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2019-2020年高中英語 第七講、高中英語完形填空解題思路與能力訓(xùn)練(上)講義 牛津版必修1 Part One：高考英語完形填空命題與解題思路 完形填空題是高考英語卷中的重要題型，不僅側(cè)重于考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力和對具體語境把握能力，更是對學(xué)生整體語篇意義理解的連貫性和運(yùn)用語言的準(zhǔn)確性考查。它屬于有一定難度的障礙性閱讀理解題，是學(xué)生感到最難把握的題型之一。 分析近幾年高考題，完形填空所選短文的體裁多為記敘文、說明文和議論文。寫人或記事，兼有個(gè)別議論的句子。趣味性強(qiáng)并兼有教育意義。一般為300單詞左右的一篇短文，其內(nèi)容邏輯性強(qiáng)，文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次分明。文章首句不設(shè)空，但交待相關(guān)的背景材料，可挖掘的信息點(diǎn)很多，對整篇文章的理解起著至關(guān)重要的作用。 近幾年上海試題中尤為注重說明文和議論文。 說明文命題趨勢：說明型完形填空選材難度一般低于試卷中的閱讀理解大題。在設(shè)空與選項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)方面充分體現(xiàn)了語言知識運(yùn)用題的要求：以實(shí)詞為主（名、動、形、副），絕大多數(shù)小題都要從全文角度進(jìn)行判斷。這一命題思路體現(xiàn)了“語篇意識”。 議論文命題趨勢：議論文是一種通過剖析事物，論述事理，提出主張，發(fā)表見解的文體。議論型完形填空分為兩種，一種是夾敘夾議型完形填空；另一種是純議論型完形填空。第一種的基本模式是：敘述事件，提出感悟，作出結(jié)論。第二種的基本模式是：提出論點(diǎn)，列舉論據(jù)，提出看法。 那么如何做好完形填空呢？十大解題技巧對學(xué)生會有很大幫助。 解題思路一：通讀全文，了解大意，先易后難。 通常在答題之前, 要花1—2分鐘把文章略讀一遍,以便對文章有個(gè)大概的了解。在詳讀的過程中，可以邊讀邊選擇一些容易的選項(xiàng), 對個(gè)別不理解的單詞、短語,可以先不管它們。等讀完文章后, 大部分的空格已填完, 全文的意思基本已掌握, 剩下的難題也就比較容易解決了。 解題思路二：依據(jù)首句線索，緊扣主題選擇。 首句通常是文章的主題句，通常不設(shè)空，便于考生對短文主題、內(nèi)容或背景有個(gè)大概了解。它的目的是向考生提供時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、論點(diǎn)等有用的信息。把握了主題句, 對于理解全文和解題很有幫助。 例1：Why is a space left between the rails of a railway line where one piece joins the next﹖ 解析：這句話從鐵軌之間的縫隙引出了問題。根據(jù)常識，文中內(nèi)容應(yīng)與熱漲冷縮的物理現(xiàn)象有關(guān)。 例2： On a hot summer day in last August, I sought shade and a cool drink at a waterfront caf on a Greek island. Over a hundred degrees in ______ air. A. fresh B. cool C. still D. thin 解析: C。 故事發(fā)生在一個(gè)炎熱的夏天, 溫度高, 自然沒風(fēng)。 still 在此處為形容詞, 意思是“靜止的, 不動的”, 即沒風(fēng)。 解題思路三：瞻前顧后, 謹(jǐn)慎選擇。 有些選擇項(xiàng)根據(jù)上下句就能比較容易地做出正確判斷, 有些則必須根據(jù)整篇文章的大意才能推出。通過上下文, 尋找隱含的各種信息和緊抓語境暗示是解答完形填空題的主要手段和策略。 例1： The man stepped ___1___ for the two chairs. He politely ___2___ his lady in the knee - deep water and then sat down himself. 1. A. outside B. forward C. down D. back 2. A. led B. seated C. watched D. received 解析： 1. D。根據(jù)上下文, 不難看出, 那兩口子搬完桌子后, 又回來搬椅子, 即: step back for sth. 2. B。 本空后有賓語 his lady , 根據(jù)后半句 “and then sat down himself”, 答案應(yīng)為 seated his lady “讓他夫人就坐”。 例2：It was one of the most ______ any tiring games Ive ever had. A. encouraging B. hopeless C. surprising D. regular 解析:Ｃ。看完全文，即可得出“它是一場我曾打過的比賽中最令人意外又最使人疲勞的比賽”。 解題思路四：借助語法知識, 選擇正確的答案。 例1：When Ed first phoned and ______ we play, I laughed quietly … A. declared B. mentioned C. persuaded D. suggested 解析：D。 根據(jù)學(xué)過的語法知識,我們知道主句的謂語動詞表示建議的意思時(shí), 賓語從句的謂語要用虛擬語氣,即用“( should )+ 動詞原形”。題干句中“play”的形式是關(guān)鍵信息。 例2：Moreover, inaccurate or indefinite words may make _______ difficult for the listener to understand the message which is being transmitted to him. 　　 A. that B. it C. so D. this 解析：B。 例3：Finally Peter decided to go to the USA and，as his father had told him，______ to be a doctor. 　　 A. studies B. studying C. study D. studied 　　解析：C。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空白處與前面的動詞go為并列動詞不定式，均作謂語decided的賓語，故選C。此題若忽略分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，很容易誤選D。此題的難點(diǎn)在于句中有一個(gè)插入性質(zhì)的as引導(dǎo)的從句，將兩個(gè)不定式分隔開了。從而造成辨認(rèn)第二個(gè)動詞不定式的困難。 解題思路五：利用生活常識，文化背景。 例1：One day, the girl ___1___ into the plane, started it and soon left the ___2___. 1. A. climbed B. looked C. reached D. fell 2. A. house B. floor C. water D. ground 解析：1. A。2. D。根據(jù)生活常識，這女孩應(yīng)是先爬進(jìn)機(jī)艙，才能起動飛機(jī)，最后使飛機(jī)飛離地面。 例2：Immediately the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to the ______ hospital. 　　 A. animal B. biggest　 C. plant D. nearest 解析：D。在這樣的緊急情況下，人們的第一個(gè)反應(yīng)是到最近的醫(yī)院就醫(yī)，因此答案為D。 例3：Every morning she would give him breakfast in bed and bring him the paper to ______. A. check B. read C. keep D. sign 解析：B。外國人早上有讀報(bào)的習(xí)慣, 其中paper即為報(bào)紙，這是理解本文細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)鍵, 有了這些文化背景知識, 可迅速推斷出正確答案為B。 解題思路六：采取排除法。 解答完形填空題的過程中，有時(shí)我們會遇到這樣的情況：對某一題的正確選項(xiàng)的含義、用法不甚明白，但發(fā)現(xiàn)其他選項(xiàng)有顯而易見的謬誤。這時(shí)我們可以嘗試排除法, 剔除錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)。隨著選擇范圍的縮小, 選中正確選項(xiàng)的機(jī)會就會增大。 例1：Finally I was ______ by his lively sense of humor. A. disturbed B. moved C. attracted D. defeated 解析：C。首先根據(jù)句子及選項(xiàng)的意義, 可馬上排除選項(xiàng)A和D。再根據(jù)句子的意思判斷, “我被他的幽默感吸引”, 而不是“被感動”。 例2：However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much petition that it would be ___1___ to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, ___2___, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, ___3___ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. 3. A. displaying B. describing C. creating D. exchanging 解析：A。第3題的解題步驟為：首先從動賓搭配上看，C選項(xiàng)（創(chuàng)造學(xué)生藝術(shù)品）可以排除，再從該句的上文看。上文說應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)競爭性小的活動，所以答案應(yīng)該是“展示學(xué)生藝術(shù)作品”。 解題思路七: 找尋固定詞組、常用句型或習(xí)慣用法。 例1：A waiter appeared. He paused for just a second , walked into the water to ______ the table and …… A. set B. wash C. remove D. check 解析：A。set the table 在飯桌上擺好刀叉等餐具準(zhǔn)備開飯。這是一種固定說法。 例2：I started surfing about five years ago and ______ in love with the sport on the very first day. A. stayed B. came C. dropped D. fell 解析：D。因?yàn)閒all in love with 是習(xí)慣搭配，意為“愛上”、“喜歡上”。 　　例3. With it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle ______ of flying into space and returning many times. 　　 A. capable B. suitable C. efficient D. fit 　　解析：A。be capable of是習(xí)慣搭配，意為“能夠”。 例4. ……During the summer holidays，they usually ______ much time playing football on the play ground.…… 　　 A. use B. need C. take D. spend 　　解析：D。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)從語法角度看似乎都正確。但從習(xí)慣搭配來看，spend … (in) doing sth.表示“花時(shí)間做某事”，使固定句式，正確答案為D。 建議： 1）注意詞語的搭配：動詞的搭配(do 和make的搭配能力較強(qiáng)，要記牢、記熟)。 do(a job, work, shopping, cooking, reading, typing, sewing, good, wrong, damage, harm, a favor, an injury, etc.) make(a study, an appointment, arrangements, a breakthrough, a call, a parison, contribution, a deal, a decision, a discovery, distinction, a guess, preparations, a start, a start, a survey, an attempt, an error, a profit, a fortune, a living, one’s way, sense, point, peace, bed, coffee, a fuss, etc.) 2）形容詞與名詞的搭配有的具有一定的文化背景，學(xué)生要注意“貌合神離”的詞語。如： lucky dog 幸運(yùn)兒、 right hand得力助手、 narrow escape死里逃生、 dark horse出人意料的獲勝者 3）有些形容詞可以加一個(gè)形容詞修飾，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，使表達(dá)更加生動。如：pitch dark（漆黑的）、brand new （嶄新的）、crystal clear（水晶般的）、wide open（張得大大的）、fast asleep（睡得很熟的）、wide awake（完全醒著的）、icy cold（冰冷的）, etc. 4）有些形容詞可以和不同的介詞搭配，學(xué)生應(yīng)注意比較、歸納。如：sick for 渴望、tired from因…而疲勞、engaged in 忙于、 sick of 厭倦、tired of 對…厭倦、engaged to 與某人訂婚。 解題思路八: 利用原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)或同現(xiàn), 選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。 1．在完形填空中, 某一詞語通常重復(fù)出現(xiàn), 使得語篇中的句子相互銜接和連貫, 從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的意義整體。 例1：When the waiter brought my ______ , the man was clearly puzzled by the …… A. menu B. bill C. paper D. food 解析：D。上文中有 waiting for the food I had ordered to arrive , 所以應(yīng)為：服務(wù)員為我端來食物。 例2: First of all he was a window-cleaner and in his first week he managed to ______ six windows. A. rub B. drop C. break D. clean 解析：D。同源詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，由window-cleaner可知為clean the window。 2．同現(xiàn)指意義上相互聯(lián)系的單詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在同一語篇中。一個(gè)語篇，一個(gè)話題，要求有與之相連的詞匯。 1）名詞同現(xiàn)：與一個(gè)話題或一個(gè)名詞出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)語境的另一個(gè)名詞。如： school---primary school—middle school—college—university students—pupils—graduates—postgraduates 2）動詞同現(xiàn)：與一個(gè)話題或一個(gè)名詞出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)語境的另一個(gè)動詞。如： school—teach—learn—attend—found—drop out—graduate—be dismissed 3)形容詞同現(xiàn); 就某一語境而言所能出現(xiàn)的形容詞也是有規(guī)律的。如： 在學(xué)校這個(gè)語境中：（key）school—（optional）course—（pulsory）course 4) 結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn): 結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)批搭配之類的句型和成對出現(xiàn)的短語。如： some…,others; on one hand…,on the other hand; former…,latter; so…that; not only…but also; hardly/scarcely…when…; no sooner…than…; be about to do /be doing /had done /be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way … when…; 例3: I put my head in, expecting the worst. But to my surprise, the room wasn’t empty at all. It had furniture, curtains, a TV, and even paintings on the wall. And then on the well-made bed sat Amy, my new ______, dressed neatly. A. roommate B. classmate C. neighbor D. panion 解析：A。名詞同現(xiàn)，從room, furniture,等同現(xiàn)信息可知。 例４:　We were ______ to go back for class again when the headmaster called us together　and said, … A. about B. able C. sorry D. sure 解析：A。結(jié)構(gòu)同現(xiàn)，be about to do …when… 。 解題思路九：順應(yīng)文意,　定位選詞。 做題時(shí), 要充分利用上下文, 找到有提示作用的詞。這些詞可以是同義詞、近義詞或反義詞, 也可以是并列連詞或轉(zhuǎn)折連詞等等。 例１：At the table next to mine sat an attractive ______couple, waiting for …. A. lonely B. curious C. well - dressed D. bad - tempered 解析: C。 根據(jù)上文的attractive (吸引人的) 和下文的敘述, 只能選擇well - dressed “穿著漂亮的”, 這樣才能是一對浪漫夫妻。 例2：Geese are known to take the first living thing they see as their mother. ______, to these young geese, the girl was their mother. A. But B. Also C. Thus D. Still 解析：C。 A. But “但是” B. Also“也” C. Thus“因而” D．Still “仍然”。 例3: After you have learned to think of several words in English，then move on to the next step—thinking in ______. 　　 A. sentences　 B. passages　 C.1essons　　 D. classes 　　解析：A。需注意上下文邏輯推理以及名詞的含義。第一步是考慮單詞，接下來應(yīng)該是考慮句子。故選A。 例4: Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very ______. 　　 A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous 解析：A。根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but的提示，所填入的詞應(yīng)與shallow相反，因此答案為A。 例5: parisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened __1__. As was discussed before, it was not __2__ the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic __3__. 　　1. A. between B. before C. since D. later 　　2. A. after B. by C. during D. until 　　3. A. means B. method C. medium D. measure 解析：1. A. 2. D. 3. C。我們注意到文章講了兩個(gè)時(shí)間：20世紀(jì)和15、16世紀(jì)，而19世紀(jì)顯然是處在兩者之間，故第1題填between。第2題是一語法結(jié)構(gòu)題，固定結(jié)構(gòu)：It was not until---that---。第3題屬于前面介紹的"信息詞"題。上文中出現(xiàn)的：television, printing, newspaper均說明該題應(yīng)填medium。 解題思路十：仔細(xì)推敲, 注重邏輯。 做完完形填空題后,要根據(jù)所選答案迅速地把文章完整地讀一遍, 看語法、慣用法對不對;看是否符合上下文的邏輯; 看是否符合故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展,以便更正可能的錯(cuò)誤選擇。 一個(gè)完整的語篇應(yīng)該是符合邏輯的，文章邏輯關(guān)系的取得主要靠過渡詞的使用。作者利用轉(zhuǎn)承語保證文章的邏輯，學(xué)生在做完形填空時(shí)應(yīng)通過自己對上下文的理解，找到適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬯P(guān)系，然后選擇正確的過渡詞。學(xué)生必掌握常見的過渡詞： 1. 遞進(jìn) in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, what’s worse, to make matters worse , to make things worse , worse still 2.比較 in the same way, as with, similarly, equally, in parison, just as 3.對照 in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, on the contrary, while 4.因果 because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), so, thus 5.強(qiáng)調(diào) certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, especially，in particular, absolutely, 6.讓步 although, though, after all, in spite of 7.舉例 for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration. 8. 時(shí)間和空間 afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, finally, at last outside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of 9. 總結(jié) to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, in summary 例1: It has been many years since I was last in London ______ I still remember something that happened during that visit. 　　 A. and B. for C. but D. as 　　解析：C。根據(jù)句前的many years和句后的still remember，答案應(yīng)選表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞but。 例2: Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people ______ believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. 　　 A. nevertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. meanwhile 　　解析：A。從句意可知，盡管服用額外的維生素是沒用的，但很多人還是會服用。Nevertheless的意思是“盡管如此，然而”，符合句意。 Part Two 高考英語完形填空能力訓(xùn)練 Passage 1 To be a good teacher, you need some of the gifts of a good actor; you must be able to hold the attention and interest of your students, you must be __1__-speaking, with a good, strong, __2__ voice which is fully under your control; and you must be able to __3__what you are teaching, in order to make its meaning clear. __4__ a good teacher, and you will see that he does not sit still before his class; he __5__the whole time he is teaching; he walks about, using his __6__, hands and fingers to help him in his explanations, and his face to express his __7__. Listen to him, and you will __8__the loudness, the quality and the musical note of his voice always __9__according to what he is talking about. The fact that a good teacher has some of the gifts of a good actor doesnt __10__that he will indeed be able to act well on the stage, for there are very important __11__between the teachers work and the actors. The __12__has to speak words which he has learnt by heart; he has to repeat exactly the __13__words each time he plays a certain part, even his movements and the ways in which he uses his voice are usually __14__beforehand. What he has to do is to make all these carefully learnt words and actions seem __15__on the stage. 1. A. clear B. slow C. small D. low 2. A. frightening B. fearing C. exciting D. pleasing 3. A. act out B. talk C. say D. repeat 4. A. Listen B. Look C. Watch D. Learn 5. A. stands B. sits C. lies D. talks 6. A. tongue B. words C. legs D. arms 7. A. attention B. thanks C. feelings D. sentences 8. A. hear B. see C. think D. guess 9. A. making B. changing C. expressing D. giving 10. A. tell B. express C. show D. mean 11. A. things B. differences C. points D. jobs 12. A. actor B. teacher C. boy D. student 13. A. different B. same C. above D. following 14. A. read B. known C. fixed D. written 15. A. natural B. bad C. false D. clear Passage 2 The word “plastic” es from the Greek word “Platicos” and is used to describe __1__which can be easily shaped. The history of plastics is longer than you might __2__.In fact __3__ manmade plastics ever to appear on the market was made over a hundred years ago. It was called “celluloid(賽璐璐)”. It was discovered by both an Englishman and an American in the same year. __4__ it was the Americans who first produced it on a large scale during the year 1860. Everybody was __5__ by this new material which could be moulded into shapes and __6__ so cheap to buy. Poor young men __7__ in cities with lots of smoke and dirt were __8__ to buy white celluloid collars. The collars were hard and unfortable. But they did not have to be sent to wash. The poor young men __9__ rub them clean every evening with soap and water! Poor mothers, __10__ had not been able to afford playthings __11__ their children, were now able to buy them playthings __12__ of celluloid. But celluloid had one very serious fault. It caught fire very easily. In fact it burned even more quickly than wood or cloth. There were many terrible accidents, particularly __13__ children. For years scientists worked hard to find a better plastic material than celluloid. They had __14__ success. Then in 1932 an American scientist called Baekeland produced a hard plastic material which did not burn. __15__ became known as bakelite(酚醛塑料).Other plastic materials like bakelite were also produced. They were used to make electrical fittings and plates and cups. Poor people liked them because they were both cheap and safe, but rich people disliked them because they were cheap, and because they could only be made in dark colours. 1. A. something B. everything C. thing D. anything 2. A. wish B. think C. want D. hope 3. A. first B. at first C. for the first D. the first 4. A. So B. But C. And D. As 5. A. surprised B. excited C. told D. frightened 6. A. be B. were C. was D. is 7. A. waiting B. running C. walking D. working 8. A. going B. sure C. about D. able 9. A. could B. ought to C. must D. should 10. A. which B. who C. whom D. that 11. A. for B. like C. in D. of 12. A. done B. produced C. worked D. made 13. A. between B. on C. among D. about 14. A. much B. great. C. never D. little 15. A. The man B. He C. It D. The scientist Passage 3 In Britain, people have different attitudes to the police. Most people generally __1__ them and the job they do—although there are certain people who do not believe that the police __2__ have the power that they do. What does a policeman actually do? It is not __3__ job to describe. After all, a policeman has a number of jobs in __4__. A policeman often has to control traffic, either __5__ foot in the centre of a town, or in a police car on the roads. Indeed, in Britain, he might be in the Traffic Police and spend all, or a lot of, his time __6__ up and down main roads and motorways. A traffic policeman has to help keep the traffic moving, stop __7__ motorists and help when there is an accident. A policeman has to help keep the __8__, too. If there is a fight or some other disturbance, we __9__ the police to e and restore order. And they often have to __10__ situation at great risk to their own __11__. We expect the police to solve crimes, of course, so an ordinary policeman, __12__ he is not a detective, will often have to help_13_and arrest criminals. And __14__ do we call when there is an emergency—an air crash, a __15__, a road accident, or a robbery? We call the police. So a policeman has to be prepared to face any unpleasant emergency that may happen in the modern world. 1. A. dislike B. join C. appreciate D. admire 2. A. should B. would C. could D. must 3. A. a funny B. a pleasant C. an interesting D. an easy 4. A. it B. one C. his D. them 5. A. on B. by C. under D. with 6. A. walking B. driving C. wandering D. searching 7. A. resting B. tired C. speeding D. drunken 8. A. peace B. silence C. situation D. condition 9. A. wait for B. call C. think of D. expect 10. A. turn to B. avoid C. deal with D. treat 11. A. safety B. families C. future D. friends 12. A. although B. as if C. however D. even if 13. A. get rid of B. question C. look for D. sentence 14. A. how B. where C. what D. who 15. A. power failure B. fire C. thunder storm D. thief Passage 4 Marriage is still a popular institution in the United States, but divorce is being __1__ as “popular”. Most American people get married, __2__, at the present time, and fifty percent of American marriages end __3__ divorce. However, four out of five divorced people do not __4__ single. They get married a second time to __5__ partners. Sociologists tell us that in the next century, __6__ American people will marry three __7__ four times in one lifetime. Alvin Toffler, an American sociologist, __8__ this new social form serial marriages. In his book Future Shock, Toffler gives many __9__ for this change in American marriage. In modern society, __10__ lives dont stay the same for very long. Americans __11__ change their jobs, their homes, and their circles of __12__. So, the person who was a __13__ husband or wife ten years ago is sometimes not as good ten years __14__. After some years of marriage, a husband and wife can __15 __ that their lives have bee very different, and they dont share the same interests anymore. 1. A. already B. almost C. ever D. even 2. A. anyway B. then C. but D. therefore 3. A. with B. from C. in D. for 4. A. live B. take C. make D. stay 5. A .new B. old C. young D. pretty 6. A. most B. main C. few D. mostly 7. A. and B. by C. or D. to 8. A. asks B. calls C. tells