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2019-2020年高一部分 21-22 高考閱卷現(xiàn)場(chǎng) 問(wèn)題二：推理判斷題常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題 問(wèn)題描述與分析 推理判斷是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析和細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過(guò)程。學(xué)生在此類(lèi)問(wèn)題上失分較多，主要是無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確找到答案的位置點(diǎn)，很難進(jìn)行正確推理。 典例精析： 【例1】 (xx全國(guó)Ⅰ卷C篇)We have met the enemy, and he is ours.We bought him at a pet shop.When monkeypox，a disease.usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that es from foreign animals is homing in on human beings. “Most of the infections (感染)we think of as human infections started in other animals”， says Stephen Morse.director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University. It’s not just that we’re going to where the animals are; we’re also bringing them closer to us. Popular foreign pets have brought a whole new disease to this country. A strange illness killed Isaksen’s pets and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea. “I don’t think it’s fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them, ”says Isaksen. “Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing，”says Peter Schantz. Monkeypox may be the wakeup call. Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners. We know very little about these new diseases. A new bug(病毒)may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful(有害的). Monkeypox doesn’t look a major infectious disease. But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person. (D)1.We learn from Paragraph l that the pet sold at the shop may ________. A．e from Columbia B．prevent us from being infected C．enjoy being with children D．suffer from monkeypox (A)2.The text suggests that in the future we ________. A．may have to fight against more new diseases B．may easily get infected by diseases from dogs C．should not be allowed to have pets D．should stop buying pets from Africa 【答案解析】 1．選擇D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的第一、二句話可知，我們從寵物商店購(gòu)買(mǎi)的動(dòng)物身上攜帶疾病，能傳播給人類(lèi)。下面以猴痘為例說(shuō)明作者的觀點(diǎn)。 2．選擇A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的最后兩句A new bug may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful. Monkeypox doesn’t look a major infectious disease.But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person可知，人類(lèi)今后可能面臨更多疾病的挑戰(zhàn)。 【例2】 (xx山東卷A篇)A year ago August, Dave Fuss lost his job driving a truck for a small pany in west Michigan. His wife, Gerrie, was still working in the local school cafeteria, but work for Dave was scarce, and the price of everything was rising. The Fusses were at risk of joining the millions of Americans who have lost their homes in recent years. Then Dave and Gerrie received a timely gift—$7,000，a legacy (遺產(chǎn)) from their neighbors Ish and Arlene Hatch, who died in an accident. “It really made a difference when we were going under financially.”says Dave. But the Fusses weren’t the only folks in Alto and the neighboring town of Lowell to receive unexpected legacy from the Hatches’Dozens of other families were touched by the Hatches.generosity. In some cases, it was a few thousand dollars; in others，it was more than $100,000. It surprised nearly everyone that the Hatches had so much money, more than $3 million—they were an elderly couple who lived in an old house on what was left of the family farm. Children of the Great Depression，Ish and Arlene were known for their habit of saving.They thrived on (喜歡) parison shopping and would routinely go from store to store, checking prices before making a new purchase. Through the years, the Hatches paid for local children to attend summer camp when their parents couldn’t afford it. “Ish and Arlene never asked if you needed anything，” says their friend Sandy Van Weelden, “They could see things they could do to make you happier，and they would do them. Even more extraordinary was that the Hatches had their farmland distributed. It was the Hatches’ wish that their legacy—a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents—should enrich the whole munity (社區(qū)) and last for generations to e. Neighbors helping neighbors—that was Ish and Arlene Hatch’s story. (B)1.Why would the Hatches routinely go from store to store? A．They decided to open a store B．They wanted to save money C．They couldn’t afford expensive things D．They wanted to buy gifts for local kids (A)2.According to Sandy Van Weelten, the Hatches were ________ A．understanding　　　　B．optimistic　　　　C．childlike　　　　D．curious 【答案解析】 1．選擇B。推理判斷題。第四段提到他們有節(jié)約的習(xí)慣，買(mǎi)東西前喜歡一個(gè)商店一個(gè)商店地比較價(jià)格，顯然是為了省錢(qián)，所以答案為B。其他各項(xiàng)明顯與文意不符。 2．選擇A。從第五段Sandy Van Weelden的話可推知，the Hatches從來(lái)不問(wèn)你需要什么，而是能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)你需要的東西，然后就來(lái)幫助你，這說(shuō)明他們非常善解人意，所以A項(xiàng)正確，其他選項(xiàng)均不符合文意。 【例3】 (xx陜西卷D篇)Every year about 80,000 people worldwide travel as air couriers. The number of tickets for courier travel is growing by about 10 percent a year. However, aircourier travel isn’t for everyone. But if you have very little money, can be flexible(靈活的) about your travel plans, and don’t mind wearing the same clothes for a week, it can be a great way to take a vacation! (A)One of the disadvantages of traveling as an air courier is that he ________. A．cannot decide when and where to travel B．cannot take any luggage with him C．has to wear two pairs of jeans D．saves little money from the travel 【答案解析】 選擇A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句可知這個(gè)旅行計(jì)劃隨意性、靈活性很大，所以本題選A。 【例4】 (xx重慶卷A篇)I was waiting for a phone call from my agent. He had left a message the night before, telling me that my show was to be cancelled. I called him several times, but each time his secretary told me that he was in a meeting and that he would call me later. So I waited and waited, but there was still no call. Three hours passing by, I became more and more impatient. I was certain that my agent didn’t care about my work, and he didn’t care about me. I was overe with that thought. I started to shout at the phone, “Let me wait, will you? Who do you think you are？” (B)Why did the author shout at the telephone? A．He was mad at the telephone. B．He was angry with his agent. C．He was anxious about his wife. D．He was impatient with the secretary 【答案解析】 選擇B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中第一句內(nèi)容可知，我給經(jīng)紀(jì)人多次打電話都沒(méi)有打通，等了三個(gè)小時(shí)之后還要繼續(xù)等，我認(rèn)為這是經(jīng)紀(jì)人不關(guān)心我的工作，不在乎我的感受，最終導(dǎo)致了我情緒的爆發(fā)。 【例5】 (xx安徽卷C篇)Sometimes, the simplest ideas are the best. For example, to absorb heat from the sun to heat water, you need large, flat, black surfaces. One way to do that is to build those surfaces specially, on the roofs of buildings. But why go to all that trouble when cities are full of black surfaces already, in the form of asphalt (柏油) roads? Ten years ago, this thought came into the mind of Arian de Bondt, a Dutch engineer. He finally persuaded his boss to follow it up. The result is that their building is now heated in winter and cooled in summer by a system that relies on the surface of the road outside. The heatcollector is a system of connected water pipes. Most of them run from one side of the street to the other, just under the asphalt road. Some, however, dive deep into the ground. When the street surface gets hot in summer, water pumped through the pipes picks up this heat and takes it underground through one of the diving pipes. At a depth of 100 metres lies a natural aquifer (蓄水層) into which several heat exchangers (交換器) have been built. The hot water from the street runs through these exchangers, warning the groundwater, before returning to the surface through another pipe. The aquifer is thus used as a heat store. In winter, the working system is changed slightly. Water is pumped through the heat exchangers to pick up the heat stored during summer. This water goes into the building and is used to warm the place up. After performing that task, it is pumped under the asphalt and its remaining heat keeps the road free of snow and ice. (D)1.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? A．Arian de Bondt got his idea from his boss. B．Large, flat, black surfaces need to be built in cities. C．The Dutch engineer’s system has been widely used. D．Heat can also be collected from asphalt roads. (D)2.For what purpose are the diving pipes used? A．To absorb heat from the sun. B．To store heat for future use. C．To turn solar energy into heat energy. D．To carry heat down below the surface. (B)3.From the last paragraph we can learn that ________ A．some pipes have to be rearranged in winter B．the system can do more than warming up the building C．the exchangers will pick up heat from the street surface D．less heat may be collected in winter than in summer. 【答案解析】 1.選擇D。推測(cè)判斷題。由文章第二段最后一句內(nèi)容可以得出“可以從外面的柏油馬路上收集熱量”。 2．選擇D。推測(cè)判斷題。由文章第四段中“water pumped through the pipes picks up this heat and takes it underground through one of the diving pipes.”內(nèi)容得出答案。 3．選擇B。推測(cè)判斷題。由文章最后一段最后一句“it is pumped under the asphalt and its remaining heat keeps the road free of snow and ice.”內(nèi)容可知，這一系統(tǒng)不只是給樓房加熱，它還要使馬路上的冰雪消融。 解決方案與指南 1．常用提問(wèn)方式為： (1) It can be inferred that ________. (2)Which of the following conclusions can we draw/e to according to the passage? (3)We can conclude from the passage that ________. (4)According to the passage, we can infer that ________. (5)The passage implies, but doesn’t directly state that ________. (6)The tone of the passage is ________. (7)The author of the article is probably a ________. (8)The writer suggests that ________. (9)We can infer from the article that ________. (10)What is the writer’s attitude toward ________？ 2．解題方法 (1)抓住特定信息逆向或正向推理。做此類(lèi)試題要善于抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息，即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語(yǔ)去分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維或正向推理，推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。 (2)整合全文(段)信息合理進(jìn)行推斷。做推理題時(shí)，有時(shí)需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目有關(guān)的有用信息，綜合起來(lái)去推理判斷，確定最佳結(jié)論，忌“見(jiàn)樹(shù)不見(jiàn)林”。 (3)利用語(yǔ)境褒貶適當(dāng)進(jìn)行信息推斷。幾乎每篇文章的語(yǔ)境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)及作者的寫(xiě)作意圖，因此利用好文章的語(yǔ)境褒貶性及變化的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子對(duì)我們掌握文章主旨大意，了解主人公的心理特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展變化，從而正確地進(jìn)行邏輯推斷很有好處。 (4)根據(jù)文章結(jié)論推斷作者態(tài)度。作者的態(tài)度、傾向是指作者對(duì)陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記敘或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語(yǔ)之中。因此，在推斷過(guò)程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞。 (5)根據(jù)上下邏輯大膽得出結(jié)論。邏輯結(jié)論是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料進(jìn)行推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論，而不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛(ài)好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。做這類(lèi)題時(shí)應(yīng)把握作者的寫(xiě)作思路，預(yù)測(cè)下文可能發(fā)展的內(nèi)容。文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過(guò)描寫(xiě)，也可能按因果關(guān)系，對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)描寫(xiě)。必須注意的是：①讀者不可根據(jù)自己的主觀臆斷毫無(wú)根據(jù)地下結(jié)論；②所得結(jié)論必須符合作者的意圖。 (6)結(jié)合已有知識(shí)正確進(jìn)行推斷。知識(shí)推斷是根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié)，運(yùn)用自己掌握的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原意的結(jié)論的一種推斷方法。知識(shí)推斷題一般都針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)。解答此類(lèi)題，不僅需要我們有一定的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，而且需要對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)以及有關(guān)背景知識(shí)有一個(gè)充分的理解。 (7)根據(jù)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行判斷推理。根據(jù)不同文章的內(nèi)容和寫(xiě)作目的，作者會(huì)采取記敘、描寫(xiě)、議論、說(shuō)明或應(yīng)用文體。作者也會(huì)采用敘述、例證、比較對(duì)照等不同的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。不同文體的閱讀難度、要求和任務(wù)不同，閱讀方法也應(yīng)不同。增強(qiáng)對(duì)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解能力有助于提高閱讀質(zhì)量。 直擊高考與警示 此題型要求考生縱覽全文，在匯集全文提供的各項(xiàng)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行正確的邏輯推理，推斷作者的情感態(tài)度，人物的動(dòng)機(jī)、目的、性格特征；事件的前因后果以及作者寫(xiě)作的手法，此類(lèi)題屬于深層理解題，要把握這類(lèi)題必須透徹理解全文，認(rèn)真探究句意，注意邏輯關(guān)系及有關(guān)的生活常識(shí)?？忌鲱}時(shí)一定要整體理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，在語(yǔ)篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息間架起橋梁，透過(guò)字里行間，去把握作者的“弦外之音”。