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Unit 4 Making the news,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,1.photographn.照片 vt.給……照相 photographern.攝影師 2.delightedadj.快樂的;欣喜的 delightn.快樂;欣喜 vt.使高興;使欣喜 3.admirableadj.值得贊揚的;令人欽佩的 admirevt.補助,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,6.Submit vt.遞交;呈遞(文件等) 7.Profession n.職業(yè);專業(yè) Professional adj.職業(yè)的;專業(yè)的 n.專業(yè)人員 Professor n.教授;(大學的)講師 8.eageradj.渴望的;熱切的 eagerly急切地;渴望地 9.concentratevt.成就,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,11.assessvt.評估,評定 assessmentn.評估,評定 12.informvt.告知;通知 informedadj.見多識廣的;有學問的 13.casen.情況;病例;案例 14.accusevt.指責,譴責;控告 accusedn.被告 adj.被控告的 accusationn.指責,譴責;控告 15.deliberatelyadv.故意地 deliberateadj.故意的 16.guiltyadj.犯罪的,有罪的;內(nèi)疚的 guiltn.犯罪,有罪;過失,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,17.demandn.要求,需求 vt.要求;需要 demandingadj.要求高的;費力的 18.technicaladj.技術(shù)(上)的,技巧方面的 technicallyadv.技術(shù)上;工藝上 techniquen.技術(shù);工藝 19.thoroughadj.徹底的;詳盡的 thoroughlyadv.十分;徹底地 20.giftedadj.有天賦的 giftn.天賦,天才;禮物 21.crimen.罪行;犯罪 criminaladj.犯罪的,犯法的 n.罪犯,犯人 22.approvevt.贊成,認可;批準 approvaln.批準;同意,認可,,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,23.processvt.加工;處理 n.過程;程序;步驟 24.appointmentn.約會;任命 appointvt.任命,委派;約定,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,1.concentrate on 集中;全神貫注于 2.depend on/upon 依靠;依賴 3.accuse.of. 因……指責/控告…… 4.so as to (do sth.) 為了(做……) 5.ahead of 在……前面,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,1.你有沒有遇到過這樣的情況:別人控告你的記者,說他(她)們的報道失實? Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick? 2.周揚永遠不會忘記他在一家暢銷英文報紙辦公室的第一次工作任務(wù)。 Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper. 3.只有提很多不同的問題,你才能收集到你所需要了解的所有信息。 Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know. 4.事情的經(jīng)過就是這樣的。 This is how the story goes. 5.一位足球運動員被指控受賄,故意不進球,好讓對方球隊贏。 A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win.,,,,,,Zhou Yang’s first work assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper started with a 1.discussion (discuss) with his new boss—Hu Xin,which was to 2.strongly(strong) influence his life as a journalist. First,Hu Xin told him only when he became more 3.experienced(experience) could he cover a story 4.on his own.Second,Hu Xin required him to be curious and have 5.a good “nose” for a story,which would enable him 6.to acquire(acquire) all the information he needs.Third,Hu Xin 7.gave(give) him a list of dos and don’ts.He had to listen carefully for detailed facts.If possible,he could use a recorder to get the facts straight and have the 8.evidence(evident) to support his story if someone challenged him.At last,Hu Xin told him a case 9.where a footballer accused her journalists of 10.getting(get) the wrong end of the stick.,·,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?assist vt.幫助,援助,協(xié)助 First we’ll put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist.首先我們會安排你給一位有經(jīng)驗的記者做助理。(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 assist sb.in doing/to do/with sth.幫助某人做某事 He asked us to assist him in carrying through his plan.他請求我們幫他完成他的計劃。 Can I assist you with these parcels?我來幫你拿這些包裹好嗎? ◆拓展延伸 assistance n.幫助,援助 come to one’s assistance來幫助某人 with the assistance of.在……的幫助下 assistant n.助手,助理,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學活用 完成句子 1.好的眼鏡有助于你閱讀。 Good glasses will assist you to read.(read) 2.在老師的幫助下我已把這首詩譯成漢語。 With the assistance of the teacher,I have translated the poem into Chinese.(assist) 3.同車的一位乘客過來幫助了她。 One of her fellow passengers came to her assistance.(assist),,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?submit vt.屈服,聽從;呈送,提交;主張 vi.順從,服從 Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.晚些時候,你就可以獨自去進行新聞采訪并遞交稿件了。(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 1.submit to 服從;屈從 submit oneself to sb./sth.=give in to sb./sth.向……屈服,投降;聽命于…… 2.submit sth.to sb.向某人呈遞/提交(文件、建議等) I will not submit to your bullying.我不會屈服于你的欺侮。 We’ll submit ourselves to the court’s judgments.我們將聽從法庭的裁決。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆拓展延伸 submission n.屈服,屈從;呈送,遞交 in submission to 順從,屈服,聽從 I offer my resignation in submission to your request.我按你的要求提交了辭呈。 ◆現(xiàn)學活用 完成句子 1.她不屈服于他的控制。 She refused to submit to his control. 2.就是那個人,我曾向他提交過申請。 That’s the man to whom I had submitted my application.,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?eager adj.熱切的,渴望的 You’ll find your colleagues very eager to assist you.你會發(fā)現(xiàn)同事們會非常樂于幫助你……(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 be eager for.想得到……;渴望…… be eager to do sth.渴望做某事 be only too eager to do sth.過于迫切地想做某事 be eager that.(should) do.渴望…… She is eager for success.她渴望成功。 Maggie was eager to visit me.麥琪急于來看我。 Some patients are only too eager to tell you exactly how they feel.有些病人太急于告訴你他們的切身感受。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆拓展延伸 long for.盼望…… be greedy for.渴望…… ◆現(xiàn)學活用 用eager構(gòu)成的短語完成句子 1.所有學生都渴望獲得一等獎。 All students are eager for the first prize. 2.那位作家很渴望多花點時間來陪伴家人了。 The writer was very eager to spend more time with her family.,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?acquire vt.取得,獲得;學到(知識、技術(shù));養(yǎng)成(習慣、嗜好) Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.只有提很多不同的問題,你才能收集到你需要了解的所有信息。(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 acquire sth.得到某物 acquire sth.from sb.從某人處得到某物 acquire knowledge/skills/reputation學到知識/習得技能/贏得名聲 acquire the habit of sth.養(yǎng)成做某事的習慣 acquire a taste for sth.開始喜歡某事物,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,How did he acquire his wealth?他的財富是怎樣得來的? She soon acquired a reputation as a first-class cook.她不久便獲得了一級廚師的榮譽。 She acquired a good knowledge of English by careful study.她精通英語是認真學習的結(jié)果。 He acquired the habit of smoking during that hard time.他在那段艱苦的日子里養(yǎng)成了抽煙的習慣。 ◆拓展延伸 acquisition n.獲得,習得;獲得物,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學活用 完成句子 1.我把它視為一次獲得新技能的機會。 I look on it as an opportunity to acquire fresh skills. 2.我們希望人們養(yǎng)成使用公共交通工具的習慣,而非駕駛自己的小汽車。 We want people to acquire the habit of using public transport instead of their own cars.,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?inform vt.告知;通知 vi.告發(fā) They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.他們必須通過調(diào)查研究來獲悉事件被遺漏的那部分情況。(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 inform sb.of/about sth.通知某人某事 inform sb.that.通知某人…… keep sb.informed of.通知某人關(guān)于…… be well informed 聽說;(對某事)消息靈通 inform against/on/upon sb.告發(fā)某人;告知某人 The sales manager asked his men to inform him of everything concerning the sales in time.銷售部經(jīng)理讓他手下的人將關(guān)于銷售量的所有情況及時報告給他。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,He was informed that he had been fired because of his neglect of his duty.因為玩忽職守,他被告知自己已經(jīng)被開除了。 He went to the police and informed on the criminals.他來到警察局告發(fā)了那些罪犯。 ◆現(xiàn)學活用 單句填空 1.The president promised to keep all the board members informed(inform) of how the negotiations were going on. 2.I informed her mother of/about her safe arrival. 3.How sorry I felt when I was informed(inform) of your illness!,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?case n.事例;情況;病例;案件;手提箱 Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?你有沒有遇到過這樣的情況:別人控告你的記者,說他(她)們的報道失實?(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 in case假使;以防萬一(后接從句或相當于副詞) in case of 萬一;假使;如果;以防(后接名詞、代詞) in no case (在任何情況下)都不,決不 in any case 無論如何;總之 in that case 那樣的話;在那種情況下 as is often the case 這是常有的事,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,In case of fire,ring the alarm bell.如遇失火,請按警鈴。 In no case will China be the first country to use nuclear weapons.在任何情況下,中國絕不首先使用核武器。 He shouts when he gets angry,as is often the case.他生氣時就大叫,這是常有的情形。 ◆特別提醒 in no case表示否定含義,在句首時句子用部分倒裝。 ◆現(xiàn)學活用 單句填空 1.Today,we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 2.As is often the case,Miss Wang is the first to get to school. 3.Please remind me of the meeting again tomorrow in case I forget.,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?accuse vt.指責,譴責;控告 Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?你有沒有遇到過這樣的情況:別人控告你的記者,說他(她)們的報道失實?(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 accuse sb./sth.for.因……而指責某人/事 accuse sb.of (doing) sth.指責/控告某人(做)某事 be accused of.被指控…… Man often accuses nature for his own misfortune.人常因自己的不幸而責怪老天。 They accused their government of betraying the interests of the people.他們譴責政府出賣民族利益。 He was accused of murder.他被指控犯了謀殺罪。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆詞義辨析 1.accuse指正式或非正式、官方或個人的指控,常與介詞of連用。 We accused him of taking bribes.我們控告他受賄。 2.charge多指正式的控告,側(cè)重“使承擔責任”,與介詞with搭配。 The police charged the driver with careless driving.警察指控那個司機粗心駕駛。 ◆現(xiàn)學活用 單句改錯 1.The soldier was charged of running away when the enemy attacked.(of改為with) 2.His neighbor accused him for playing the musical instrument too loudly.(for改為of),,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?demand vt.有求于…… meet/satisfy one’s demand (for sth.)滿足某人(……的)需求,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,She demanded to see the headmaster.她請求見校長。 The teacher demanded that the students (should) be on time to school.這位老師要求學生們準時到校。 I demand a lot of others but more of myself.我對別人要求很多,但對自己要求更多。 ◆詞義辨析 1.demand口氣強硬,有斷然的意味,通常指上級對下級不折不扣的要求,后接名詞、不定式或從句。 2.request指比較正式、有禮貌地提出要求,語氣比demand弱,且主語只能是人?？捎胷equest sb.to do sth.或request sth.from sb.結(jié)構(gòu)。 3.require意為“要求,需要”,著重指事物內(nèi)在的需要或規(guī)章制度的要求。可以用require sb.to do sth.或require sth.of sb.結(jié)構(gòu);主語為物時常用require doing或require to be done結(jié)構(gòu)。 4.insist指堅決要求,堅持。用法為insist on doing sth.或insist that.。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學活用 單句填空 1.The teacher came to the classroom and demanded to be told(tell) what had happened. 2.The parents demanded that their son (should) devote(devote) most of the time to learning,even at weekends and holidays. 3.They can learn cooking skills,which are always in great demand.,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?approve vi.贊成,同意 vt.批準,通過;認可,贊成,滿意 Last of all,the chief editor read it and approved it.最后主編審讀了這篇稿子,并且批準發(fā)表了。(教材原句P30) ◆常見用法 approve of sth.同意某事 approve of sb.doing sth.同意某人做某事 approve sth.批準,通過(計劃、提案等) We can’t approve of this sort of thing.我們不能贊同這種事。 The minister approved the building plan.部長批準了該項建筑計劃。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆拓展延伸 approval n.贊成,同意;批準 win one’s approval 贏得某人的同意 in approval 贊同,同意 with/without approval of sb.經(jīng)/未經(jīng)某人批準 Several people nodded in approval.好幾個人點頭表示同意。 ◆現(xiàn)學活用 單句填空 1.I’m afraid your parents won’t approve of your going there. 2.—When will the expert come and give the lecture on intellectual property? —Not until our program has been approved(approve) by the authorities. 3.She desperately wanted to win her father’s approval(approve).,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?concentrate on 全神貫注,集中 .so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you’re interested.……因此如果你對攝影感興趣,以后你可以集中精力去研究它。(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 concentrate on doing sth.集中精力做某事 concentrate one’s mind/effort/attention on sth.把思想/努力/注意力集中在某事上 Many firms are concentrating on increasing their markets overseas.許多公司正在集中精力開拓它們的海外市場。 He concentrated his attention on the question of technology.他將注意力全都貫注在技術(shù)問題上。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆拓展延伸 1.表示“專心于……”的短語: focus.on,be lost in,be occupied in,be absorbed in,be buried in,be employed in,apply oneself/one’s mind to,put one’s heart/mind in 2.concentrated adj.全神貫注的;集中的,密集的 concentration n.集中;專心 Our population is concentrated in the big cities.我國人口集中在大城市里。 ◆現(xiàn)學活用 單句填空 1.Having failed my French exams,I decided to concentrate on science subjects. 2.We must concentrate our efforts on improving(improve) education. 3.He made a concentrated(concentrate) effort to finish the work on time. 4.Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration(concentrate).,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?depend on/upon依靠,依賴;取決于,由……決定 Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says.同時,你還要根據(jù)被采訪人所說的話準備提出下一個問題。(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 depend on/upon sb./sth.依靠(相信)某人/某事 depend on/upon sb.to do sth.依靠某人做某事 depend on/upon sb.for sth.依靠某人供給某物 depend on/upon it that.指望……;深信…… depend on/upon +wh-clause視……而定,取決于……,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,You can’t depend on Jack—he always arrives late.別指望杰克——他總是遲到。 We’re depending on you to finish the job by Monday.我們相信你周一之前能完成工作。 Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.孩子們依靠父母供給衣食。 You may depend on it that she will help you.你可以指望她幫助你的。 The amount you pay your parcel depends on where you live.包裹得付多少錢視住址而定。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆拓展延伸 1.That depends./It all depends.視情況而定。 2.rely on/count on 依靠 3.dependent adj.依賴的,依靠的 independent adj.獨立的,有主見的 dependence n.依靠,依賴,信任,信賴 independence n.獨立,自主,自立,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學活用 用depend的相關(guān)短語完成句子 1.萬物生長靠太陽。 All living things depend on the sun for their growth. 2.除了你,我沒有可依靠的人。 I have no one but you to depend on. 3.你們可以相信她會完成這個計劃。 You may depend on it that she will fulfill the plan. 4.我不知道我們能不能幫上忙,一切都得看情況而定。 I don’t know if we can help—it all depends.,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?倒裝句 Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.周揚永遠不會忘記他在一家暢銷英文報紙辦公室的第一項工作任務(wù)。(教材原句P26) never 位于句首時,句子常采用倒裝語序,句式結(jié)構(gòu)為“Never+助動詞+主語+其他”。用于此類倒裝句型的否定詞語還有hardly,seldom,little,not only,not until,no sooner,at no time,by no means,in no case,under no circumstances等。 Never will my friend Paul forget his first teacher of chemistry.我的朋友保羅永遠不會忘記他的第一位化學老師。 Under no circumstances will we rent our apartment to someone with a criminal record.不論在什么情況下,我們都不會把公寓租給有犯罪記錄的人。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆拓展延伸 常見的幾種倒裝句 1.only修飾副詞、介詞或介詞短語、狀語從句置于句首時要用倒裝,將相應(yīng)的助動詞放到主語之前。 2.否定副詞not,never,seldom,little,hardly,scarcely,nowhere,few,not until等位于句首時,句子要倒裝。 3.副詞so放在句首,表示前面肯定句中所說的情況也適用于另外一個人時,句子要倒裝;當neither,nor在句首,表示前面否定的情況也適用于另外一個人時句子要倒裝;so,nor,neither表示相同概念的肯定或否定時,句子也要倒裝。 4.here,how,there,then等副詞位于句首時,要倒裝。 5.在虛擬語氣的條件從句中,省略了if后,had,were,should等放在條件句主語前,形成倒裝。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學活用 完成句子 1.只有每天練習幾個小時,你才能使用它。 Only by practicing a few hours every day will you be able to use it. 2.我過去在這兒工作的時候很少犯錯。 Seldom did I make any mistakes during my past few years of working here. 3.他是個好學生,學習很努力。她也是如此。 He is a good student,and works very hard.So does she. 4.他的朋友吉姆現(xiàn)在就在這些人當中。 Among these people is his friend Jim at the moment. 5.要是明天下雨,我們將推遲去北京旅游。 Should it rain tomorrow,we would have to put off visiting Beijing.,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?so as to (do sth.)為了(做某事) A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win.一位足球運動員被指控受賄,故意不進球,好讓對方球隊贏。(教材原句P26) so as to 引導目的狀語,否定形式是so as not to,可轉(zhuǎn)換為so that引導的目的狀語從句。 You must watch your step so as not to fall down.你必須留心腳下才不會跌下去。 so.as to 引導結(jié)果狀語,so后接形容詞或副詞。該結(jié)構(gòu)可轉(zhuǎn)換為so.that引導的結(jié)果狀語從句。 such.as to引導結(jié)果狀語,such后常接名詞,可轉(zhuǎn)換為such.that引導的結(jié)果狀語從句。用作be such as to時,意為“如此……以至”,such后不可接其他詞。 His illness is not such as to cause anxiety.他的病還不是那樣叫人憂慮的。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆拓展延伸 in order to 引導目的狀語,可置于句末或句首,其否定形式是in order not to。也可轉(zhuǎn)換為in order that 引導的目的狀語從句。 In order to win the champion,all the teams are training hard.為了贏得冠軍,所有的隊都在刻苦訓練。 ◆現(xiàn)學活用 將下列句子改為簡單句 1.He told her a white lie so that he might not hurt her feelings. →He told her a white lie so as not to/in order not to hurt her feelings. 2.Please check the list carefully in order that you may avoid mistakes. →In order to avoid mistakes,please check the list carefully.,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,3.He was so angry that he was not able to speak. →He was so angry as not to be able to speak. 4.I am not such a fool that I can believe that. →I am not such a fool as to believe that. 5.He was so kind that he made us all love him. →His kindness was such as to make us all love him.,,,,一、單句填空 1.(2015·浙江高考改編)This type of graph is most (common) used to show how something changes over time. monly。此處指“被廣泛地使用”,應(yīng)用副詞修飾動詞used。 2.(2015·江蘇高考改編)Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital (assistant). 2.assistants。computers用復數(shù)表示泛指,assistant也應(yīng)用復數(shù)與之匹配。句意:像電腦和個人數(shù)碼助手一樣,手機已成為越來越多的電子垃圾的一部分了。 3.(2015·重慶高考改編)The camps have excellent horses, (profession) guides and lots of support workers. 3.professional。此處應(yīng)用形容詞作定語修飾名詞復數(shù)guides,professional意為“專業(yè)的,職業(yè)的”。句意:營地里有優(yōu)良的馬匹、專業(yè)的導游和眾多的支持工作者。,4.(2015·陜西高考改編)Previous generations concentrated on (get) children to school on time,fed,dressed and ready to learn. 4.getting。on為介詞,其后接動名詞作賓語。句意:前輩家長們關(guān)注的是讓孩子按時去上學,讓孩子吃好、穿好、做好求學的準備。 5.(2015·北京高考改編)If accepted for the job,you’ll (inform) soon. 5.be informed。主句主語you與inform之間為被動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。句意:如果他們接受你從事這份工作,會很快通知你的。 6.(2015·安徽高考改編)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends. 6.which。這是一個含有定語從句的復合句,skill為先行詞,代指skill的關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用which。depend on/upon“依靠,依賴”。句意:有些專家認為閱讀是學校教育所依賴的基本技能。,7.(2015·陜西高考改編)Such a person may be forgiven if he is late,but not those who are (deliberate) late to create impression. 7.deliberately。此處應(yīng)用副詞deliberately修飾形容詞late。句意:這樣的人遲到了會被原諒的,但那些為了給人留下印象而故意遲到的人則不會被原諒。 8.(2015·四川高考改編)“ (technical),I think what they’re proposing is possible,” physicist Daniel Bonn said. 8.Technically。此處應(yīng)用副詞修飾整個句子,意為“嚴格按照規(guī)則地,嚴格按照事實地”。句意:物理學家丹尼爾·波恩說道,“嚴格說來,我認為他們的建議是有可能實現(xiàn)的。”,9.(2013·上海高考改編)And finally,the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person face we are looking at. 9.whose。此處face和the person之間為所屬關(guān)系,因此用whose引導定語從句。 10.Only when Lily walked into the office she realize that she had left the contract at home. 10.did。句意:當莉莉走進辦公室的時候,她才意識到她把合同忘在家里了?！皁nly+狀語”置于句首時,主句用部分倒裝。,二、單元話題微寫作 業(yè)余記者 根據(jù)提示,將以下句子連成一篇英語短文。 1.因為在寫作方面很有天賦,所以我渴望當一名業(yè)余記者。(be gifted for;be eager to;amateur journalist) 2.我很高興地交上申請后不久,高級主編就批準了我的申請。(submit;be delighted;approve of) 3.為了做得更加專業(yè),我全神貫注于工作,且不時地提升自身的業(yè)務(wù)水平。(in order to;concentrate on;update) 4.讓人欽佩的是,我極少因為犯錯而受到責備。(admirable;be accused of) 5.我的經(jīng)歷表明,工作成功與否取決于你自身的努力和提高。(depend on),Being gifted for writing,I was eager to be an amateur journalist.I was delighted that the senior chief editor approved of my application shortly after I submitted.In order to become more professional,I concentrated on my job and updated myself now and then.It was admirable that I was seldom accused of making mistakes.My working experience shows whether your job is successful or not depends on your hard work and improvement.,