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2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)二輪 備考抓分點(diǎn)透析專(zhuān)題7 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 【xx年高考命題預(yù)測(cè)】 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是是高中英語(yǔ)的重要語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)，更是歷年高考的考查熱點(diǎn)。同學(xué)們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)這一語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)時(shí)應(yīng)注意：1、考綱要求的動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法；2、易混時(shí)態(tài)用法比較；3、根據(jù)固定時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、固定句型確定時(shí)態(tài)的情況；4、主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的情況；5、不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況。通過(guò)分析近年的全國(guó)高考試題可以預(yù)測(cè)xx年高考對(duì)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查依然會(huì)注重在具體語(yǔ)境中考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用。 【重難點(diǎn)突破】 【概述】英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)變化從時(shí)間上可劃分為“現(xiàn)在時(shí)”，“過(guò)去時(shí)”，“將來(lái)時(shí)”和“過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)”四大類(lèi)，每類(lèi)又包括“一般式”、“進(jìn)行式”、“完成式”和“完成進(jìn)行式”四式，共十六種時(shí)態(tài)形式。其中常用的有十種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)等十種。 英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。 幾種基本事態(tài)的基本用法 ⒈一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：　構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+ 動(dòng)詞原形或第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式　　 用法： 1）、經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與usually, always, sometimes, every day, frequently等一起使用。 He always help others in his spare time. 2）、現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)或具有的特征 China is a great socialist country. 3）、客觀規(guī)律、正確事實(shí)或科學(xué)真理、格言以及其他不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在 （10上海）28. Every few years, the coal workers their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health. A. are having B. have C. have had D. had had 4）、表示安排或計(jì)劃要做的動(dòng)作（句中常有表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)），主要用于begin, e, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, open, close等瞬間動(dòng)詞。 The plane takes off at seven o’clock this morning.　 5）、在時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) I am afraid you must inform him of the meeting , in case he es late for the meeting． 一When shall we restart our business? 一Not until we our plan． A．will finish B．a(chǎn)re finishing C．a(chǎn)re to finish D．have finished 6）、在here, there引導(dǎo)的句子中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) Here es the bus！=The bus is ing！　 ⒉ 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：　構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+ 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 　　用法： 1）、表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, the other day, last…, …ago等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 （xx湖南卷）27．In 1942, Columbus_______ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island off India． A．lands B．landed C．has landed D．．had landed 　2）、表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的一連串動(dòng)作 The professor put one finger in his mouth, tasted it, and smiled with satisfaction. 　　教授把一根手指頭伸進(jìn)嘴里，嘗了嘗，滿(mǎn)意地笑了。 　3）、在時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作 He said he would let us know if he got any news. 4）、用于“It + 時(shí)間 + since 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）”　　 　　當(dāng)since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式時(shí)，意為：自…以來(lái)…時(shí)間了”；當(dāng)since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式時(shí)，意為：自…不…以來(lái)，…已經(jīng)…時(shí)間了。 （xx湖南卷）30．It is the most instructive lecture that I ________since I came to this school． A．a(chǎn)ttended B．had attended C．a(chǎn)m attending D．have attended ⒊ 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ) + shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形 　　用法： 1）、表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的行為或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow, some day, next…, from now on, in the future, in…等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 　She will be back in a few minutes. 2）、表示一種傾向。 Crops will die without water. 3）、祈使句或名詞短語(yǔ) + and/or +主語(yǔ)+will do… Follow your teacher，and you will make progress. 4）、won’t 可表示“不能”，“沒(méi)法” The door won’t shut. Please have it repaired. 5）、幾種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的表達(dá)方式： ⑴、be going to do sth. 表打算；（客觀跡象）預(yù)示 Look at the clouds,it is going to rain. ⑵、be to do sth.表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事情或注定要發(fā)生的事. The line is to be opened to traffic next year. ⑶、be about to do sth. “即將或正要去做…”，常不與具體的時(shí)間副詞連用。 He is about to cross the road when he sees an old friend of his. ⑷、be doing 指最近按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常用于go, start, set out, leave, arrive, e, return等動(dòng)詞 We are going to Wuhan this summer. ⑸、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)，（常用于go, e, start, set out, arrive等動(dòng)詞），表示早已計(jì)劃好，到時(shí)一定發(fā)生的事，也可表示按時(shí)間進(jìn)程或時(shí)間表的安排，到時(shí)一定要發(fā)生的事　　　　　　　　 The train starts at five o’clock. 6）、將來(lái)時(shí)間表達(dá)法的用法比較： ⑴、will 和be going to： 這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)都可表示“意圖”，?？苫Q。如果是事先考慮過(guò)的，即說(shuō)話之前已經(jīng)考慮過(guò)的，常用be going to 表示；如果不是事先考慮過(guò)的，即說(shuō)話時(shí)刻才考慮到的，要用will表示。 另外，be going to還可表示具備已有跡象表明將發(fā)生某事，體現(xiàn)進(jìn)程已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，事情即將發(fā)生。 ⑵、be going to 和 be to ： 兩者都可用于表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，即人們意志所能控制的動(dòng)作。 對(duì)于不受人們意志控制的將來(lái)動(dòng)作，也就是非人們主觀所能安排的將來(lái)動(dòng)作，只能用be going to 表示，不能用be to. ⒋ 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+ would +動(dòng)詞原形 用法： 這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)主要表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看將來(lái)要發(fā)生的事情，它是一種相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)，總是同某一過(guò)去的時(shí)間或過(guò)去的動(dòng)作相對(duì)應(yīng)而存在，常用在賓語(yǔ)從句和間接引語(yǔ)中。 （xx上海卷） 34．Did you predict that many students ______ up for the dance petition? A．would sign B．signed C．have signed D．had signed ⒌ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： 構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+ am/is/are + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 用法： 1）、說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 （xx湖南卷）22．----Joan, what______in your hand? -----Look! It’s a birthday gift for my grandma． A．had you held B．a(chǎn)re you holding C．do you hold D．will you hold （xx遼寧卷）28．Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I _____． A．was doing B．a(chǎn)m doing C．have done D．had been doing （xx重慶卷）21．That price of music sounds quite familiar．Who _________the piano upstairs? A．has played B．played C．plays D．is playing 2）、當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行） （xx江蘇卷）21．—I hear you ______ in a pub．What’s it like? —Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind． A．a(chǎn)re working B．will work C．were working D．will be working 3）、表說(shuō)話人對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為表贊嘆、厭惡等情緒，常與always, constantly, forever, repeatedly 等詞連用 　He is constantly leaving things about. 4）、最近計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常用于go, e, leave, start, arrive, stay, meet, play等詞。 I am starting this project next tuseday. ⒍ 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：　構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+was/were +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 用法： 1）、過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻到某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 （xx浙江卷）15．The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant ______ in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly． A．gave B．gives C．was giving D．had given I walked slowly through the market, where people all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed. A. sell B. were selling C. had sold D. have sold 2)、和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可與always, forever, constantly等詞連用，表示說(shuō)話人的情緒 　She was forever plaining. 3)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示對(duì)于過(guò)去某時(shí)間來(lái)說(shuō)將要發(fā)生的事情　 She asked me if you were going to Qingdao. 、描寫(xiě)故事的背景 It was winter. The north wind was blowing hard and a heavy snow was falling. A poor girl was walking in the street.冬天，北風(fēng)刮著，下著大雪，一個(gè)可憐的小女孩走在大街上。 ⒎ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：　　構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+ have/has + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 用法： 1）、過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，句中常有already, just, never, ever, lately, recently, , in the past+一段時(shí)間，so far等狀語(yǔ) （xx天津卷）3．In the last few years thousands of films __________ allover the word． A．have produced B．have been produced C．a(chǎn)re producing D．a(chǎn)re being produced Up to now, the program ________ thousands of children who would otherwise have died. A. would save B. saves C. had saved D. has saved 2）、從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) （10天津）4. We on this project for four hours. Let’s have a rest. A. are working B. have been working C. worked D. had worked 3）、用在時(shí)間、條件從句中，表示從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作之前完成 一When shall we restart our business? 一Not until we our plan． A．will finish B．a(chǎn)re finishing C．a(chǎn)re to finish D．have finished 4）、“最高級(jí)+名詞”或“It is the + 序數(shù)詞+ time” 后的定語(yǔ)從句中。 （xx湖南卷）30．It is the most instructive lecture that I ________since I came to this school． A．a(chǎn)ttended B．had attended C．a(chǎn)m attending D．have attended 5）、應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)應(yīng)注意： 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)束，不能和 “for…”或 “since…”連用，但它們的否定形式可以連用。如： We have not heard from him for ten days.我們已經(jīng)十天沒(méi)他的消息了。 另外，如果把瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)變成相應(yīng)的持續(xù)動(dòng)詞，就可和 “for…”或 “since…”連用?！　? die → be dead　 leave/go → be away　join → be in　begin → be on　fall ill →be ill finish → be over　make friends → be friends　 return → be back　 borrow → keep e → be 　buy → have　marry → be married ⒏ 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+ have/has + been +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 用法： 表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，強(qiáng)調(diào)在此階段時(shí)間里，動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行。 ⑴、過(guò)去開(kāi)始而且現(xiàn)在仍在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 ⑵、過(guò)去開(kāi)始，現(xiàn)在剛剛停止的動(dòng)作 ⑶、現(xiàn)在看到其直接結(jié)果的動(dòng)作 （xx北京卷）23．Tom __________ in the library every night over the last three months． A．works B．worked C．has been working D．had been working （xx江西）30 Mother wanted to be a good provider, a role she ______ since her marriage to Father. A shoulders B shouldered C is shouldering D has been shouldering (xx陜西）21. I have to see the doctor because I a lot lately. A. have been coughing B. had coughed C. coughed D. cough . ----We’ve spent too much money recently. ----well, it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives __around all the time A. are ing B. had e C. were ing D. have been ing Im tired out. . I all afternoon and I dont seem to have finished anything. A. shopped B. have shopped C. had shopped D. have been shopping （xx天津）4. We on this project for four hours. Let’s have a rest. A. are working B. have been working C. worked D. had worked （10江蘇）23. —why, Jack, you look so tired! —Well, I ____the house and I must finish the work tomorrow. A. was painting B. will be painting C. have painted D. have been painting ⒐ 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：　構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+ had + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 用法： 1)、表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作。 （xx北京卷）21．Experiments of this kind in both the U．S．a(chǎn)nd Europe well before the Second World War． A．have conducted B．have been conducted C．had conducted D．had been conducted （xx四川卷）19．—What a mistake! —Yes．I his doing it another way, but without success． A．was suggesting B．will suggest C．would suggest D．had suggested （xx山東卷）35．She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _____ everything! A．had been eating B．had eaten C．have eaten D．have been eating （xx福建卷）32．Last month,the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they From China． A．receive B．a(chǎn)re receiving C．have received D．had received （xx安徽）28. ----Were you surprised by the ending of the film? ----No, I _______the book, so I already knew the story? A. was reading B. had read C. am reading D. have read It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they __ for me. A. had done B. did C. would do D. were doing 2）、表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)間開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和for, since引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。 （xx遼寧卷）34．By the time Jack returned home from England, his son from college． A．graduated B．has graduated C．had been D．had graduated 3）、用于句型：It was the +序數(shù)詞+ time that… 　　該句型表示到“was”時(shí)已是第幾次做某事，即在“was”前已做過(guò)某事幾次，因此該句在時(shí)間上體現(xiàn)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，所以應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 4）、用于句型：It was + 時(shí)間段+ since… 　　該句型表示到自從做某事以來(lái)已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，即在這個(gè)（過(guò)去）時(shí)間段之前已做某事，因此該句型在時(shí)間上體現(xiàn)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”， 應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 5）、過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望和打算，即“本打算” We had intended to see you, but we weren’t free.　 6）、用于句型：hardly\scarecely…when(before)…, 及no sooner…than…　　 “一…就…” Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang. ⒑ 將來(lái)完成時(shí)：　構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ) + shall/will + have +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 用法：表示未來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前將完成的動(dòng)作。 （xx江蘇卷）23．-----Tommy is planning to buy a car． ----I know ．By next month ,he__enough for a used one． A．saves B . saved C．will save D．will have saved ⒒將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ) + will + be + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 用法： ⑴、表示在將來(lái)某時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 ⑵、有時(shí)可表示預(yù)計(jì)即將發(fā)生或勢(shì)必要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 . –Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer. --How nice! You a different culture then. A. will be experiencing B. have experienced C. have been experiencing D. will have experienced 幾種易混時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)比 1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： ⑴、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用于習(xí)慣性或經(jīng)常性做的事，常拌隨使用頻度副詞usually, often, seldom等；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于表示目前或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now, at present等。 He usually writes a lot of letters, but he isn’t writing at present. 他經(jīng)常寫(xiě)許多信，但他現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有寫(xiě)信。 ⑵、表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理時(shí)，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 The earth goes around the sun. 　地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。 ⑶、“感覺(jué)” 或 “短暫”動(dòng)詞，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 如：知覺(jué)動(dòng)詞：see, hear, taste, smell 等；意識(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：know, believe, like, hate, understand等 I smell burning. 我嗅到燒著的味。 He knows German best. 他很熟悉德語(yǔ)。 2、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)： ⑴、一般過(guò)去時(shí)可表示一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作，而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 I was reading a novel last night. 昨晚我在看小說(shuō)（可能沒(méi)看完）。 I read a novel last night. 我昨晚看了一本小說(shuō)（已經(jīng)看完了）。 ⑵、一般過(guò)去時(shí)可用于一個(gè)單純動(dòng)作，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于過(guò)去一段時(shí)間反復(fù)做的動(dòng)作。 Did he ask questions? 他提問(wèn)題了嗎？ He was asking questions the whole time. 他始終在提問(wèn)題。 ⑶、一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（側(cè)重在說(shuō)明事實(shí)），過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（強(qiáng)調(diào)在這一過(guò)程中所進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或展開(kāi)的情景） He drew a picture yesterday afternoon. 他昨天下午畫(huà)了一張畫(huà)（昨天下午他做了這么一件事）。 He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon. 他昨天下午在畫(huà)畫(huà)（昨天下午他一直在畫(huà)畫(huà)，沒(méi)干別的事）。 ⑷、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示當(dāng)時(shí)臨時(shí)發(fā)生的短暫性動(dòng)作 When I was pouring the tea, I dropped a cup. 我在倒茶的時(shí)候，失手打了一個(gè)茶杯。 3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)： ⑴、兩者都表示在過(guò)去做的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系，主要說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在的情況；一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間，與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系。 They’ve gone to Paris. 他們到巴黎去了（說(shuō)明他們現(xiàn)在去巴黎了，不在這里）。 They went to Paris.　 他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)巴黎（只說(shuō)明去過(guò)，不表明是否現(xiàn)在仍在那里）。 I haven’t seen him since last week. 我從上周就一直沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他（現(xiàn)在仍未見(jiàn)到）。 I didn’t see him last week. 我上周沒(méi)看到他（只說(shuō)明上周末見(jiàn)，不說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在）。 ⑵、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的任何時(shí)間，可與today, this week, since等表示包括現(xiàn)在一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，但不能和表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用；一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的是過(guò)去某一特定時(shí)間，或與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)的某一過(guò)去時(shí)間。 I haven’t seen the film yet.　我還沒(méi)看過(guò)這部影片（到目前為止）。 I saw it the day before yesterday.　 我前天看的這部電影（表明看電影的時(shí)間是在前天）。 4、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)： ⑴、過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，在句中一般有另一過(guò)去時(shí)間或動(dòng)作與它比較，它是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是過(guò)去的過(guò)去，只有在和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才用到它；一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。 She had learned some English before she came to our school. 她來(lái)我們學(xué)校以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)（e to our school是過(guò)去發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，learn English是e to our school以前的情況）。 We had had breakfast when she came. 她來(lái)時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)吃過(guò)早飯了（e 是過(guò)去發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，have breakfast是發(fā)生在e之前的事情）。 ⑵、如果主句所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句所表示的動(dòng)作之前，在狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，在主句中就要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。反之，如果時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句所表示的動(dòng)作之前，則在從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句就用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When I had written the letter, I went at once to post it.　 我寫(xiě)好了信，馬上就寄出去。 ⑶、在以連詞 after和before指明兩個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先后關(guān)系時(shí)，after和before引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： Mary left the room after she had turned off (或turned off) the light.　 瑪麗關(guān)燈以后離開(kāi)了房間。 Before he came to college, he served (或had served ) in the army. 他來(lái)上大學(xué)以前曾在部隊(duì)服役。 5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”來(lái)說(shuō)，過(guò)去發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在過(guò)的狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或其結(jié)果依然存在。而過(guò)去完成時(shí)，則是對(duì)“過(guò)去”來(lái)說(shuō)，以前發(fā)生過(guò)或完成了的動(dòng)作或存在過(guò)的狀態(tài)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生的影響或它的結(jié)果依然存在。 We haven’t heard from him for quite a long time. 我們很久沒(méi)收到他的信了（到現(xiàn)在我們都沒(méi)收到他的信）。 They had known each other for about a year before they got married. 他們結(jié)婚以前彼此相識(shí)約一年之久（相識(shí)一年是指他們?cè)诮Y(jié)婚以前，而不是指現(xiàn)在）。 6、一般將來(lái)時(shí)與過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)： 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示對(duì)“現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻”來(lái)說(shuō)，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)⒁嬖诘臓顟B(tài)；而過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示對(duì)“過(guò)去時(shí)刻”來(lái)說(shuō)，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)⒁嬖诘臓顟B(tài)。 She is sixteen, who will be seventeen next year. 她十六歲，明年將十七歲。 She said that she would be seventeen the next year.　 她說(shuō)她次年將十七歲。 7、一般將來(lái)時(shí)與將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法比較： ⑴、Will you do sth.? 可以表示邀請(qǐng)，或表達(dá)一個(gè)有禮貌的請(qǐng)求或表達(dá)一項(xiàng)命令，而將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)沒(méi)有這些意義。如： Will you help me with the box?　 請(qǐng)你幫我搬一下這個(gè)箱子好嗎 （表示一種請(qǐng)求）？ Will you be waiting here?　 你會(huì)在這里等嗎 （一個(gè)關(guān)于將來(lái)動(dòng)作的問(wèn)話）？ ⑵、一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示一個(gè)帶有主觀意圖的將來(lái)動(dòng)作，將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)不帶意圖的將來(lái)動(dòng)作 I’ll write to him and tell him about it.　 我要給他寫(xiě)封信，告訴他這件事 （表達(dá)個(gè)人意愿）。 We’ll be needing more and more machine.　 我們將需要越來(lái)越多的機(jī)器（客觀上將勢(shì)必需要）。 8、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： ⑴現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作到目前為止已經(jīng)完成；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍繼續(xù)。 I’ve read The Red Sun.我已經(jīng)看過(guò)《紅日》了（已經(jīng)完成）。 I have been reading The Red Sun these days.　 這些天我一直在看《紅日》（仍在繼續(xù)）。 ⑵、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的現(xiàn)在結(jié)果；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)如表示剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)不久前持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。 I have written him a letter. 我給他寫(xiě)了一封信（到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)寫(xiě)完了）。 I have been writing a letter since three o’clock. 我從三點(diǎn)以來(lái)一直在寫(xiě)信（強(qiáng)調(diào)一直在寫(xiě)，不表明是否寫(xiě)完）。 ⑶、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以和一個(gè)時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用，也可以沒(méi)有時(shí)間短語(yǔ)。這樣用時(shí)，它有別于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)只有增加for, since或never等時(shí)間短語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)這種持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。 I have been practicing the piano.　我一直在練彈鋼琴。 I have lived here for five years. 　 我在這里住了五年了（不能說(shuō)I have lived here.）。 ⑷、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般不適用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，要表示狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的“仍在繼續(xù)”用法，只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I have known him since children.　 我從小就認(rèn)識(shí)他（不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）。 主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的情況 (1)、某些連系動(dòng)詞(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，因?yàn)檫B系動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，它們沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式： That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起來(lái)很危險(xiǎn)。 Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法聽(tīng)起來(lái)很好。 My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意見(jiàn)證實(shí)是錯(cuò)的。 (2)、當(dāng)open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義： The door won’t shut. 這門(mén)關(guān)不上。 The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超市的門(mén)是自動(dòng)關(guān)的。 【注】該用法的不及物動(dòng)詞通常與can’t, won’t 等連用，注意它與用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)含義不同： The window won’t shut. 這窗戶(hù)關(guān)不上。(說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的屬性——窗戶(hù)有問(wèn)題了) The window won’t be shut. 這窗戶(hù)將不用關(guān)上。(窗戶(hù)本身沒(méi)問(wèn)題，只是不用關(guān)) 有時(shí)可能用主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)形式均可，只是強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn)稍有不同： Suddenly the door opened. 突然門(mén)開(kāi)了。(不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者) The door was suddenly opened. 門(mén)突然被打開(kāi)了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者) (3)、當(dāng)read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性時(shí)，通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義： The cloth washes well. 這種布料好洗。 The book sells quickly. 這書(shū)銷(xiāo)售得快。 This cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft. 這乳酪不容易切，太軟了。 This shirt will wear very long. 這襯衫可以穿很久。 【注】該用法通常與well, easily, slowly, quickly等副詞連用，并且在用于以上意思時(shí)通常不宜直接使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。不過(guò)在某些特殊情況下也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只是含義稍有不同(用主動(dòng)形式表示主語(yǔ)的屬性，用被動(dòng)形式表示動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者所執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作)： The sentences read clearly. 這些句子讀起來(lái)很清楚。(即這句子沒(méi)有歧義) The sentences are read clearly. 這些句子被讀得很清楚。(指讀的人讀得好) 另外，以上用法有時(shí)也可能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)： The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在煮著。 Is the book selling well? 這書(shū)銷(xiāo)售情況如何? (4)、某些表示開(kāi)始和結(jié)束的動(dòng)詞(begin, start, finish, end等)，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為事物且不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義： When does the concert begin? 音樂(lè)會(huì)什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始？ The play ended at ten o’clock. 戲10點(diǎn)鐘結(jié)束。 (5)、有的動(dòng)詞本身含有被動(dòng)意味，通常用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)含義： Where is the new film showing? 這部新電影在哪里放映? My skirt caught on a nail. 我的裙子被釘子鉤住了。 Soon the house filled with people. 很快房子就擠滿(mǎn)了人。 （6）、某些動(dòng)詞、短語(yǔ)和句型中： 　如：last, happen, take place, break out, belong to, need/want/require doing sth., be worth doing, be to blame等 Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 我的家鄉(xiāng)已發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 It is known that Taiwan belongs to China.眾所周知，臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)。 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示主動(dòng)含義： 如：get married 結(jié)婚，be addicted to sth.沉溺于，be seated 坐著，be lost in thought沉思著，be devoted to sth.投身于，專(zhuān)注于，be interested in sth.對(duì)某事物感興趣，be surprised 感到吃驚。 【高考真題剖析】 （10上海）31. The church tower which will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. A. has restored B. has been restored C. is restoring D. is being restored 答案：【D】 本題考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Restore意思為修復(fù)，而最后一句表明工程還未完成，因此為正在修復(fù)中，答案選D. （10湖南）24. This coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year. A. was named B. named C. is named D. names 答案：【A】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)主語(yǔ)“This coastal area”與name之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系排除B、D兩項(xiàng)。根據(jù)句中的last year判斷用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故選A項(xiàng)。 （xx天津卷）3．In the last few years thousands of films allover the word． A．have produced B．have been produced C．a(chǎn)re producing D．a(chǎn)re being produced 答案【B】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)In the last few years應(yīng)該選用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，又因?yàn)閠housands of films與produce之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選擇B. （xx湖南卷）27 In 1942 ，Columbus_____ on the of the Bahama islands, but he mistook it for an island off India． A．lands B．landed C．has landed D．had landed 答案【B】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)In 1942，所以選擇B。 （xx湖南卷）34 In the near future, more advances in the robot technology __ by scientists． A．a(chǎn)re making B．a(chǎn)re made C．will make D．will be made 答案【D】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)In the near future，主語(yǔ)more advances與動(dòng)詞make之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以選擇D. （xx安徽卷）32．—I didn’t ask for the name list．Why ___on my desk? —I put it there just now in case you needed it． A．does it land B．has it landed C．will it land D．had it landed 答案【B】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)句意，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響，所以選擇B. 【真題練習(xí)】 （10上海）28. Every few years, the coal workers their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health. A. are having B. have C. have had D. had had 答案：B 考點(diǎn)：本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。 解析：根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)every few years,可判斷本句應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，因此答案選B。 31. The church tower which will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. A. has restored B. has been restored C. is restoring D. is being restored 答案：D 考點(diǎn)：本題考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 解析：Restore意思為修復(fù)，而最后一句表明工程還未完成，因此為正在修復(fù)中，答案選D. （10福建）28. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they before leaving their hometowns. A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised 28. 答案：D 考點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 31. –Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer. --How nice! You a different culture then. A. will be experiencing B. have experienced C. have been experiencing D. will have experienced 31. 答案：A 考點(diǎn)：考查將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 解析：--猜猜看，我們已經(jīng)得到了今年夏天去香港的短期簽證 --太棒了，你到時(shí)候?qū)?huì)感受到不同的文化 （10安徽）28. ----Were you surprised by the ending of the film? ----No, I _______the book, so I already knew the story? A. was reading B. had read C. am reading D. have read 答案：B. 考點(diǎn)：本題考查時(shí)態(tài)用法。 解析：句意為“我看過(guò)書(shū)了，已知道這個(gè)故事”。在“knew”前已看過(guò)，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 34. ----We’ve spent too much money recently. ----well, it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives _______around all the time A. are ing B. had e C. were ing D. have been ing 答案：D. 考點(diǎn)：本題考查時(shí)態(tài)用法。 解析：句意為“近來(lái)我們花了太多錢(qián)了。----并不驚奇，近來(lái)朋友和親戚總是來(lái)訪?！庇胔ave been ing表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在一直所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 （10湖南）24. This coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year. A. was named B. named C. is named D. names 24. 答案：A 考點(diǎn)：考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。 解析：根據(jù)主語(yǔ)“This coastal area”與name之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系排除B、D兩項(xiàng)。根據(jù)句中的last year判斷用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故選A項(xiàng)。 27. I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone it. Was it you? A. has done B. had done C. would do D. will do 27. 答案：B考點(diǎn)：考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。 解析：該空動(dòng)作發(fā)生在was just going to cut之前，即表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：“我正要剪切我的薔薇叢但（發(fā)現(xiàn)）有人已經(jīng)將它剪切了。是你干的嗎？” 31. I walked slowly through the market, where people all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed. A. sell B. were selling C. had sold D. have sold 31. 答案：B