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專題十二 句子成分,考向分析 句子成分主要包括主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語等,雖然高考沒有對其進(jìn)行直接考查,但是句子成分對于判斷考點(diǎn)和確定答案有非常大的幫助。例如,在語法填空題中,提示詞是動(dòng)詞,空格處在句中作目的狀語,且與主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,則答案為不定式。,考點(diǎn)清單 一、主語 單句填空 1.Many people who/that live along the coast make a living in fishing industry. 答案 who/that 句意:許多住在海邊的人都是靠漁業(yè)來謀生的。分析題干可知,“ live along the coast”為定語從句,先行詞指人,且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,故用關(guān)系代詞who/that作為定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。,語境運(yùn)用,,2.The disappearance (disappear) of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. 答案 disappearance 句意:恐龍的消失并不一定是由天文事件引起 的。空格處在句中作主語,結(jié)合空前的定冠詞可知,空格處填名詞disap- pearance。 單句改錯(cuò) 3.(2017課標(biāo)全國Ⅰ)Have enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃點(diǎn)心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. Have→Having 答案 Have→Having 該句中will之前是句子的主語,而動(dòng)詞原形不可 作主語,故Have改為動(dòng)名詞形式。,,,,主語相當(dāng)于句子的話題或主題,即要說明的人或物。能用來作主語的有名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、主語從句等。如: 1.My pen is green. 我的鋼筆是綠色的。(名詞作主語) The rich are not always happy.富人也不總是開心的。(“the+形容詞”表示一類人,相當(dāng)于名詞) 2.Her pen is blue, and mine is red.她的鋼筆是藍(lán)色的,我的是紅色的。 (名詞性物主代詞作主語) These are my books. 這些是我的書。(指示代詞作主語) Who is absent today? 今天誰遲到了?(疑問代詞作主語) Is anything wrong with your umbrella?你的傘有毛病嗎? (不定代詞作主語),用法精講,3.Eating too much is bad for your health. 吃得太多對你的身體有害。(動(dòng)名詞作主語) Taking a walk is much better than staying at home. 散步比待在家里要好得 多。(動(dòng)名詞短語作主語) 4.To see is to believe.眼見為實(shí)。(動(dòng)詞不定式作主語) It will take him 3 hours to go to the station on foot.他步行去車站需要3個(gè)小時(shí)。(it作形式主語,動(dòng)詞不定式短語作真正的主語) 5.What the teacher said yesterday is important.昨天老師講的很重要。(從句作主語),二、謂語 單句填空 1.In the 1950s in the USA, most families had (have) just one phone at home, and wireless phones hadn’t been invented yet. 答案 had 句意:在美國20世紀(jì)50年代,多數(shù)家庭只有一部電話,無線電 話還沒有發(fā)明出來?？崭裉幵诰渲凶髦^語,結(jié)合句首的時(shí)間狀語In the 1950s和語境可知,空格處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。故空格處填had。 2.It suddenly occurred to him that he had left (leave) his keys in the office. 答案 had left 句意:他突然想到他把鑰匙落在辦公室了?？崭裉幵诰渲凶髦^語,且動(dòng)作發(fā)生在occurred之前,因此空格處應(yīng)使用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。故空格處填had left。,語境運(yùn)用,,,,單句改錯(cuò) 3.I found the test difficult, but I tried hard to do it; suddenly Mary, my best friend, asking me to let her copy my answers. asking→asked 答案 asking→asked “my best friend”是分號(hào)后句子的主語Mary的同位語,之后第一個(gè)詞是句子的謂語動(dòng)詞,而現(xiàn)在分詞或動(dòng)名詞不可作謂語,因此asking使用錯(cuò)誤,由此結(jié)合前兩句話的時(shí)態(tài)可知用asked。,,句子中用來說明主語的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的部分叫謂語。謂語一般位于主語之后,謂語中最重要的部分是謂語動(dòng)詞,它有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化,并受主語人稱和數(shù)的影響。 謂語動(dòng)詞分類 (1)行為動(dòng)詞(或?qū)嵙x動(dòng)詞)具有明確的動(dòng)作意義。行為動(dòng)詞分為不及物動(dòng)詞和及物動(dòng)詞,不及物動(dòng)詞本身詞義完整,可以獨(dú)立作謂語,而及物動(dòng)詞本身詞義不完整,必須后跟賓語。 I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委員會(huì)將會(huì)考慮我們的建議。(believe為及物動(dòng)詞,后加that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,賓語從句中consider為及物動(dòng)詞,后加our suggestion作賓語),用法精講,How time flies! 時(shí)間過得真快呀!(fly為不及物動(dòng)詞) (2)系動(dòng)詞(或連系動(dòng)詞)起連接主語和表語的作用,本身有一定的詞義,它和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣有時(shí)態(tài)的變化,也受主語的人稱和數(shù)的影響。 It was late at night when we finally arrived.我們最后到達(dá)時(shí)已是深夜。 Was there a pool at the hotel?賓館里有游泳池嗎? The dish tastes good.這盤菜嘗起來很好。(taste為系動(dòng)詞,后加形容詞作表語) Gong Yue’s voice sounds so sweet.龔玥的嗓音聽起來真甜。(sound為系動(dòng)詞,后加形容詞sweet作表語),(3)助動(dòng)詞可以協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成不同的時(shí)態(tài)或語態(tài),也可幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成疑問句、否定句或強(qiáng)調(diào)句。常見的助動(dòng)詞有be(am/is/are/was/were)、do (does/did)、have(has/had)、will。 We are running in the playground.我們正在操場上跑步。(are幫助現(xiàn)在分詞 running構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)) The flowers are often watered by me.我經(jīng)常給這些花兒澆水。(are幫助過去分詞watered構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)) He doesn’t get up early every day.他并非每天起床都很早。(does幫助get up構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式) He does work very hard.他工作的確十分努力。(does幫助行為動(dòng)詞work構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句),Do you want to pass the exam?你想通過考試嗎?(do幫助want構(gòu)成疑問句) By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.到上月末為止,他們已經(jīng)完成一半的工作了。(had幫助過去分詞finished構(gòu)成過去完成時(shí)) He will come here tomorrow.他明天將來這里。(will幫助come構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)),三、表語 單句填空 1.I cannot control my body well. My legs become painful (pain). 答案 painful 分析句子成分可知,空格處在句中作表語,因此空格處 應(yīng)用提示詞的形容詞形式。故空格處填painful。 2.Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was that it was rather closely modeled on his own life. 答案 that 分析句子成分可知,was之后是表語從句,在從句中不缺少成分,且句意完整,因此應(yīng)用that作為引導(dǎo)詞。,語境運(yùn)用,,,,單句改錯(cuò) 3.The teachers here are kind and helpfully; they are not only our teachers but also our friends. helpfully→helpful 答案 helpfully→helpful 在題干中,表語形容詞kind與and之后的詞是并列關(guān)系,因此helpfully應(yīng)該改為形容詞形式。故helpfully改為helpful。 表語在句中用來說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)、職業(yè)、內(nèi)容、(動(dòng)作)方向或處所等。表語需位于系動(dòng)詞之后。可以作表語的有名詞、代 詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞以及從句(表語從句)等。,,用法精講,,Five years later, he became an engineer.五年后,他成了一名工程師。(名詞作表語) This is my dictionary. That is yours.這是我的詞典,那本是你的。(代詞作表語) We must keep healthy. 我們必須保持健康。(形容詞作表語) My aim is to become a doctor.我的目標(biāo)是成為一名醫(yī)生。(不定式作表語) My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教英文。(動(dòng)名詞短語作表語) The movie is quite moving.這部電影非常感人。(現(xiàn)在分詞作表語) That’s why I want to stay here. 那就是我想待在這里的原因。(表語從句 作表語),四、賓語 單句填空 1.Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make (make) a new life for herself. 答案 to make wish之后接不定式作賓語。故空格處填不定式to make。 2.Keep holding (hold) your position for a while. 答案 holding 該句中Keep之后需要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。故空格處填 holding。,語境運(yùn)用,,,,單句改錯(cuò) 3.Thank you so much for not only giving me life, but also teach me how to be a good person. teach→teaching 答案 teach→teaching 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,“not only.but also.”所連接的內(nèi)容在句中作介詞for的賓語,因此teach使用錯(cuò)誤,應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞形式。故 teach改為teaching。,,表示謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作對象的成分叫賓語,即賓語是動(dòng)作的承受者。英語中,及物動(dòng)詞(或相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞短語)、介詞須帶賓語?？梢猿洚?dāng)賓語的有名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞以及從句(賓語從句)等。 I am reading a book. 我在看書。(名詞作動(dòng)詞的賓語) I’m going to Beijing with my father.我計(jì)劃和我父親去北京。(名詞作介詞的賓語) Yesterday, Tom’s mother looked after him at home.昨天湯姆的媽媽在家 照顧他了。(代詞作動(dòng)詞短語的賓語) What would you like? 你想要什么?(疑問代詞作動(dòng)詞like的賓語),用法精講,Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. 昨天我父親給我買了一輛新自行車。(代詞me和名詞bike分別作動(dòng)詞buy的間接賓語和直接賓語) We got lost and couldn’t find each other.我們迷路了,彼此找不到對方了。 (相互代詞作動(dòng)詞find的賓語) I like to play basketball. 我喜歡打籃球。(不定式作動(dòng)詞的賓語) I think it impossible to climb the mountain. 我認(rèn)為不可能爬上那座山。(it作形式賓語,動(dòng)詞不定式短語作真正的賓語) I enjoy listening to music very much.我非常喜歡聽音樂。(動(dòng)名詞短語作動(dòng)詞enjoy的賓語),五、補(bǔ)足語 單句填空 1.Many airlines now allow passengers to print (print) their boarding passes online to save their valuable time. 答案 to print 句意:現(xiàn)在,許多航空公司允許乘客在網(wǎng)上打印登機(jī)證 以節(jié)省他們寶貴的時(shí)間?？崭裉幵诰渲凶髻e語補(bǔ)足語,而allow之后接 不定式作賓補(bǔ),故空格處填to print。,語境運(yùn)用,,2.I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man sitting (sit) at the front. 答案 sitting 分析句子成分可知,空格處在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語,且與賓語 man之間是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系,動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中,由此結(jié)合“notice sb./sth. doing”可知,空格處應(yīng)填sitting。 3.The aim of education is to teach young people to think (think) for themselves and not follow others blindly. 答案 to think 句意:教育的目地是教會(huì)年輕人去自我思考,而不是盲目地跟從別人?？崭裉幵诰渲凶髻e語補(bǔ)足語,而teach之后接不定式作賓補(bǔ),故填to think。,,,,單句改錯(cuò) 4.Hope you good health and much happiness every day! Hope→Wish 答案 Hope→Wish good health and much happiness在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語,動(dòng)詞hope之后不可接賓語補(bǔ)足語,而wish有此用法,因此句首的Hope使用錯(cuò)誤。故Hope改為Wish。 在英語中,需在一些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語后加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語,對其作進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說明,意思才夠完整和明確,該補(bǔ)足語被稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。能作賓語補(bǔ)足語的有名詞、形容詞、不定式和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)等。如:,用法精講,,,We must keep our classroom clean. 我們必須保持教室干凈。(形容詞作 賓補(bǔ)) We call the bird Polly.我們叫那只鳥波利。(名詞作賓補(bǔ)) Our teacher told us to play outside. 我們老師讓我們在外面玩。(動(dòng)詞不定式短語作賓補(bǔ)) I saw Jack playing under a tree. 我看到杰克在樹下玩耍。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作賓補(bǔ)) My father made me stay at home last night.昨晚我父親讓我待在家里。 (不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)) I was seen to come back today by Tom.今天我被湯姆看到回來了。(不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語),六、定語 單句填空 1.Although birds use their (they) feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes. 答案 their 句意:雖然鳥類的羽毛是用來飛行的,但是它們的羽毛也 有其他用途?？崭裉幵诰渲凶髅~的定語,故空格處填形容詞性物主代 詞their。 2.“That would be a very reasonable (reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said. 答案 reasonable 空格處作名詞thing的定語,因此應(yīng)用提示詞的形容 詞形式。故填reasonable。,語境運(yùn)用,,,,單句改錯(cuò) 3.We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake. ours→our 答案 ours→our fishing poles之前的物主代詞作定語,而ours是名詞性物主代詞,常用于作主語、賓語或表語,不能作定語,因此ours使用錯(cuò)誤,應(yīng)使用形容詞性物主代詞。故ours改為our。 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或句子叫定語。英語中的定語可以前置,也可以后置。獨(dú)立的單詞作定語時(shí),習(xí)慣上放在被修飾的詞之前作前置定語;短語或定語從句作定語時(shí),應(yīng)放在被修飾的詞后面,作后置定語。能作定語的有形容詞、名詞、分詞(短語)、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語以及定語從句等。,用法精講,,,The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist.那幅美麗的畫是一位著名的藝術(shù)家畫的。(形容詞作定語) The apple trees were planted 3 years ago.那些蘋果樹是3年前種的。(名詞作定語) The boy under the tree is Jack. 樹下的那個(gè)男孩兒是杰克。(介詞短語作后置定語) The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. 被毀掉的那座橋是去年冬天重建的。(過去分詞作定語) I know a boy called Tom.我認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)名叫湯姆的男孩兒。(過去分詞短語作后置定語),The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. 那些飛翔的鳥兒正向南方飛去,因?yàn)槎炜斓搅恕?現(xiàn)在分詞作定語) The car running in the playground is my uncle’s.在操場上奔馳的那輛汽車是我叔叔的。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語) At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.最后我們沒有任何吃的了,只剩下一點(diǎn)兒水。(動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語) I often go to the reading room in the evening.我經(jīng)常在晚上去閱覽室。(動(dòng)名詞作定語) I know the two boys who broke the window yesterday.我認(rèn)識(shí)昨天打壞玻璃的那兩個(gè)男孩子。(定語從句),七、狀語 單句填空 1.I was driving down to London when I suddenly (sudden) found that I was on the wrong road. 答案 suddenly 空格處在句中作狀語,因此空格處應(yīng)用提示詞的副詞形式。故空格處填寫suddenly。 2.(2017課標(biāo)全國Ⅲ)She has turned down several invitations to star at shows to concentrate (concentrate) on her studies. 答案 to concentrate 句意:為了專注于她的學(xué)業(yè),她拒絕了幾次在節(jié)目 中出演主角的邀請。shows之后為非謂語動(dòng)詞短語在句中作目的狀語, 且與主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故空格處填不定式to concentrate。,語境運(yùn)用,,,,3.I got to the office earlier that day, having caught (catch) the 7:30 train from Paddington. 答案 having caught 逗號(hào)之后為非謂語動(dòng)詞短語作原因狀語,空格處與邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,且動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,因此現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式having caught符合題意。 單句改錯(cuò) 4.I don’t believe what you said, but because you can prove it, you may be able to convince me. because→if 答案 because→if 句意:我不相信你說的話,但是如果你能夠?qū)Υ俗C明,你也許能夠說服我。兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間為條件狀語從句,結(jié)合語境可知,because應(yīng)改為if。,,,,修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子的詞、短語或從句(狀語從句)叫狀 語。狀語在句中可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓 步、程度、方式、比較、方向以及伴隨狀況等。能作狀語的有副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式及狀語從句等。如: He plays the guitar well. 他吉他彈得很好。(副詞作狀語) Luckily, he didn’t hurt himself.幸運(yùn)的是,他沒傷到自己。(副詞作狀語) He works hard to earn money.他努力工作掙錢。(不定式作狀語) If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.如果明天下雨,我們就待在家 里。(從句作狀語),用法精講,八、同位語 單句填空 1.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief that you are better than anyone else in the sports field. 答案 that belief后面是同位語從句,從句句意完整,不缺少成分,故用that作為引導(dǎo)詞。 2.News came from the school office that Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. 答案 that office之后是News的同位語從句,從句中不缺少成分,故that 符合題意。,語境運(yùn)用,,,,單句改錯(cuò) 3.There was Uncle Chen, gentleman living near my house, who was a very famous writer. ∧gentleman→a 答案 ∧gentleman→a gentleman是Uncle Chen的同位語,根據(jù)語境可知, gentleman在句中表示泛指,因此之前應(yīng)用不定冠詞。故在gentleman之前添加冠詞a。 4.Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend. is→are 答案 is→are you是賓語從句的主語,而“dear diary”是you的同位語,因此句中的is使用錯(cuò)誤,需要與主語you保持一致。故is改為are。,,,,所謂同位語,是指跟在某些名詞的后面,對前者作進(jìn)一步的解釋、說明、補(bǔ)充和概括的句子成分。常用來作同位語的有名詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞(each, both, all)、從句等。 The youngest boy, Peter, refused to accept the money.那個(gè)最小的男孩彼得拒絕接受那筆錢。(名詞作同位語) We four were greatly touched to hear the old man’s story. 聽了老人的故事,我們四個(gè)都很受感動(dòng)。(數(shù)詞作同位語) They each have a dictionary.他們每人都有一本詞典。(each作同位語) We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.我們正 在調(diào)查的問題不是他是否值得信賴的問題。(從句作同位語),用法精講,技巧點(diǎn)撥 對于語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)這兩種題型來說,句子成分的應(yīng)用非常廣泛,可根據(jù)相關(guān)知識(shí)判斷考查點(diǎn)種類并敲定答案。例如,當(dāng)從句在句中作定語時(shí),那么該從句就是定語從句,考查點(diǎn)就是引導(dǎo)詞的分析判斷;如果先行詞指物,且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語時(shí),那么正確答案為which/that。再如,在語法填空題中,當(dāng)提示詞是形容詞,且空格處在句中作狀語,用于修飾形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞時(shí),那么正確答案就是該形容詞的副詞形式。,