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1、THANKS!概 寫 之 路 ,步 步 為 營 概 要 寫 作 （ 滿 分 25分 ）閱 讀 下 面 短 文 ， 根 據(jù) 其 內 容 寫 一 篇 60詞 左右 的 內 容 概 要 。 1. 對 原 文 要 點 的 理 解 和 呈 現(xiàn) 情 況 ； 2. 應 用 語 法 結 構 和 詞 匯 的 準 確 性 ； 3. 上 下 文 的 連 貫 性 ； 4. 對 各 要 點 表 達 的 獨 立 性 情 況 。 40-80概 寫 題 型 clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the

2、hate for dirt, however, gone too far? 4 Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免 疫 學 家 ), encourages

3、 children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter（ 后 者 ） position is gaining some ground. 考 綱 樣 題 On the contrary,Yet,Thus,However,1.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 2. People believed dirt was a means to block out disease.3. Dirt was no longer regarded

4、as a nice neighbor4. Attitudes to dirt differ hugely. the king of France and EnglandHenry IV, king of FranceCleaning away dirt is good to health.It seemed the standard of cleanliness have moved beyond science.First-time parents warn children off touching dirt.Scientists encourage children to play in

5、 the dirt to build up immune system.Authors point NowadaysEver since the 18th centuryIn the early 16th century Supporting detailsThus began a long timeSince World War II 樣 題 要 點 結 構 (mind map) (1)There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. (2) People believed dirt was a means to block out diseas

6、e. (3) Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice neighbor. (4) Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要 點 1). For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要 點 2) However

7、, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要 點3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要 點 4) 1.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. Peop

8、le have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要 點 1)表 述 變 化（ 句 式 ，詞 匯 ）范 圍 變 化要 點 呈 現(xiàn) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要 點 2)時 間 變 化（ 概 括 ）范 圍 變 化（ 概 括 ）舉 例 變 化（ 篩 選 ）表 述 變 化（ 近 義 ）要 點 呈 現(xiàn)2. Peopl

9、e believed dirt was a means to block out disease. the king of France and EnglandIn the early 16th centuryThus began a long timeHenry IV, king of France Thus, However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us

10、healthy. (要 點 3)時 間 變 化（ 同 義 ）表 述 變 化（ 近 義 ）要 點 變 化（ 忽 略 ？ ）要 點 呈 現(xiàn)3. Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice neighbor.Ever since the 18th century Cleaning away dirt is good to health.Since World War IIIt seemed the standard of cleanliness have moved beyond science.Yet, However, some scientists believ

11、e that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要 點 4)時 間 變 化（ 略 去 ）表 述 變 化（ 詞 性 ）要 點 變 化（ 忽 略 ？ ）要 點 呈 現(xiàn)4. Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.Nowadays First-time parents warn children off touching dirt.Scientists encourage children to play in the dirt to build up immune system.On the contrary

12、, People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要 點 1). For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要 點 2)However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been tol

13、d that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要 點 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要 點 4)詞 匯 銜 接 邏 輯 銜 接有 效 銜 接 How to Write a Good Summary?connect the key points with proper words;1. Read 3. Paraphrase 4. Connect read two or three t

14、imes for topic sentences 2. 有 時 段 落 支 撐 信 息 只 有 minor facts,可 以 通 過 概 括 提 煉 major facts.3. 利 用 段 落 中 的 邏 輯 詞 確 定 topic sentence 和 major facts 之 間 的 關 系 。Tip2： 段 落 要 點 須 包 括 所 有 主 要 信 息 和 部 分 次 要 信 息 3 But even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up why children are safer when ridin

15、g the big, yellow bus. The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive them. All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Drivers License (CDL). They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs, usually have their driving record checked, and are given the same review for crimi

16、nal history as teachers and other employees who have contact with students. In order to serve as a school bus driver, most applicants are required to successfully complete a training course, along with instruction in the classroom and behind the wheel.Practice 3 But even the safeness of school buses

17、 would not completely sum up why children are safer when riding the big, yellow bus. The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive them. All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Drivers License (CDL). They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs, usually have their d

18、riving record checked, and are given the same review for criminal history as teachers and other employees who have contact with students. In order to serve as a school bus driver, most applicants are required to successfully complete a training course, along with instruction in the classroom and beh

19、ind the wheel.Practice School bus drivers *obtain CDL*tested for alcohol and drug*review for criminal history complete a training course are reliable pass strict qualificationtests Para. 3Tip3： 當 段 落 只 有 supporting details,需 要 提 煉 概 括 要 點 4 School buses are safe for the environment, not only because

20、 each bus replaces 36 passenger cars that would, but for the buses, be on the road taking and picking up school children. Additionally, school buses use alternative green fuel like natural gases, and electric power. 5 Todd Monteferrario, President of the National School Transportation Association, s

21、aid parents should remember that the safest and smartest choice is to put their children on the big yellow bus when they can. School bus is the safest way of transporting kids School busare safest School bus drivers are most reliable School bus are safe for the environment meet higher safety standar

22、d new technologiespass various strict tests complete a training course replace passenger cars use green fuels Safest and wisest choice: Put kids on school busesAuthors point reasons conclusionStop arm cameras GPS trackingcollision lessening systemsseating video cameras *obtain CDL*tested for alcohol

23、 and drug*review for criminal history 2. Draw mind mapTip 4: 繪 制 思 維 導 圖 ， 確 保 要 點 完 整 ， 層 次 清 晰 3. Paraphrase Although a lot of people were strongly against it, three more nuclear power stations were built. Besides, one has to consider who he is spending the holiday with.Another three nuclear power

24、 stations were built despite the strong opposition.Another consideration is the companion變 換 方 式 ： 句 子 短 語 單 詞變 換 方 式 ： 句 子 名 詞 1 . 同 義 詞 、 短 語 替 換 2 . 句 式 轉 換 3 . 詞 性 轉 換 4 .主 被 動 語 態(tài) 轉 換 A private American organization call PAI has just conducted a study and says more than 335 million people, who

25、mostly live in poor areas, do not have enough water for daily life and work.A study shows that more than 335 million people, living mainly in poor regions, are suffering from water shortage.變 換 方 式 ： 句 子 非 謂 語 結 構Tip 5:改 寫 原 則長 變 短 : 復 合 句 /并 列 句 -簡 單 句 句 子 -短 語 /單 詞多 變 少 ： 詳 細 具 體 的 表 達 -概 括 籠 統(tǒng) 的

26、表 達 Each paragraphThe whole passage列 舉first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), next, then, finally(eventually); for one thing, for another讓 步anyway, anyhow, although, thoughdespite, in spite of , 增 補also, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, above all 對 比instead, on the contrary, by contrast, on

27、 the other hand 結 果so, hence, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, in consequence原 因because, for, for this reason, thats why, the reason is that解 釋namely, in other words,that is to say, or rather, 總 結 Thus, therefore, to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion舉 例for example, for instance 替 代altern

28、ativelyTip 6 ： 概 寫 中 有 兩 個 層 次 的 邏 輯 4. Connect 因 果School bus is the safest way of transporting kids School busare safest School bus drivers are reliable School bus are safe for the environment meet higher safety standard new technologiespass various strict tests complete a training course replace p

29、assenger cars use green fuels Safest and wisest choice: Put kids on school busesAuthors point reasons conclusionStop arm cameras GPS trackingcollision lessening systemsseating video cameras *obtain CDL*tested for alcohol and drug*review for criminal history Write your summary并 列并 列 并 列因 果 總 結列 舉 Che

30、cklist of summary writing 1. Does your summary cover all the key information of the passage as a whole? 2. Does you summary have accurate grammar and vocabulary? 3. Is there any linking word to make your summary coherent(連 貫 的 )? 4. Is your summary presented in your own words? The school bus is the

31、safest choice to school in the US. (要 點 1 ) They not only meet highest vehicle safety standards but also are technologically equipped.(要 點 2 ) Besides, the bus drivers are reliable, who have to pass strict qualification tests such as criminal history review and finish safety driving trainings.(要 點 3

32、 ) Moreover, school buses, powered by green fuels, are environmentally safe by reducing the number of private cars hitting the roads. (要 點 4 ) Therefore, children are encouraged to go to school by school bus.(要 點 5 )Possible Version Tips2： 各 段 落 要 點 要 包 括 所 有 主 要 信 息 和部 分 次 要 信 息1： 主 題 句 必 須 概 括 全 文 或 整 段3： 當 段 落 只 有 supporting details,需 要 提 煉概 括 要 點 4: 繪 制 思 維 導 圖 ， 確 保 要 點 完 整 ， 層 次清 晰5: 改 寫 ： 長 變 短 ， 多 變 少6： 概 寫 中 有 兩 個 層 次 的 邏 輯 : 要 點 間 、要 點 與 支 撐 信 息 間 ReadParaphraseConnectMind map步 步 為 營 ， 步 步 為 “ 贏 ” H e who laughs last laughs best!8th, May