單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,,,,New Perspective Grammar,對語法的錯誤認識,誤認為語法先于語言,把語法規(guī)則當,作,一成不變的公式,把語法當成隨意的公式,-------,記住了語法規(guī)則卻沒有英語思維,能夠準確地，有意義地，恰當?shù)剡\用英語語言結(jié)構(gòu),形式,form,語法結(jié)構(gòu)怎樣構(gòu)成,準確性,用法（,usage),何時,/,為什么使用,適合性,意義（,meaning),語法結(jié)構(gòu)表達什么意義,表意性,英語思維與漢語思維,翻譯：我已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了，去年結(jié)婚的，到現(xiàn)在結(jié)婚一年多了。,I am married. I got married last year. I’ve been married for over a year.,英文中有“動作,action”,與“狀態(tài),state”,的區(qū)分。,以及時態(tài)方面的問題。,,英語的靜態(tài)特征,“靜態(tài)與動態(tài)”,，英語傾向于多用名詞，因此呈靜態(tài)，漢語傾向于多用動詞，因而呈動態(tài)。英語的靜態(tài)特征具體說來有四點。,第一，名詞化是英語常見的,現(xiàn)象。,“,他很不開心，引起大家也不開心,”,,He was unhappy, so others felt unhappy too.,,His unhappiness made/infected others unhappy.,He,arrived so early, and I was quite surprised. → His early arrival surprised me.,同時,漢語常用人作主語而英語多用物作主語,。,比如,一篇六級模擬題范文中有這樣一句話：,Video　games　could　do　us　harm　without　our　knowing,it,，,If　proper　attention　is　not　paid　to　their　side　effects.,“,他最終失敗了,”,At,last he failed.,At,last all his efforts were in vain.,He,was outstanding among his colleagues because he worked very hard.,→,His hard work/ efforts made him outstanding among his colleagues.,,,第二，用名詞表示作動作的發(fā)出者（施事者），以代替動詞,。,“,他七十多了，但能吃能睡?！?He,still could eat and sleep.,,He was still a good eater and a good sleeper.,“,這位老師上課上得不好，我們都盼著早點下課。,”,,This teacher is not a good one, so we are eager to finish his class as earlier as possible.,In,this teacher’s class, we are all clock-watchers.,所以,下次你要夸別人籃球打得好，記著可以怎么寫：,He is a good/professional basketball player.,,,第三， 名詞的優(yōu)勢造成介詞的優(yōu)勢,。,“,有人給他撐腰。”,Someone,supports him.,He,has someone behind him.,“,說完這些話，她就走開了。,”,,After she finished her words, she went away.,With,these words she went away.,“這本書太難了，我看不懂,”,“,This book is too difficult for me to understand,it,,“,The book is totally beyond/above me .”,,,第四，動詞的弱化與虛化。我們可用一些虛化動詞（,have, make, take, do）,加上它的名詞意義。,比如,look→ have a look, take a look,walk→have a walk, take a walk,visit→ pay a visit to,attempt→ make attempts,damage→ do some damages to,比如：“,Tom,與老板吵架之后，就辭職了?！?After Tom had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit.,After Tom quarreled with his boss, Jack quit.,喜用名詞，是現(xiàn)代英文固有現(xiàn)象。但千萬切記，名詞的使用要適當，并非所有地方名詞優(yōu)于動詞，萬不可濫用。況且，近年來英美不少學者認為名詞的濫用造成英語缺乏生氣。如果考生能夠把握分寸，適當使用名詞確也不失為寫作之上策。,,,思維方式制約著表達習慣。思維是寫作活動的基礎(chǔ)；寫作不僅是語言活動，而且是思維活動（,Kelly，1963）。,漢式思維模式是形象的、直觀的，在語言上，漢語用詞傾向于具體，常常以實的形式表達虛的概念，以具體的形象表達抽象的內(nèi)容，而英式思維則是概括的、抽象的（連淑能，,1993,）。漢語較少使用表示抽象概念的名詞，而較多地使用具有實指意義的具體名詞，如“望梅止渴”中的“梅”與“渴”；英語常常使用抽象名詞來表達復雜的理性概念。,,具體詞匯與概括詞匯的問題,英語傾向于使用表達同類事物的整體詞語來表達具體事物或現(xiàn)象，用詞具體細膩；漢語多用表示整體概念的詞，用詞概括模糊,。,學生,受漢語的影響，通常用表示概括的詞加上各種副詞的方式，構(gòu)成“動詞,+,副詞（,ly,）”結(jié)構(gòu),，,比如,，,“走得很快”,“,walk quickly”,；,“跑得很快”,“,run quickly”,。,英語,中表示各種走姿的詞匯很豐富，例如，,stroll, trudge, plod, march, stalk, toddle, stagger,等,。,例如：,That was a very wonderful movie.,instructive,或者,moving,等較為具體的詞匯更符合英語表達習慣。,詞語搭配問題,“,我們在學校里學習各種知識,”,,learn knowledge,acquire,, gain, obtain, gather,等詞匯與,knowledge,搭配；,learn,只能與,something,或某一學科搭配使用,。,吃蘋果，吃食堂，吃現(xiàn)成飯,(,to eat an apple,)，,,(,to have one’s meal in the dining hall,)，,,(,to lead an idle life,),例如,：“,Mary won Jane in the speech contest,.”,“win,",和“,beat",都可表示“贏”，但“贏了一場比賽”應用 “,win"，,而“贏了某人”則應用“,beat"。,句法方面,英語動詞的時體范疇極為豐富。英語句子的人稱、數(shù)量、時態(tài)、語態(tài)、情態(tài)均受制于時空，在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上有比較嚴格的規(guī)則、次序，而且要求形式一致；而漢語語言形式是根據(jù)表達的需要來建構(gòu)句式，要求并不嚴格（熊沐清，,2001,）。,Ted: Where did you learn to Rollerblade(,輪滑）,?,Anna: Here in the park. This is only my second time.,Ted: Well, it’s my first time. Can you give me some lesson?,Anna: Sure. Just follow me.,(after a while),Ted: Hey, that,was,fun. Thanks for the lesson!,連接詞的問題,,英語,重形合，即注重運用各種有形的連接手段達到語言形式的完整，句法功能呈外現(xiàn)形,；,而,漢語重意合，即語言表現(xiàn)形式由意念引導，句法功能呈隱含形式,。,在,英語和大多數(shù)印歐語言中，句子的從屬關(guān)系大多是用連接詞,if，because，although，while,等明確表達出來,。,例如,，,People learn English to use it. Some learn it to study or work abroad. Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners,.,則,改進為：,People learn English for practical purposes: some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.,文章讀起來就通順很多。,,Li & Thompson（1976）,認為，形合的英語是主語突出（,subject-prominence）,的語言，主題往往就是句子的主語，英語句子的主語通常指人或事物，由名詞、代詞或名詞詞組來擔任,；而,漢語是主題突出（,topic-prominence）,的語言，句子的主語則大不相同，它們可以各種形式出現(xiàn)。除人或事物外，地點、時間、行為方式都可以作主語。在詞性方面，除名詞、名詞詞組和代詞外，動詞短語、介詞短語，甚至句子都可以作主語,。,如,“天空萬里無云”就是典型的主題句。按照漢語思維，“天空”是主題，后面是評論主題如何。受此影響，學生往往把漢語的主題當成是英語的主語，造出“,The sky has no clouds.”,這樣的句子來,。,在,英語中這句話的主語是“萬里無云”，天空只能作地點狀語或用形式主語,it,來代替。因此，我們可以說“,It’s cloudless”，,或者“,There is no cloud in the sky,”。,再,比如，（,1,）讀書可以增長知識,。,（,1,a）Reading books can acquire knowledge.,（,1b） One can acquire knowledge through reading books.,（,2）,自從,1978,年以來，由于中國人民的努力，中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化,。,（,2,a）Since 1978, China have taken place great changes with the efforts of the Chinese people.,（,2b） Since 1978, great changes have taken place in China with the efforts of the Chinese people.,,句式主、客觀傾向問題,,英語,民族的思維注重客觀事物對人的作用和影響，因而他們對主體與客體有著嚴格的區(qū)分；而漢語民族的思維往往以“人”為中心，形成了以人為中心來思考事物的思維模式（張海濤，,1999,）,。,表現(xiàn),在語言上，英語物稱傾向比較普遍，常使用不主動發(fā)出動作的詞或無生命名詞充當主語。漢語里，采用有生命的人或物作主語總是占絕對優(yōu)勢,。,受,此,影響，,學生英語作文中常常出現(xiàn)“,I think”，“we must”， “someone says”，“you should”，“l(fā)et’s”,等主觀傾向明顯的表達,，,少,用“,It can be argued that”，“It is estimated that”,等句型結(jié)構(gòu),。,例如,，“,American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.”,用,漢語表達則為“托馬斯,·,杰斐遜對美國教育事業(yè)做出了巨大貢獻。,”,在,英語寫作中，善于用非人稱主語句，可有效地減少漢語腔,。,再,比如，“不同的人對考試有不同的態(tài)度”,。,(,a)Different people have different attitudes towards examination,.,,(b) Attitudes towards examination vary from person to person.,,Kaplan,（,1966,）認為東、西方語言具有不同的思維方式,：,漢語,的人的思維方式是螺旋型（,spirality,）的，而操英語的人的思維方式是直線型（,linearization,）,。,根據(jù),Scollon,（,1991,）的觀點，亞洲人在談話時一般延遲話題的介紹，采用一種“亞洲歸納”式思維模式，而西方人一般在談話開始就引出話題，采用的是“演繹模式”,。,Kaplan,（,1972,）也曾指出，英語段落的發(fā)展是趨向于直線性，推理性的；而在一些東方語言中，段落組織的發(fā)展卻可稱為是在不停地兜圈子，即從多側(cè)面迂回表達而不直接寫明,。,在,開首段便說：“,I would like to apply for a university scholarship”,，而中國學生大多喜歡將這句話放在中間或最后點出,。,,句子與語境,Father: Do you drink?,Young Man: No, thanks, I’m cool.,Father: I’m not offering;,I’m asking IF you drink. Do you think I’d offer alcohol to teenage drivers taking my daughter out?,,I have been coming to Beijing for fourteen years.,用短暫動詞的完成進行時來表示到目前為止的一段時間內(nèi)重復發(fā)生的動作。,三大基本從句,主語 主語從句,賓語 賓語從句,表語 表語從句,同位語 同位語從句,定語 定語從句,狀語 狀語從句,句子充當主語,句子充當賓語,句子充當表語,句子充當同位語,句子充當定語,句子充當狀語,,名詞從句,一 名詞從句,名詞從句的本質(zhì),---,三種句子充當四種成分,所謂名詞從句，就是把完整的句子當作名詞來使用。一般來講，名詞在句中充當四種成分：主語，表語，賓語和同位語。,能夠相當于名詞作用的句子：陳述句，一般疑問句，特殊疑問句。,The book,is interesting.,What I am reading,is interesting.,No one knows exactly,the life on other planets,.,No one knows exactly,whether there is life on other planets.,English is,a useful tool,.,English is,what I like among all subjects,.,I love the novel,,The old Man and the Sea,.,I love the saying,that love , not time heals all wounds.,名詞從句的引導詞,對應的簡單句類型,引導詞是否作成份,引導詞是否省略,連詞,that,陳述句,That,在從句中不作成份，也沒有實際意義,在不影響句子意思的情況下，賓語從句中的,that,可以省略,連詞,whether,if,一般疑問句,Whether, if,在從句中不作成份，但具有“是否”的意義。,不能省略,連接副詞,when,where,,,why,,,how;,連接代詞,who, whom, what, which, whose,特殊疑問句,When, where, why, how,在從句中作狀語；,who, whom,,what,在句中作主語，賓語或表語；,which,,,whose,在從句中作定語，后面接名詞連用,不能省，既作成份，又有意義。,,Concerns were raised _____ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.,（考研真題）,A. what B. when C. which D. that,同位語從句與其先行詞分開,人們?nèi)找鎿模C人可能會因此受到鼓勵，在法庭上夸大其詞以保證陪審團作出有罪審判。,1.1,主語從句,That,引導的主語從句,That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.,That the plates(,地球板塊,) are moving is not beyond dispute.,更常見的是,it,作形式主語置于句首的形式。,It,,be,,+,過去分詞,/,形容詞,+that,從句,,And,it is imagined by many that,the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and,that,they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.,許多人以為，普通人的思維活動根本無法與這些思維過程相比，這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專門訓練才能掌握。,,It’s reported that…,據(jù)報道,It’s generally thought that…,人們普遍認為,It has been found…,現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn),It should be noted that…,應當注意,It must be pointed out that…,必須指出,Furthermore,,it is obvious that,the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,,and that,this in turn rest upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.,再者，很顯然，一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各類科技人員的共同努力。,It be,形容詞,that,從句,It is clear that…,顯然,It is possible that…,很可能,It is certain that…,可以相信,It is fortunate that…,幸運的是,It is strange that…,奇怪的是,,,It is an established fact that,factory workers work better, harder, and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey.,事實證明，如果把工廠的機器漆成桔黃色而不是黑色或灰色，工人就會干得更勤奮，更出色，事故也會少。,It be,名詞短語,that,從句,It is a pity that…,可惜的是,It is good news that…,。。真是太好了,It is no wonder that…,難怪,It is a fact that…,事實是,It is a shame that…,遺憾的是,/,。。真是太不象話了。,It +,不及物動詞,+that,從句,It seems that…,似乎,It happens that…,碰巧,It comes about that…,結(jié)果是,It follows that…,因此,/,由此可見,It turns out that…,結(jié)果證明是,其他結(jié)構(gòu),It dawns upon/on sb. that…,某人突然想起,It makes no difference that…,無所謂,It is of little consequence that…,無關(guān)緊要,It occurs to sb. that…,It doesn’t need to be bothered that…,不必擔憂,1.2,,whether,及連接代詞或連接副詞引導的主語從句,一般放在句首，這不同于,that,引導的主與從句,Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa,often depends on the issue of,which is seen as the driving force.,政府究竟是以減少對技術(shù)的經(jīng)費投入來增加對純理論科學地經(jīng)費投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方面看作是驅(qū)動性的力量。,,,,Whoever tries to resolve a conflict,soon learns that nothing pleases everybody.,任何想要試圖解決這個矛盾的人很快就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，他不可能讓所有的人滿意。,What happened on September 11,2001,will be forever etched in our memories.,,,,How well the predictions will be validated by later performance,depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.,這些預測將在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實，取決于采用的信息的數(shù)量，可靠性，適應性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。,Because,引導的主語從句,Just because someone doesn’t love you the way you want them to,doesn’t mean they don’t love you with all they have.,如果有人沒有以你希望的方式去愛你，并不意味著他們沒有全身心地愛你。,Something,,which seems valuable at first may turn out to be worthless. Example: “All that glitters is not gold!”,Just because something appears valuable,does not mean that it is really valuable.,有些東西乍看很值錢，但后來證明一文不值。比如，人們常說“閃光的并不都是金子”。只是看起來之前的東西并不意味著真的有價值。,2,。賓語從句,同樣是由前面討論過的連詞引導。,賓語從句在句中的位置,2.1,在及物動詞后,I have learned,that love, not time, heals all wounds,. I have learned,that everyone you meet deserves to be greeted with a smile,. I have learned,that there’s nothing sweeter than sleeping with your babies and feeling their breath on your cheeks.,2.2,在雙賓語動詞后,I assure you,that I had no intention of offending you.,我向你保證，我當時決不是故意冒犯你。,They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet.,他們給到會的所有人員發(fā)一本小冊子。,2.3,在介詞后,I find the best way to concentrate is to make notes on,what the teachers are saying.,我認為上課集中注意力的最好辦法是把老師講的內(nèi)容記下來。,There is disagreement among economists about,what money is,and,how money is measured.,什么是貨幣以及怎樣計量，這些在經(jīng)濟學家們之間存在分歧。,2.4,賓語從句后置,We believe,it,true,that the human body is also a kind of good conductor,.,It,指代被后置的賓語從句，,True,是賓語補足語。,We must make,it,clear,that the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution,.,我們必須強調(diào)清楚，有關(guān)部門要盡一切努力在治理污染。,,2.4 that,在賓語從句中的省略,一般來講，,that,引導的賓語從句可以將,that,省略，但是若有幾個賓語從句并列的話，則一般不省。,I once read that “the beauty of life is its changes” and that “the art of life lies in a constant readjustment to our surroundings”.,我曾經(jīng)讀過這樣一句話：生活的魅力在于它的不斷變化，生活的藝術(shù)在于不斷地適應周圍環(huán)境的變化。,3,。表語從句,Women are much too preoccupied by family. Once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they’re lost. That’s,where their unhappiness springs from,and that’s,why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims,.,婦女們太專注于家庭了。一旦婚姻開始瓦解，她們就會失去方向，這就是她們不快樂的原因，也是為什么大多數(shù)離婚的母親認為自己是受害者。,,4,。同位語從句,當我們用一個完整的句子來補充說明名詞式，即構(gòu)成同位語從句。,名詞,+that+,陳述句,I have been left with the knowledge,that it’s better to expect nothing than to give everything and then be disappointed.,我從中懂得了，不抱任何期望比付出一切努力最后失敗好。,名詞,+,定語,+that+,陳述句,The,statement,,by the driver of the vehicle,,that the did not see the lorry,was rejected by the Court.,該汽車司機說自己沒有看見卡車，但法庭對此并不相信。,,名詞,+,謂語,+that+,陳述句,Evidence,came up,that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old,.,有證據(jù)表明，六個月大的嬰兒就能辨別特定的說話聲。,5,。從句的嵌套結(jié)構(gòu),I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.,我后來意識到，當時所說的話并非我真正要說的。,The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice.,問題是，你所學的知識如何才能應用到實踐中。,在英語句子中，如果有,n,個謂語，就有,n-1,個從句，,n-1,個連詞。,No one is in the least interest in the marks a little child gets on his test;,what we,are interested in,is,,whether we,can conclude from,his mark on the test,that the child,will do,better or worse than other children of his age at tasks,which we think,require,‘general intelligence’,.,我們對孩子們在考試中取得的分數(shù)并不感興趣，我們所感興趣的是我們是否能夠從他們的考試分數(shù)中做出判斷：這個孩子在我們認為需要“一般智商”的,考試,任務,中,的表現(xiàn)將會好于或差于同齡其他孩子,二。定語從句,先行詞,antecedent,The word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers,Audrey Hepbrun: The beauty of a woman is not in the,clothes,she wears, the,figure,that she carries, or,the way,she combs her hair. The beauty of a woman must be seen from in her eyes, because that is the doorway to her heart,,the place,where love resides.,女人的美，不是來自她所穿的衣服，或她的身材，或她梳頭的樣子，而是來自于她的眼睛，因為透過眼睛我們可以看到她的心靈，一個愛的所在。,,In the Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media group have been increasingly,successful groups,which bring together,television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses,that work in relation to one another.,在歐洲，像在其他地方一樣，多媒體集團越來越成功了。這些集團把相互間聯(lián)系密切的電視，電臺，報紙，雜志以及出版社組合到了一起。,,He said,that he had no time,, which isn’t true.,分句,My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys,, which really drives me crazy.,完整的句子,1,先行詞,+,其他定語,+,定語從句,尾重原則（,principle,,of,,end,,weight),The,mineral elements,from the soil,that are usable by the plant,must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.,土壤中可供植物利用的礦物質(zhì)只有先溶解在土壤中，然后才能被植物的根部吸收。,先行詞,+,狀語,+,定語從句,Never leave,that,,until tomorrow,which you can do today,.,Politics is probably the only,business,,in the world,,where they spend the most money while they have the least number of available customers to pitch to.,政治可能是世界上唯一的一個投資最多而顧客最少的生意。,,作主語的先行詞,+,謂語部分,+,定語從句,It can be predicted, however, that from time to time,questions,,will arise,which will require specific scientific answers,.,不過可以預見的是，將來會經(jīng)常有問題出現(xiàn)，需要給出專門的科學的回答。,如何判斷先行詞,先翻譯定語從句,在關(guān)系詞前尋找與定語從句的意思有邏輯語義聯(lián)系的名詞，短語或從句。,,定語從句的主謂一致問題,Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that,is,not fully understood.,定語從句的謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于先行詞，而不是關(guān)系詞。,關(guān)系代詞，關(guān)系副詞,關(guān)系代詞：,who/whom, which, that,,whose,, as ,than, but, what,關(guān)系副詞：,when, where, why,There are nations,whose lack,of contact with the outside world has resulted in poverty.,有些國家因為閉關(guān)鎖國，導致貧困。,關(guān)系代詞,as,As,引導的非限定性定語從句,可以放在句首,,,先行詞可以出現(xiàn)在,as,的后面，而,which,不可以。,As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.,,,________is known to us all, the whale is not fish but a mammal.,________is known to us all that the whale is not fish but a mammal.,________is known to us all is that the whale is not fish but a mammal.,,,As,It,What,,There is ,,as has been suggested,, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.,正如前面已經(jīng)提到，對新聞和廣播的研究文獻越來越多，但卻少有關(guān)注新聞采訪本身的研究。（不能,which,替換）,,As,有正好。。。，就像。。。，由。。。而知的含義，所以當主句和從句在內(nèi)容上一致時，或者從句是順著主句意思說下來的時候，用,As.,若從句和主句的內(nèi)容不一致，從句的內(nèi)容起消極作用，反對，排斥，否定主句內(nèi)容時，多用,which,She has married again, as was expected.,She has married again, which was unexpected.,As,引導限定性定語從句,只能用在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,Such …as ,the same… as, as…as,He’ll repeated such point as are discussed in the book,He’ll repeated the point that are discussed in the book,He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.,,,He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid.(as,作賓語）,He is not such a fool as we would assume him to be.(as,作表語）,,關(guān)系代詞,than,Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.,與傳統(tǒng)家庭結(jié)構(gòu)相比，孩子們在家所受的管教可能更少了。,Than,在從句中一般作主語（也可作賓語）,Than,前面的主句需要有形容詞的比較級,比較級所修飾的名詞即為先行詞,There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than _______in the public mind today.,A. exists B. exist,C. existing D. existed,人們不應該像如今這樣害怕患上癌癥。,Don’t drink more wine than is good for health.,Don’t give him more money than is needed, since money will burn a hole in his pocket.,A,關(guān)系代詞,but,But,引導的定語從句在形式上是肯定的，表達的否定的。,先行詞往往是被一個否定詞修飾。這樣一來，主句中的否定和,but,從句的否定意思構(gòu)成雙重否定，表達肯定的意思。,But,可指人或物，作主語或賓語。,通常只引導限定性定語從句。,There are very few rules of grammar but have exceptions; the exception proves the rule.,很少有語法規(guī)則是沒有例外的，因為有例外才證明規(guī)則的存在。,There’s no man but errs.,人必犯錯。,There are very few people in this club but he knows.,這個俱樂部里的人他幾乎都認識。,,關(guān)系副詞,when,先行詞必須是表示時間的名詞,The day when we stop learning is the day when we die.,先行詞表示時間時不一定都用,When,I’ll never forget the time which I spent on campus.,I’ll never forget the day when we first meet in the park.,關(guān)系副詞,why,其先行詞必須試表示原因的名詞，如,reason,,,cause,等。,只引導限定性定語從句，不同于,when,，,where,通常把表示原因的先行詞省去,This is the (reason) why I didn’t come here.,關(guān)系副詞有,how,嗎？,不可以表示方式的關(guān)系副詞。,The way+,從句,The way that+,從句,The way in which +,從句,The manner that +,從句,You should know the golden rule: care for others the way you would like them to care for you.,難理解的定語從句,Sometimes the very things that,we think,are holding us down are the thing that are helping us fly. That is what discipline is all about.,有時候我們認為正在拖我們后腿的東西其實正是幫助我們飛翔的東西，那就是紀律的含義所在。,作主語的關(guān)系詞,+,插入語,+,定語從句的謂語部分,,,The millionaire has a very ugly girl who,I could not have dreamed,many boys fell in love with.,這個百萬富翁有個丑陋的女兒，可是讓我難以想象的是，竟然有很多男孩子在追求她。,作賓語的關(guān)系詞,+,插入語,+,謂語部分,小結(jié),定語從句作為一種后置定語，也反映出中英思維表達的差異,先行詞,關(guān)系詞,定語從句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu),