單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,眼科學(xué),*,第一章 眼科學(xué)基礎(chǔ),Chapter one,Basic ophthalmology,,11/29/2024,1,,第一節(jié) 眼旳組織解剖,,,anatomy of eyeball,一．眼球,The globe (eyeball),正常眼球旳前后徑出生時(shí)約16mm.,3歲時(shí)達(dá)23mm.,成年時(shí)24mm.,anterior and posterior distance of normal eyeball is 16mm in born. At age 3 23mm, at adult 24mm,,11/29/2024,2,（一）   眼球壁,,Eyecoat,,1.       外層,The outer coat,,1/6 角膜,Cornea,5/6 鞏膜,Sclera,,11/29/2024,3,（1）角膜,,Cornea,,橫徑,The transverse diameter 11.5-12mm,垂直徑,,The vertical diameter 10.5-11mm,,11/29/2024,4,前,表面曲率半徑,,The radius of convex curvature in front 7.8mm,后表面曲率半徑,The radius of convex curvature in back 6.8mm,角膜厚度中央部,,角膜厚度周圍部,,The periphery thickness1mm,,,11/29/2024,5,組織學(xué)分層,①上皮細(xì)胞層,Epithelium,②前彈力層,Bowman’s membrane,③基質(zhì)層,Stroma,④后彈力層,Descemet’s membrane,⑤內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞層,Endothelium,11/29/2024,6,11/29/2024,7,(2)鞏膜,,Sclera,,組織學(xué)分層,,①表層鞏膜,The episclera,②鞏膜實(shí)質(zhì)層,The scleral stroma,③棕黑板層,The lamina fascia,11/29/2024,8,角鞏膜緣,Limbus,前房角,Anterior chamber angle,11/29/2024,9,,2．中層,,The middle coat,,葡萄膜,Uvea,,色素膜,Tunica pigmentosa,,11/29/2024,10,（1）,虹膜,,Iris,分層：,,①基質(zhì)層,Stroma,②色素上皮層,Pigment epithelial layer,,瞳孔,Pupil:,直徑2.5-4mm,,11/29/2024,11,(2) 睫狀體,,Ciliary body,睫狀冠,Pars plicata:,前1/3,睫狀突,Cliary processes:,睫狀體扁平部,Pars plana:,后2/3,鋸齒緣,Ora serrata:,,11/29/2024,12,(3) 脈絡(luò)膜,,Choroid,,構(gòu)成,大血管層,Large vascular layer,中血管層,Middle vascular layer,毛細(xì)血管層,Capillary layer,,11/29/2024,13,3．內(nèi)層,,Inner layer,,視網(wǎng)膜,Retina,,中心凹,Fovea,黃斑,Macula lutea,中心小凹,Foveola——,黃斑中心凹,Fovea centralis,視盤,Optic disc ——,視乳頭,Optic papilla,視杯、杯凹,Optic cup,,11/29/2024,14,視網(wǎng)膜分層,外層,,視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層,Retinal pigment epithelium, RPE,11/29/2024,15,內(nèi)層 視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)感覺層,,①   視錐、視桿細(xì)胞層（光感受器細(xì)胞層）,Cone and rod layer,②    外界膜,External limiting membrane,③    外核層,Outer nuclear layer,④    外叢狀層,Outer plaxiform,⑤    內(nèi)核層,Inner nuclear layer,⑥    內(nèi)叢狀層,Inner plexiform layer,⑦    神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞層,Ganglion cell layer,⑧    神經(jīng)纖維層,Nerve fiber layer,⑨    內(nèi)界膜,Limiting membrane,11/29/2024,16,11/29/2024,17,（二）   眼球內(nèi)容,,Contents of the eye,1.  房水,Aqueous humor,,前房,Anterior chamber,,后房,Posterior chamber,,11/29/2024,18,2. 晶狀體,,Lens,,11/29/2024,19,3. 玻璃體,,Vitreous body,11/29/2024,20,11/29/2024,21,1. 視路,,Visual pathway,,光感受器→雙級(jí)細(xì)胞→神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞→視乳頭→視神經(jīng)→視交叉→視束→外側(cè)膝狀體→視放射→視皮質(zhì),retinal photoreceptor→bipolar cell→nervous ganglion cells→optic disk→optic nerve→optic chasm→optic tract→lateral geniculate body→optic radiation→visual cortex.,,11/29/2024,22,二、眼眶及附屬器,,Orbit and accessory apparatus,(一) 眼眶,Orbit,1.視神經(jīng)孔和視神經(jīng)管,,Optic foramen and canal,2.眶上裂,Superior orbital fissure,3.眶下裂,Inferior orbital fissure,4.眶上切跡（或孔）,,The supraorbital notch,,11/29/2024,23,（二）眼瞼,,Eye lids,,1 皮膚層,The skin,2 皮下組織層,Subcutaneous,3 肌層,Muscular layer,4 瞼板層,Layer of the tarsal plate,5 結(jié)膜層,The conjunctival layer,,11/29/2024,24,11/29/2024,25,(三) 結(jié)膜,,Conjunctiva,,1 瞼結(jié)膜,Palpebral conjunctiva,2 球結(jié)膜,Bulbar conjunctiva,3穹窿結(jié)膜,Fornical conjunctiva,,11/29/2024,26,11/29/2024,27,(四)淚器,,Lacrimal apparatus,,,1淚腺,Lacrimal gland,2淚道,Lacrimal passages,(1)淚小點(diǎn),Lacrimal puncta,(2)淚小管,Lacrimal canaliculi,(3)淚囊,Lacrimal sac,(4)鼻淚管,Nasolacrimal duct,,11/29/2024,28,11/29/2024,29,(五) 眼外肌,,Extraocular muscles,,4條直肌,Rectus,上直肌,superior recti muscles,下直肌,inferior recti muscles,內(nèi)直肌,medial recti muscles,外直肌,external recti muscles,2條斜肌,Oblique muscle,上斜肌,superior oblique muscles,,下斜肌,Inferior oblique muscles,11/29/2024,30,11/29/2024,31,三、視路,,Visual pathway,,,（一）視神經(jīng),Optic nerve,(1)眼內(nèi)段,Intraocular,(2)眶內(nèi)段,Intraorbital,(3)管內(nèi)段,Intracanalicular,(4)顱內(nèi)段,Intracranial,（二）視交叉,Optic chiasm,（三）視束,Optic tract,,（四）外側(cè)膝狀體,Lateral geniculate body,,（五）視放射,Optic radiation,,（六）視皮質(zhì),Visual cortex,,11/29/2024,32,2. 瞳孔反射路,,Pathway of papillary reflex,光反射,Light reflex,,直接光反射,Direct reflex,,間接光反射,Indirect reflex,,近反射,Near reflex,11/29/2024,33,11/29/2024,34,四、眼球旳血液循環(huán)和神經(jīng)分布,,Blood circulation and innervation of the globe,,（一）血液循環(huán),Blood circulation,動(dòng)脈,Artery,視網(wǎng)膜中央血管系統(tǒng),the central retinal vascular system,睫狀血管系統(tǒng),,the ciliary vascular system,11/29/2024,35,1.視網(wǎng)膜中央血管系統(tǒng),,The central retinal vascular system,視網(wǎng)膜中央動(dòng)脈,Central retinal artery, CRA,,11/29/2024,36,2. 睫狀血管系統(tǒng),,the ciliary vascular system,,(1)睫狀后短動(dòng)脈,Short posterior ciliary artery,,(2)睫狀后長(zhǎng)動(dòng)脈,Long posterior ciliary artery,(3)睫狀前動(dòng)脈,Anterior ciliary artery,,11/29/2024,37,靜脈,,Vein,1. 視網(wǎng)膜中央靜脈,,Central retinal vein CRV,2. 渦靜脈,Vortex vein,3. 睫狀前靜脈,Anterior ciliar vein,,11/29/2024,38,（二）神經(jīng),,Nerve,,1睫狀神經(jīng)節(jié),Ciliary ganglion,2鼻睫狀神經(jīng),Nasociliary nerve,11/29/2024,39,視路及瞳孔反射,,Optic pathway and pupillary reflex,,,11/29/2024,40,1．瞳孔反射路,,Pathway of pupillary reflex,,,光反射,Light reflex,直接光反射,direct reflex,,間接光反射,indirect reflex,近反射,Near reflex,11/29/2024,41,2. 視路,,Visual pathway,,光感受器→雙級(jí)細(xì)胞→神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞→視乳頭→視神經(jīng)→視交叉→視束→外側(cè)膝狀體→視放射→視皮質(zhì),,retinal photoreceptor→bipolar cell→nervous ganglion cells→optic disk→optic nerve→optic chasm→optic tract→lateral geniculate body→optic radiation→visual cortex.,,11/29/2024,42,11/29/2024,43,11/29/2024,44,