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目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
中文譯文
塔式起重機(jī)
動(dòng)臂裝在高聳塔身上部的旋轉(zhuǎn)起重機(jī)。作業(yè)空間大，主要用于房屋建筑施工中物料的垂直和水平輸送及建筑構(gòu)件的安裝。由金屬結(jié)構(gòu)、工作機(jī)構(gòu)和電氣系統(tǒng)三部分組成。金屬結(jié)構(gòu)包括塔身、動(dòng)臂和底座等。工作機(jī)構(gòu)有起升、變幅、回轉(zhuǎn)和行走四部分。電氣系統(tǒng)包括電動(dòng)機(jī)、控制器、配電柜、連接線路、信號(hào)及照明裝置等。
塔式起重機(jī)簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)塔機(jī)，亦稱(chēng)塔吊，起源于西歐。據(jù)記載，第一項(xiàng)有關(guān)建筑用塔機(jī)專(zhuān)利頒發(fā)于1900年。1905年出現(xiàn)了塔身固定的裝有臂架的起重機(jī)，1923年制成了近代塔機(jī)的原型樣機(jī)，同年出現(xiàn)第一臺(tái)比較完整的近代塔機(jī)。1930年當(dāng)時(shí)德國(guó)已開(kāi)始批量生產(chǎn)塔機(jī)，并用于建筑施工。1941年，有關(guān)塔機(jī)的德國(guó)工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DIN8770公布。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定以吊載(t)和幅度(m)的乘積(tm)一起以重力矩表示塔機(jī)的起重能力。
我國(guó)的塔機(jī)行業(yè)于20世紀(jì)50年代開(kāi)始起步,相對(duì)于中西歐國(guó)家由于建筑業(yè)疲軟造成的塔機(jī)業(yè)的不景氣, 上海波赫驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)有限公司我國(guó)的塔機(jī)業(yè)正處于一個(gè)迅速的發(fā)展時(shí)期。
從塔機(jī)的技術(shù)發(fā)展方面來(lái)看，雖然新的產(chǎn)品層出不窮，新產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)效能、操作簡(jiǎn)便、保養(yǎng)容易和運(yùn)行可靠方面均有提高，但是塔機(jī)的技術(shù)并無(wú)根本性的改變。塔機(jī)的研究正向著組合式發(fā)展。所謂的組合式，就是以塔身結(jié)構(gòu)為核心，按結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特點(diǎn)，將塔身分解成若干部分，并依據(jù)系列化和通用化要求，遵循模數(shù)制原理再將各部分劃分成若干模塊。根據(jù)參數(shù)要求，選用適當(dāng)模塊分別組成具有不同技術(shù)性能特征的塔機(jī)，以滿(mǎn)足施工的具體需求。推行組合式的塔機(jī)有助于加快塔機(jī)產(chǎn)呂開(kāi)發(fā)進(jìn)度，節(jié)省產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)費(fèi)用，并能更好的為客戶(hù)服務(wù)。
塔機(jī)分為上回轉(zhuǎn)塔機(jī)和下回轉(zhuǎn)塔機(jī)兩大類(lèi)。其中前者的承載力要高于后者，在許多的施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)我們所見(jiàn)到的就是上回轉(zhuǎn)式上頂升加節(jié)接高的塔機(jī)。按能否移動(dòng)又分為：走行式和固定式。固定式塔機(jī)塔身固定不轉(zhuǎn)，安裝在整塊混凝土基礎(chǔ)上，或裝設(shè)在條形式X形混凝土基礎(chǔ)上。在房屋的施工中一般采用的是固定式的。
設(shè)備特點(diǎn)和安全裝置
塔式起重機(jī)的動(dòng)臂形式分水平式和壓桿式兩種。動(dòng)臂為水平式時(shí)，載重小車(chē)沿水平動(dòng)臂運(yùn)行變幅，變幅運(yùn)動(dòng)平衡，其動(dòng)臂較長(zhǎng)，但動(dòng)臂自重較大。動(dòng)臂為壓桿式時(shí)，變幅機(jī)構(gòu)曳引動(dòng)臂仰俯變幅，變幅運(yùn)動(dòng)不如水平式平穩(wěn)，但其自重較小。
為了確保安全，塔式起重機(jī)具有良好的安全裝置，如起重量、幅度、高度和載荷力矩等限制裝置，以及行程限位開(kāi)關(guān)、塔頂信號(hào)燈、測(cè)風(fēng)儀、防風(fēng)夾軌器、爬梯護(hù)身圈、走道護(hù)欄等。司機(jī)室要求舒適、操作方便、視野好和有完善的通訊設(shè)備。
塔式起重機(jī)的檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)要點(diǎn)
1) 檢查金屬結(jié)構(gòu)情況特別是高強(qiáng)度的螺栓，它的連接表面應(yīng)清除灰塵、油漆、沒(méi)跡和銹蝕，并且使用力矩手或?qū)Ｓ冒馐郑囱b配技術(shù)要求擰緊。
2) 檢查各機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，包括各工作傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的軸承間隙是否合適，齒輪嚙合是不是良好及制動(dòng)器是否靈敏。
3) 檢查鋼絲繩及滑輪的磨損情況，固定是否可靠。
4) 檢查電氣元件是否良好，名接觸點(diǎn)的閉合程度，接續(xù)是否正確和可靠。
5) 檢查行走輪與軌道接觸是否良好，夾軌鉗是否可靠。裝設(shè)附著裝置、內(nèi)爬裝置時(shí)，各連接螺栓及夾塊是否牢固可靠。
常用塔機(jī)
以下分幾個(gè)方面來(lái)具體介紹房建中常用的塔機(jī)。
(一)、塔機(jī)的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)
塔機(jī)的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)由起重臂、塔身、轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)、承座、平衡臂、底架、塔尖等組成。
起重臂構(gòu)造型式為小車(chē)變幅水平臂架，再往下分又有單吊點(diǎn)、雙吊點(diǎn)和起重臂與平衡臂連成一體的錘頭式小車(chē)變幅水平臂架。單吊點(diǎn)是靜定結(jié)構(gòu)，雙吊點(diǎn)是超靜定結(jié)構(gòu)。錘頭式小車(chē)變幅水平臂架，裝設(shè)于塔身頂部，狀若錘頭，塔身如錘柄，不設(shè)塔尖，故又叫平頭式。平頭式的使結(jié)構(gòu)形式更簡(jiǎn)單，更有利于受力，減輕自重，簡(jiǎn)化構(gòu)造等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。小車(chē)變幅臂架大都采用正三角形的截面。
塔身結(jié)構(gòu)也稱(chēng)塔架，是塔機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的主體?，F(xiàn)今塔機(jī)均采用方形斷面，斷面尺寸應(yīng)用較廣的有：1.2m×1.2m、1.4m×1.4m、1.6m×1.6m、2.0m×2.0m;塔身標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)常用尺寸是2.5m和3m。塔身標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)采用的聯(lián)接方式，應(yīng)用最廣的是蓋板螺栓聯(lián)接和套柱螺栓聯(lián)接，其次是承插銷(xiāo)軸聯(lián)接和插板銷(xiāo)軸聯(lián)接。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)有整體式塔身標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)和拼裝式塔身標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)，后者加工精度高，制作難，但是堆放占地小，運(yùn)費(fèi)少。塔身節(jié)內(nèi)必須設(shè)置爬梯，以便司機(jī)及機(jī)工上下。爬梯寬度不宜小于500mm，梯步間距不大于300mm，每500mm設(shè)一護(hù)圈。當(dāng)爬梯高度超過(guò)10m時(shí)，梯子應(yīng)分段轉(zhuǎn)接，在轉(zhuǎn)接處加設(shè)一道休息平臺(tái)。
塔尖的功能是承受臂架拉繩及平衡臂拉繩傳來(lái)的上部荷載，并通過(guò)回轉(zhuǎn)塔架、轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)、承座等的結(jié)構(gòu)部件式直接通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)傳遞給塔身結(jié)構(gòu)。自升塔頂有截錐柱式、前傾或后傾截錐柱式、人字架式及斜撐架式。
凡是上回轉(zhuǎn)塔機(jī)均需設(shè)平衡重，其功能是支承平衡重，用以構(gòu)成設(shè)計(jì)上所要求的作用方面與起重力矩方向相反的平衡力矩。除平衡重外，還常在其尾部裝設(shè)起升機(jī)構(gòu)。起升機(jī)構(gòu)之所以同平衡重一起安放在平衡臂尾端，一則可發(fā)揮部分配重作用，二則增大繩卷筒與塔尖導(dǎo)輪間的距離，以利鋼絲繩的排繞并避免發(fā)生亂繩現(xiàn)象。平衡重的用量與平衡臂的長(zhǎng)度成反比關(guān)系，而平衡臂長(zhǎng)度與起重臂長(zhǎng)度之間又存在一定比例關(guān)系。平衡重的用量相當(dāng)可觀，輕型塔機(jī)一般至少要3～4t，重型的要近30t。平衡重可用鑄鐵或鋼筋混凝土制成：前者加工費(fèi)用高但迎風(fēng)面積小;后者體積大迎風(fēng)面大對(duì)穩(wěn)定性不利，但簡(jiǎn)單經(jīng)濟(jì)，故一般均采用這種。通常的做法是將平衡重預(yù)制區(qū)分成2 http://www.pohu-drive.com～3種規(guī)格，寬度、厚度一致，但高度加以調(diào)整，以便與不同長(zhǎng)度臂架匹配使用。
(二)、塔機(jī)的零部件
每臺(tái)塔機(jī)都要用許多種起重零部件，其中數(shù)量最大，技術(shù)要求嚴(yán)而規(guī)格繁雜的是鋼絲繩。塔機(jī)用的鋼絲繩按功能不同有：起升鋼絲繩，變幅鋼絲繩，臂架拉繩，平衡臂拉繩，小車(chē)牽引繩等。鋼絲繩的特點(diǎn)是：整根的強(qiáng)度高，而且整根斷面一樣大小，強(qiáng)度一致，自重輕，能承受震動(dòng)荷載，彈性大，能卷繞成盤(pán)，能在高速下平衡運(yùn)動(dòng)，并且無(wú)噪聲，磨損后其外皮會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多毛刺，易于發(fā)現(xiàn)并便于及時(shí)處置。鋼絲繩通常由一股股直徑為0.3～0.4mm細(xì)鋼絲搓成繩股，再由股捻成繩。塔機(jī)用的是交互捻，特點(diǎn)是不易松散和扭轉(zhuǎn)。就繩股截面形狀而言，高層建筑施工用塔機(jī)以采用多股不扭轉(zhuǎn)鋼絲繩最為適宜，此種鋼絲繩由兩層繩股組成同，兩層繩股捻制方向相反，采用旋轉(zhuǎn)力矩平衡的原理捻制而成，受力時(shí)自由端不發(fā)生扭轉(zhuǎn)。塔機(jī)起升鋼絲繩及變幅鋼絲繩的安全系數(shù)一般取為5～6,小車(chē)牽引繩和臂架拉繩的安全系數(shù)取為3,塔機(jī)電梯升降繩安全系數(shù)不得小于10。鋼絲繩的安全系數(shù)是不可缺少的安全儲(chǔ)備系數(shù)，絕不可憑借這種安全儲(chǔ)備面擅自提高鋼絲繩的最大允許安全荷載。由于鋼絲繩的重要性，必須加強(qiáng)對(duì)鋼絲繩的定期全面檢查，貯存于干燥面封閉的、有木地板或?yàn)r青混凝土地面的倉(cāng)庫(kù)內(nèi)，以免腐蝕，裝卸時(shí)不要損壞表面，堆放時(shí)要豎立安置。對(duì)鋼絲繩進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)潤(rùn)滑可以提高使用壽命。
變幅小車(chē)是水平臂架塔機(jī)必備的部件。整套變幅小車(chē)由車(chē)架結(jié)構(gòu)、鋼絲繩、滑輪、行輪、導(dǎo)向輪、鋼絲繩承托輪、鋼絲繩防脫輥、小車(chē)牽引繩張緊器及斷繩保險(xiǎn)器等組成。對(duì)于特長(zhǎng)水平臂架(長(zhǎng)度在50m以上)，在變幅小車(chē)一側(cè)隨掛一個(gè)檢修吊籃，可載維修有員往各檢修點(diǎn)進(jìn)行維修和保養(yǎng)。作業(yè)完后，小車(chē)駛回臂架根部，使吊籃與變幅小車(chē)脫鉤，固定在臂架結(jié)構(gòu)上的專(zhuān)設(shè)支座處。
其它的零部件還有滑輪，回轉(zhuǎn)支承，吊鉤和制動(dòng)器等。
(三)、塔機(jī)的工作機(jī)構(gòu)
塔機(jī)的工作機(jī)構(gòu)有五種：起升機(jī)構(gòu)、變幅機(jī)構(gòu)、小車(chē)牽引機(jī)構(gòu)、回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)和大車(chē)走行機(jī)構(gòu)(行走式的塔機(jī))。
(四)、塔機(jī)的電氣設(shè)備
塔機(jī)的主要電氣設(shè)備包括：
·電纜卷筒-中央集電環(huán);
·電動(dòng)機(jī);
·操作電動(dòng)機(jī)用的電器，如：控制器、主令控制器、接觸器和繼電器。
保護(hù)電器，如：自動(dòng)熔斷器，過(guò)電流繼電器和限位開(kāi)關(guān)等。
·主副回路中的控制、切換電器，如：按鈕、開(kāi)關(guān)和儀表等。
屬于輔助電氣設(shè)備的有：照明燈、信號(hào)燈、電鈴等。
(五)、塔機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)
塔機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)中的主要元器件是液壓泵、液壓油缸、控制元件、油管和管接頭、油箱和液壓油濾清器等。
液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)是液壓系統(tǒng)中最為復(fù)雜的部分，液壓泵把油吸入并通過(guò)管道輸送給液壓缸或液壓馬達(dá)，從而使液壓缸或馬達(dá)得以進(jìn)行正常運(yùn)作。液壓泵可以看成是液壓和心臟，是液壓的能量來(lái)源。我國(guó)的塔機(jī)液壓頂升系統(tǒng)采用的液壓泵大都是CB-G型齒輪泵，CB不齒輪的代號(hào)， 赫格隆G為固定的軸向間隙，工作壓力為12。5~16MPa。
液壓缸是液壓系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行元件。從功能上來(lái)看，液壓缸與液壓馬達(dá)同是所工作油流的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)械能的轉(zhuǎn)換裝置。不同的是液壓馬達(dá)是用于旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，而液壓是用于直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。
一個(gè)液壓頂升接高的全過(guò)程是：
·移動(dòng)平衡重，使塔身不受不平衡力矩，起重臂就位，朝向與引進(jìn)軌道方位相同并加以鎖定，吊運(yùn)一個(gè)塔身標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)安放在擺渡小車(chē)上;
·頂升;
·定位銷(xiāo)就位并鎖定，提起活塞桿，在套架中形成引進(jìn)空間;
·引進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié);
·提起標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)，推出擺渡小車(chē);
·使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)就位，安裝聯(lián)接螺栓;
·微微向上頂升，拔出定位鎖使過(guò)渡節(jié)與已接高的塔身聯(lián)固成一體。
(六)、塔機(jī)的安全裝置
安全裝置是塔機(jī)必不可少的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備之一，可以分為：限位開(kāi)關(guān)(限位器);超負(fù)荷保險(xiǎn)器(超載斷電裝置);緩沖止擋裝置;鋼絲繩防脫裝置;風(fēng)速計(jì);緊急安全開(kāi)關(guān);安全保護(hù)音響信號(hào)。
限位開(kāi)關(guān)按功能有：吊鉤行程限位開(kāi)關(guān)，回轉(zhuǎn)限位開(kāi)關(guān)，小車(chē)行程限位開(kāi)關(guān)，大車(chē)行程限位開(kāi)關(guān)。
(七)、塔機(jī)的防傾翻規(guī)定
嚴(yán)禁超載運(yùn)行;不得斜牽重物;不許猛然急制動(dòng);禁止在大風(fēng)中運(yùn)行吊運(yùn)作業(yè);工作班后，必須把夾軌器夾緊，以防大風(fēng)將塔機(jī)吹動(dòng)溜出軌道。
(八)、自升式塔機(jī)的附著錨固
當(dāng)自升式塔機(jī)在達(dá)到其自由高度繼續(xù)向上頂升接高時(shí)，為了增強(qiáng)其穩(wěn)定系數(shù)保持起重能力，必須通過(guò)錨固附著于建筑結(jié)構(gòu)上。附著層次與施工層建筑總高度、塔機(jī)和塔身結(jié)構(gòu)、塔身自由高度有關(guān)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，設(shè)置2道錨固著墨已可滿(mǎn)足需要。在建筑物上的附著點(diǎn)的選擇要注意：兩附著加固定點(diǎn)之間的距離適當(dāng);固定點(diǎn)應(yīng)設(shè)置在丁字墻和外墻轉(zhuǎn)角處;對(duì)框架結(jié)構(gòu)，附著點(diǎn)宜布在靠近柱的根部;布置在靠近樓板處以利傳力和安裝。
要保證塔機(jī)的安全使用和取得比較長(zhǎng)的使用壽命，必須對(duì)它進(jìn)行潤(rùn)滑、故障排除、定期保養(yǎng)與零部件的檢修。
我國(guó)塔式起重機(jī)行業(yè)的發(fā)展
50 年代初，我國(guó)塔機(jī)由仿制開(kāi)始起步，1954年仿制東德建筑師Ⅰ型塔機(jī)；60 年代自行設(shè)計(jì)制造了25tm、40tm、60tm 幾種機(jī)型，多以動(dòng)臂式為主；70 年代，隨著高層建筑的增多，對(duì)施工機(jī)械提出了新的要求，于是，160tm 附著式、45tm內(nèi)爬式、120tm自升式等塔機(jī)相繼問(wèn)世；自上世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)，我國(guó)塔機(jī)行業(yè)得到快速發(fā)展，尤其近幾年，塔機(jī)銷(xiāo)量持續(xù)攀高，2001年行業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)銷(xiāo)量9738臺(tái)，2002年成為世界上首個(gè)塔機(jī)年產(chǎn)量突破10000臺(tái)的國(guó)家。2004年，由于宏觀調(diào)控作用以及起重機(jī)行業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，塔機(jī)的產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)量有所回落，2005、2006年，在經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng)的強(qiáng)力拉動(dòng)下，我國(guó)塔機(jī)的產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)恢復(fù)高速增長(zhǎng)，2006年銷(xiāo)量已超過(guò)2萬(wàn)臺(tái)。
因?yàn)樾袠I(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)只統(tǒng)計(jì)了二三十家生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的銷(xiāo)量，全行業(yè)銷(xiāo)量肯定遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字。勿庸置疑，我國(guó)已成為世界民用塔機(jī)的生產(chǎn)大國(guó)，也是世界塔機(jī)主要需求市場(chǎng)之一。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計(jì)，目前我國(guó)取得生產(chǎn)許可證的塔機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠達(dá)400余家，而80年代還不足100家。
無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
開(kāi)題報(bào)告
題目： 車(chē)載起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 專(zhuān)業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923126
學(xué)生姓名： 顧 陽(yáng)
指導(dǎo)教師： 馮鮮 （職稱(chēng)：講師 ）
（職稱(chēng)： ）
2012年 11月 23日
課題來(lái)源
車(chē)載起重機(jī)
科學(xué)依據(jù)（包括課題的科學(xué)意義；國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；應(yīng)用前景等）
（1）課題科學(xué)意義
工程起重機(jī)是各種工程建設(shè)廣泛應(yīng)用的重要起重設(shè)備。它對(duì)減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，節(jié)省人力，降低建設(shè)成本，提高施工質(zhì)量，加快建設(shè)速度，實(shí)現(xiàn)工程施工機(jī)械化起著十分重要的作用。車(chē)載起重機(jī)是其中一種，它安全可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，重量輕，操作使用方便，對(duì)許多生產(chǎn)場(chǎng)合與起重運(yùn)輸?shù)刃袠I(yè)，具有很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。隨著國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的規(guī)模不斷加大，許多生產(chǎn)場(chǎng)合都需要對(duì)設(shè)備、產(chǎn)品、零件、貨物等進(jìn)行搬運(yùn)和位移，車(chē)載起重機(jī)在起重運(yùn)輸行業(yè)和野外作業(yè)發(fā)揮的作用也將越來(lái)越大，市場(chǎng)也將越來(lái)越大。從一個(gè)起重機(jī)大國(guó)，到一個(gè)起重機(jī)強(qiáng)國(guó)，對(duì)每一位業(yè)內(nèi)人士而言，都應(yīng)該是一道坎。國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的開(kāi)放，并不是在增加國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)邁過(guò)這道坎的難度。而相反，若沒(méi)有開(kāi)放、平等競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境，若不能真正融入世界行業(yè)的發(fā)展潮流，中國(guó)起重機(jī)行業(yè)就難以真正做大做強(qiáng)，難以成就一個(gè)起重機(jī)強(qiáng)國(guó)的夢(mèng)想。
在我國(guó)，車(chē)載起重機(jī)的發(fā)展已有五十年歷史了，由于受到客觀條件的限制，一度發(fā)展的較慢。進(jìn)入九十年代發(fā)展迅速，但與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平還相差很遠(yuǎn)，主要表現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的穩(wěn)定性，自動(dòng)化，智能化等方面。隨著國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的規(guī)模不斷加大，許多生產(chǎn)場(chǎng)合都需要對(duì)設(shè)備、產(chǎn)品、零件、貨物等進(jìn)行搬運(yùn)和位移，車(chē)載起重機(jī)在起重運(yùn)輸行業(yè)和野外作業(yè)發(fā)揮的作用也將越來(lái)越大，時(shí)常也將越來(lái)越大。車(chē)載起重機(jī)能夠滿(mǎn)足使用功能要求，安全可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，重量輕操作使用方便，對(duì)許多生產(chǎn)場(chǎng)合與起重運(yùn)輸?shù)刃袠I(yè)，具有很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
研究?jī)?nèi)容
(1) 車(chē)載起重機(jī)汽車(chē)底盤(pán)的選擇及起重機(jī)技術(shù)參數(shù)的確定。初步確定為：最大起重量3噸；最大提升速度Vmax=15m/min。
(2) 車(chē)載起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)支腿回路、回轉(zhuǎn)回路、伸縮回路、變幅回路、起升回路性能分析、原理圖繪制及各個(gè)液壓元件的選擇。
(3) 車(chē)載起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)的性能分析，起升機(jī)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)方案的確定，卷筒、卷筒軸的計(jì)算及設(shè)計(jì)，液壓泵、減速箱、鋼絲繩、輪組和吊鉤組等的選擇。起升機(jī)構(gòu)是實(shí)現(xiàn)重物升降運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)構(gòu)，它通常由原動(dòng)機(jī)、減速器、卷筒、制動(dòng)器、離合器、鋼絲繩、滑輪組和吊鉤組成。起升機(jī)構(gòu)按起重機(jī)傳動(dòng)方式不同，分為機(jī)械傳動(dòng)、電力—機(jī)械傳動(dòng)(電力傳動(dòng))、液壓—機(jī)械傳動(dòng)(液壓傳動(dòng))等型式。為起升機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖（本次設(shè)計(jì)將選用液壓—機(jī)械傳動(dòng)）。
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
汽車(chē)起重機(jī)由行走部分和起重裝置所組成，其中分上車(chē)和下車(chē)，上車(chē)即起重機(jī)部分，由卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)構(gòu)、臂桿、操作室、回轉(zhuǎn)裝置等部分組成利用液壓馬達(dá)經(jīng)減速裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)卷筒纏繞釣鉤鋼絲繩，使釣鉤上升或降落重物，完成貨物的升降到合適高度；通過(guò)伸縮液壓鋼的動(dòng)作調(diào)節(jié)臂架桿長(zhǎng)度，臂架桿上裝有滾輪，以便引導(dǎo)和支撐卷?yè)P(yáng)鋼絲繩，讓貨物上升或下降到合適位置；吊機(jī)裝在回轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)上，利用回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)可以做360度的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，使起重機(jī)靈活方便。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃：
(1)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)，撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告
(2)開(kāi)題報(bào)告答辯
(3)開(kāi)題階段檢查
(4)根據(jù)擬定的課程實(shí)施方案
(5)進(jìn)行深入研究
(6)畫(huà)示意圖、零件圖和結(jié)構(gòu)圖
(7)撰寫(xiě)并提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文初稿，直到老師批改論文，給出指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)，修改論文，定稿
(8)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯資格審查和專(zhuān)項(xiàng)檢查
(9)進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)修改，完成答辯及完成評(píng)定工作
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問(wèn)題
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 成大先.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)圖冊(cè)(第2卷). 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2003.1
[2] 吳宗澤.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用手冊(cè).北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2000.6
[3] 成大先.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第三版). 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2001.1
[4] 成大先.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(單行本) —液壓傳動(dòng). 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2004.1
[5] 張世亮.液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng). 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2006.3
[6] 楊培元,朱福元.液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1999.12
[7] 顧迪民.工程起重機(jī).哈爾濱建筑大學(xué),1988.12
[8] 楊長(zhǎng)骙，起重機(jī)械. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1985.12
[9] 陳道南,盛漢中.起重機(jī)課程設(shè)計(jì). 北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，1983.11
[10] 胡宗武,閻以誦.起重機(jī)動(dòng)力學(xué). 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1986.9
[11]賈文福.全液壓汽車(chē)起重機(jī)—原理·結(jié)構(gòu)·維修.上海：上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1998.11
[12] Lorain. North American focus—New order. Cranes Today, 1997.6
[13] Leon Deutsch. Japanese focus—International rescore. Cranes Today, 1998.7
[14] 建筑機(jī)械 2006-02（上半月刊）
[15]濮良貴，紀(jì)名剛.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)(第七版).北京:高等教育出版社,2001.6
[16] 廣東海洋大學(xué)工程學(xué)院編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書(shū)
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
2013年 5 月 25 日
教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見(jiàn)
教研室主任簽名：
2013 年 5 月 25 日
系意見(jiàn)
主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名：
年 月 日
編號(hào)
無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
相關(guān)資料
題目： 車(chē)載起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化專(zhuān)業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923126
學(xué)生姓名： 顧 陽(yáng)
指導(dǎo)教師： 馮鮮 （職稱(chēng)：講師 ）
（職稱(chēng)： ）
2013年5月25日
英文原文
Tower Crane
Boom mounted on the upper part of the rotation of the tall tower crane. Operating a large space, mainly used for housing construction materials in the vertical and horizontal transportation and installation of building components. From the metal structure, working bodies and the electrical system consists of three parts. Metal structure including the tower moving arms and base and so on. The work of organizations including lifting,luffing, slewing and walking four parts. Electrical systems including motors, controllers, power distribution cabinets, connection lines, signals and lighting devices.
Short tower crane tower crane, also known as tower crane, originated in Western Europe. According to records, the first tower crane used in construction related to the patent granted in 1900. Emerged in 1905 with a fixed jib tower crane, and in 1923 produced the prototype of modern tower crane, in the same year the first relatively complete modern tower crane. 1930, when Germany began mass production of tower cranes, and used for building construction. In 1941, the tower crane industry standard DIN8770 published in Germany. The standard provides for crane set (t) and amplitude (m) of the product (tm) together to re-torque, said the tower crane lifting capacity.
China tower crane industry in the 20th century, 50 years started, as opposed to the Western European countries due to weakness in the construction industry caused by the tower crane industry in recession, Shanghai Poch Drive System Co., Ltd. tower crane industry in China is in a rapid period of development .
From the tower crane in terms of technological development, while an endless stream of new products, new products in the production efficiency, easy operation, and maintenance easier and more reliable operation in the increase in the tower crane, but there is no fundamental change in the technology. The tower crane research is towards modular development. The so-called modular, that is, to the tower structure as the core, according to structural and functional characteristics of the shaft broken down into several parts, and on the basis of seriation and general requirements, follow the modulus of the various parts of the system theory and then divided into a number of modules. According to parameters required, choose the appropriate modules were grouped with different performance characteristics of the tower crane technology to meet the specific needs of the construction. The implementation of modular tower crane tower crane production capacity will help to speed up the development progress of Lu, save product development costs, and better for customer service.
Slewing tower crane be divided into upper and lower rotary tower crane tower crane two broad categories. In which the carrying capacity of the former than the latter, in many we have seen the construction site is on a rotary festival add up on top of a high tower crane access. According to whether the move is further divided into: walking a line, and fixed. Fixed the fixed tower crane tower do not switch installed in the concrete block foundation, or installed in the form of X-shaped concrete foundation. In the housing construction generally use a fixed style.
Device characteristics and safety devices
Tower crane boom and struts form of sub-horizontal type two kinds. For the horizontal boom, the load car runs along the level luffing boom, luffing movement balance, its long boom, but the greater weight boom. Boom for the strut-type when the tractor boom luffing mechanism Pitch amplitude, amplitude motion than horizontal steady, but its relatively small weight.
In order to ensure the safety of tower crane has a good safety device, such as starting weight, range, height and load torque constraints such devices, as well as the travel limit switches, tower lights, wind instrument, wind clip-rail device, Ladders and athletic supporter circle, walkways and railings. Driver's cab demand for comfort, easy operation, good vision and good communications equipment.
Production points of the inspection of tower cranes
1) Check the structural condition of metal, especially high-strength bolts, which connect the surface to be cleared of dust, paint, no trace, and rust, and the use of hand or special torque wrench, according to assembly requirements tightened.
2) Check the transmission of various agencies, including the work of transmission suitability of the bearing clearance, the gear mesh is not good and the brake is sensitive.
3) Check the wear of steel wire rope and pulleys, fixed is reliable.
4) Check the electrical components are good contact points of the closure were the extent of follow-correct and reliable.
5) Check whether the running wheel and rail access to good, clip-rail clamp is reliable. The installation of attachment devices, within the climbing device, the connecting bolts and the clip block is solid and reliable.
Used tower crane
The following specific description in several aspects of the tower crane used room Jianzhong.
(A), the tower crane metal structure
The metal structure is composed of tower crane boom, tower, turret, bearings, balance arm, chassis, composed of apex.
Construction boom level luffing jib type of car, and then have a single hanging point down the minutes, double-hanging point and the lifting arm and balance arm fused hammerhead-type level luffing jib car. Single hanging point is statically determinate structure, twin-lift point is statically indeterminate structure. Hammerhead-type trolley level luffing jib installed at the tower top Zhuangruo hammer, shaft, such as hammer handle, no spire, it is also known as flat head style. Flat-style of making structure simpler and more conducive to the force, to reduce weight and simplify construction and so on. Most used car luffing jib equilateral triangle cross-section.
Tower structure, also known as the tower is the main body of the tower crane structure. Now adopt a square cross-section of tower crane, application of a broader cross-section dimensions are: 1.2m × 1.2m, 1.4m × 1.4m, 1.6m × 1.6m, 2.0m × 2.0m; tower section used the standard size is 2.5m and the 3m. Tower sections used in the standard connection method is to cover the most widely used set of stud bolt connection and connection, followed by the pin connection and flashboard pin socket connection. Standards Section has the overall standards of style tower-type tower sections and assembled the standard sections, the latter high precision machining, production difficult, but the stacking area is small, less freight. Ladder tower section must be set so that driver and mechanic from top to bottom. Ladder width of not less than 500mm, ladder step spacing of not more than 300mm, set up a guard ring for each 500mm. When the ladder height of more than 10m, the ladder should be sub-switching, the switching office to install a closed platform.
Spire function is to bear arm and balance arm Cord Cord coming from the upper load, and through rotating tower, turret, bearings and other structural components-style passing directly through the turret to the tower structure. Since l have truncated conical tower column, forward or backward truncated cone column, Renzi Jia style and bracing Shelf.
Any slewing tower cranes are required to set up a balance weight, its function is to balance the weight bearing, which constitute the design required by the role of torque in the opposite direction and lifting the balance of torque. In addition to balance the weight, but also often installed in its rear lifting mechanism. Lifting bodies are placed, together with the balance weight arm in balancing the tail end of a re-allocation of the Department can play a role, two rope reel and the spire increase the distance between the guide wheel to facilitate the rope around and avoid the occurrence of emission the phenomenon of chaos rope. Balance the weight and balance amount is inversely proportional to the relationship between the length of the arm, while the balance of arm length and boom there is a certain percentage of the length of the relationship in between. Balance the considerable amount of heavy, light tower crane usually at least 3 ~ 4t, heavy to almost 30t. Balance weight can be made of cast iron or reinforced concrete: the high cost of the former process, but the small size wind; the latter were large in size to the stability of the windward big negative, but the simple economy, it is generally use this. The usual practice is to balance the emphasis on pre-divided into 2 http://www.pohu-drive.com ~ 3 kinds of specifications, width, thickness of the same, but the height should be adjusted to match the use of different arm lengths.
(B), the tower crane spare parts
Each tower crane must be used in many kinds of lifting parts, of which the largest number of technical requirements are strict and complicated rope specifications. Tower crane wire rope used in accordance with different functions are: lifting wire rope, rope luffing, jib ropes, balance the arm ropes, trolleys and other traction rope. Steel wire rope is characterized by: the entire root, high strength, but also the whole root sections, the size of the same intensity, light weight, able to withstand shock loads, flexible enough to winding into a disk, can be balanced at high speed movement, and no noise, wear and tear After the skin will produce a number of glitches, easy to detect and facilitate the timely disposal. Steel wire rope is usually a Unit diameter 0.3 ~ 0.4mm thin twisted wire strand, and then twisted into rope by the Unit. Tower crane is used in interactive twist, is characterized by loose and difficult to reverse. On the strand cross-sectional shapes, the high-rise building construction with the tower crane to adopt the multi-strand rope is not reversed, the most appropriate, such a wire rope consists of two layers composed of the same strand, two strand twisting in the opposite direction, using the principle of rotating torque balance twist crafted by force does not occur when the free end of the reverse. Hoisting Tower Crane luffing rope and wire rope safety factor usually taken to be 5 ~ 6, car towing rope, and boom Cord of the safety factor of 3, tower crane lifts Lifting Sheng An all-coefficient of not less than 10. Steel wire rope safety factor is indispensable for security reserve factor, by virtue of this security must not be arbitrarily raised the rope reserves face the maximum allowable safe load. Because of the importance of steel wire rope, we must strengthen the comprehensive inspection of wire rope on a regular basis, stored in dry closed surface, there are wooden floors or asphalt concrete warehouse floor to prevent corrosion, loading and unloading not to damage the surface of the pile when placed erect. Systematic lubrication of the rope can increase the service life.
Luffing jib tower crane trolley is the level of essential parts. Change car set by the frame structure, steel wire rope, pulleys, line wheels, guide wheels, steel wire rope supporting the wheel, steel wire rope anti-roll off, car towing rope tensioning device and the broken rope composed of insurance, etc.. For the talent level of boom (more than 50m in length) in amplitude with the car at the side of an overhaul hanging baskets may contain members of the maintenance and repair of all maintenance points to the repair and maintenance. Job finished, the roots boom car driven across the border to make baskets with luffing car separated from the structure fixed to the boom supports the dedicated office.
Other parts are wheels, slewing ring, hook and brakes and so on.
(C), the tower crane working body
The tower crane working body there are five: hoisting mechanism, varying from agencies, car towing agencies, institutions and carts Traveling rotary body (walking style tower crane).
(D), the tower crane electrical equipment
The main tower crane electrical equipment including:
* Cable Reels - Central collector ring;
* Motor;
* Operation of electrical motors, such as: controller, master controller, contactors and relays.
Protection of electrical appliances, such as: automatic fuses, overcurrent relays and limit switches.
* Vice-loop in the main control switch electrical appliances, such as: buttons, switches and meters.
There are auxiliary electrical equipment: lights, lights, bells and so on.
(5), tower crane's hydraulic system
Tower crane hydraulic system's main components are hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, control components, tubing and fittings, fuel tank and hydraulic oil filters and so on.
Hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor is a hydraulic system of the most complex part of the oil suction pump through the pipeline to the hydraulic cylinders or hydraulic motors, hydraulic cylinder or motor so that normal operation can be carried out. Hydraulic and hydraulic pump can be seen as the heart, is the hydraulic energy source. Our tower crane hydraulic jacking system, hydraulic pumps are mostly used in CB-G-type gear pump, CB does not gear code, Hagglunds G for a fixed axial gap, the working pressure of 12. 5 ~ 16MPa.
Hydraulic cylinder is a hydraulic system of the implementation of the components. From the functional point of view, hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors of the same pressure of working oil flow can be transformed into mechanical energy conversion device. The difference is that hydraulic motor is used for rotary movement, while the hydraulic pressure is used for linear motion.
Then a high hydraulic jacking the whole process is:
* Mobile balance weight, so that the tower is not unbalanced moment, lifting arm in place, towards the same direction with the introduction of the track and be locked, lifting a standard tower section placed in a small car ferry;
* Jacking;
* Pin in place and locked, when you mention piston rod, in the set of planes in the formation of the introduction of space;
* The introduction of standard knots;
* Standard section brought the introduction of car ferry;
? the standard section in place, install the bolts;
* Slightly upward jacking, pull out the lock position to make the transition Festival and has received high tower together into one solid.
(6), tower crane safety devices
Safety device is essential for the tower crane, one of the key equipment, can be divided into: limit switch (stopper); overload Insurance devices (overload power plant); buffer only block devices; steel wire rope anti-off device; anemometer ; emergency safety switch; security audio signal.
Limit switches according to the functions are: hook travel limit switch, rotary limit switches, trolley travel limit switch, carts travel limit switch.
(G), the provisions of the tower crane anti-tipping
Non-overloading operation; not oblique pull heavy loads; not allowed to suddenly emergency braking; prohibit running wind lifting operations; working class, must be clip-rail clamping device to prevent the wind blowing the tower crane slipped out of orbit.
(8), since the l-type tower crane attachment anchor
When the self-climbing tower crane in achieving a high degree of their freedom to continue to pick up high-jacking, in order to enhance its stability factor to keep lifting capacity, they must anchor attached to the building structure. Attachment level, the total construction and construction-layer height, tower crane and tower structures, freedom tower height. In general, set the two anchor dwell already meet their needs. Attachment points on the building options to note: two fixed-point distance between the reinforcement attachment appropriate; fixed point should be set at the T-walls and wall corners; right frame structure, attachment points for appropriate column in close proximity to the roots of cloth; arranged near the floor for the benefit and installation of power transmission.
To ensure the safe use of tower crane and access to a long life, it must be lubricated, troubleshooting, regular maintenance and repair parts.
The tower crane industry in the development of
The early 50s, my tower crane from the imitation started, in 1954 East German architects generic type Ⅰ tower crane; 60 years designed and manufactured 25tm, 40tm, 60tm several models, and many more moving the main arm; 70 years With the increase in high-rise buildings, the construction machinery made new demands, so, 160tm attachment style, 45tm in climbing, 120tm jack-up tower crane have been brought forth and so on; 80 years since the last century, since the tower crane industry in China to be rapid development, especially in recent years, the tower crane sales continued to climb in 2001, industry statistics sales of 9738 units in 2002 to become the world's first tower crane annual output of 10,000 units a breakthrough state. In 2004, due to the role of macroeconomic regulation and control as well as the crane industry, the restructuring of production and sales of tower crane has dropped slightly, 2005,2006, in the strong economic growth driven by China's resumption of the tower crane production and sales growth in 2006, sales have been more than 20,000 units.
Because the industry statistics which only a couple dozen manufacturers sales, certainly far more than industry-wide sales figures. Needless to say, China has become the world's civilian power production of the tower crane, tower crane is the world's major demand markets. According to preliminary statistics, China to obtain production licenses tower crane production plant more than 400, but 80 years less than 100.