cost, it seldom offers free labour costs.A shock absorber is a suspension component that controls the up-and-down motion of the vehicle’s wheels. Though the devices are called shock absorbers, the job of absorbing the jolts that result when the wheels pass over bumps or dips is handled mostly by the springs. Shock absorbers would more accurately be named dampers, as they are called in the United Kingdom. Their main job is to damp the motion mentioned above, keeping the vehicle’s body from bouncing down the road on its springs. In fact, the simplest shock absorber test is to push down on the vehicle’s bumper; a healthy shock absorber or MacPherson strut will allow the body to rebound but quickly come to rest. If the vehicle goes into a prolonged bounce cycle, the shock needs to be replaced. Bad shocks or struts aren’t safe because they fail to maximize tire contact with the road, which degrades handling and braking. Each shock absorber contains a piston that slides through a cylinder. Hydraulic fluid on either side of the piston head provides the resistance against which the up-and-down motion of the wheels must work as it compresses and expands the shock absorber. A valve in the piston head, and typically another at the base of the cylinder, allow the fluid, or oil, to flow through as the unit expands and compresses. But when the compression is faster or greater, the oil can’t squeeze through the valve fast enough, and it becomes pressurized. The more the oil is pressurized, the more it resists the piston’s motion. The size of the valve aperture helps determine the shock absorber’s rate — how firm or soft it is. Firmer shock absorbers make for a harsher ride but may improve handling and help to minimize body roll. There are variable-rate shock absorbers — both manual and electronically controlled. The manual ones have a setting that the owner or a mechanic can adjust. Electronically controlled types are the key to adaptive suspensions, the most sophisticated of which are computerized to vary individual shock firmness many times per second in response to conditions. 課題名稱 可控并聯(lián)雙筒式減振器設(shè)計(jì) 課題來源 基金項(xiàng)目 課題類型 AY 指導(dǎo)教師 肖艷秋 學(xué)生姓名 師國(guó)賓 學(xué) 號(hào) 200802010431 專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 減震器是改善汽車平順性的最好途徑，它是安裝在車體與負(fù)重輪之間的一個(gè)阻尼元件，其作用是衰減車體的振動(dòng)并阻止共振情況下車體振幅的無限增大，能減小車體振動(dòng)的振幅和振動(dòng)次數(shù)，因而能延長(zhǎng)彈性元件的疲勞壽命和提高人乘車的舒適性。 調(diào)研材料的準(zhǔn)備：查閱《汽車?yán)碚摗?，《汽車底盤構(gòu)造》，《汽車設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書》等相關(guān)書籍，以及從網(wǎng)上瀏覽下載的一些畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)方面的資料。 設(shè)計(jì)目的：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是教學(xué)過程的最后階段采用的一種總結(jié)性的實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，能使學(xué)生綜合應(yīng)用所學(xué)的各種理論知識(shí)和技能，進(jìn)行全面、系統(tǒng)、嚴(yán)格的技術(shù)及基本能力的練習(xí)。它可以總結(jié)檢查學(xué)生在校期間的學(xué)習(xí)成果，是評(píng)定畢業(yè)成績(jī)的重要依據(jù)；同時(shí)通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，也使學(xué)生對(duì)某一課題作專門深入系統(tǒng)的研究，鞏固、擴(kuò)大、加深已有知識(shí)，培養(yǎng)綜合運(yùn)用已有知識(shí)獨(dú)立解決問題的能力 要求： （1） 要求一定要有結(jié)合實(shí)際的某項(xiàng)具體項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)或?qū)δ尘唧w課 題進(jìn)行有獨(dú)立見解的論證，并要求技術(shù)含量較高； 　　 (2） 設(shè)計(jì)或論文應(yīng)該在計(jì)劃所規(guī)定的時(shí)限內(nèi)完成； 　 (3） 書面材料：框架及字?jǐn)?shù)應(yīng)符合規(guī)定。。 設(shè)計(jì)思路與預(yù)期成果：根據(jù)相關(guān)資料，運(yùn)用相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)進(jìn)行合理的假設(shè)與計(jì)算研究，最后成果要滿足減振器的一般性能要求，且完成設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容。 時(shí)間安排： 第1-3周：查閱相關(guān)資料，整體上了解畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。 第4周：完成開題報(bào)告及其文獻(xiàn)綜述。 第5-10周：減振器設(shè)計(jì)方案分析及各種參數(shù)的計(jì)算 第10-11周：校核設(shè)計(jì)方案的部件。 第11-13周:繪制總裝配圖和組件圖。 第14周:手工繪制裝配圖。 第15-17周:整理書寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。 第18周:準(zhǔn)備答辯。 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 日期： 鄭州輕工業(yè)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告