,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,,*,,*,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,,第二級,,第三級,,第四級,,第五級,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,,第二級,,第三級,,第四級,,第五級,,*,,*,Unit 4,International Risks,,,Warm-up Activities,I. Pair works,,,What do you know about international risks? Think about the types of international risks and with your partner.,II. Group work,,,Work in small groups, discussing what international risk is the most serious one in international business.,,,III,．,Think about and then make a list of international risks you know in the world today.,,Economic risks,,? Risk of concession in economic control,,? Risk of insolvency of the buyer,,? Risk of non-acceptance,,? Risk of protracted default i.e. the failure of the buyer to pay off the due amount after six months of the due date,,? Risk of Exchange rate,Political risks,,? Risk of non- renewal of import and exports licenses,,? Risks due to war,,? Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the delivery of the goods,,? Surrendering of political sovereignty,,Buyer Country risks,,? Changes in the policies of the government,,? Exchange control regulations,,? Lack of foreign currency,,? Trade embargoes Commercial risk,,? A bank's lack of ability to honor its responsibilities,,? A buyer's failure pertaining to payment due to financial limitations,,? A seller's inability to provide the required quantity or quality of goods,,Others Risks,,? Cultural differences e.g., some cultures consider the payment of an incentive to help trading is absolutely lawful,,? Lack of knowledge of overseas markets,,? Language barriers,,? Inclination to corrupt business associates,,? Legal protection for breach of contract or non-payment is low,,? Effects of unpredictable business environment and fluctuating exchange rates,,? Sovereign risk - the ability of the government of a country to pay off its debts,,? Natural risk,–,due to the various kinds natural catastrophes, which cannot be controlled,,Text analysis,1. Some of the rogue countries may have all the natural minerals but the risks involved in doing business in those countries exceed the benefits.,,有些國家擁有天然礦產(chǎn)，但和這些國家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大于收益。,,,rogue,,n.,流氓；小淘氣；兇猛的離群獸；（尤指植物的）劣種,,vi.,游手好閑；去劣；流浪,,vt.,欺詐；去劣,,adj.,（野獸）兇猛的,,例,: Washington insists its shield plan is not directed against Russia but threats from ",rogue,states" such as Iran.,,但美國堅(jiān)持說，其防御計(jì)劃不是針對俄羅斯，但威脅來自,“,無賴國家,”,如伊朗。,,Washington says the facilities are not directed against Russia but are needed to protect against what it calls,rogue,states, particularly Iran.,,華盛頓方面稱，這些設(shè)備并不直接指向俄羅斯，但卻是對抗所謂,“,流氓國家,”,，尤其是伊朗所必須的。,,The key factor for Chinese shares now is not the subprime crisis or more,rogue,traders, they believe, but how the government responds.,,他們認(rèn)為，中國股市目前的關(guān)鍵因素不是次貸危機(jī)或更多流氓交易員，而是政府如何反應(yīng)。,,mineral,,n.,礦物；（英）礦泉水；無機(jī)物；蘇打水（常用復(fù)數(shù)表示）,,adj.,礦物的；礦質(zhì)的,,例：,The country possesses rich,mineral,resources.,,這個國家有豐富的礦產(chǎn)資源。,,Or they could be trained to use weeds as indicators of the soil's,mineral,properties to help them manage nutrients.,,或者可以訓(xùn)練他們使用雜草作為土壤礦物屬性的指示器，從而幫助他們管理營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。,,When these surfaces came into contact with the magnetite, an oxygen atom could be transferred from quartz to magnetite, forming a new,mineral,, hematite.,,當(dāng)這些表面和磁鐵礦一接觸，氧原子就能從石英砂轉(zhuǎn)移到磁鐵礦，形成了一種新的礦物，赤鐵礦。,,,,Phrase,,mineral green,石綠；孔雀石綠；銅綠；碳酸銅,,mineral paragenesis[,礦物,],,,礦物共生,,radioactive mineral [,礦物,],,,放射性礦物；,[,礦物,],,,放射礦物；,[,礦物,],,,輻射性礦物,,antistress mineral,反應(yīng)力礦物,,normative mineral,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)礦物；尺度礦物,,artificial mineral,人造礦物,,saturated mineral,飽和礦物,,mineral crystal,礦物晶體；天然水晶；礦石水晶；礦物水晶,,Mineral Oils,礦油；礦物油,,Text analysis,2. Porter defines them as: threat of new entrants in the industry, threat of substitute goods and services, intensity of competition within the industry, bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of consumers.,,波特將他們定義為：對于該產(chǎn)業(yè)新進(jìn)入者的威脅、對于替代品和服務(wù)的威脅、該產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭強(qiáng)度、供應(yīng)商的議價(jià)能力以及消費(fèi)者的議價(jià)能力。,,,entrant,,n.,進(jìn)入者；新會員；參加競賽者；新工作者,,例：,That's because only a few system calls can be safely called inside signals. Only calls that are re-,entrant,or not interruptible by signals can be called safely.,,那是因?yàn)橹挥幸恍┫到y(tǒng)調(diào)用可以安全地調(diào)用內(nèi)部信號：只有可重入的（,re-,entrant,）或者不被信號中斷的調(diào)用才可以被安全地調(diào)用。,,Small, local organizations -- churches, temples, mosques, service clubs -- may offer money each year with few takers, or at least none as brilliant as your,entrant,.,,小規(guī)模、當(dāng)?shù)亟M織,--,教堂、寺廟、清真寺、服務(wù)型社團(tuán),--,每年會向一些人提供資金，至少你得競爭者沒有你這么聰明。,,So many companies were eligible for this as a result of brutal mass sackings in the past few months that the judges decided it would be unfair to single out any individual,entrant,.,,過去幾個月期間大量的野蠻裁員行為導(dǎo)致許多公司都有資格獲取本獎項(xiàng)，鑒于此，評委們認(rèn)為挑出某個單獨(dú)的入圍者有失公允。,,,,substitute,,n.,代用品；代替者,,vi.,替代,,vt.,代替,,例：,Nothing could,substitute,for mother's milk.,,什么也替代不了母乳。,,But efficiency is no,substitute,for pleasure.,,但效率是不快樂的替代品。,,It's okay to,substitute,vegetable oil for butter.,,用植物油代替黃油也一樣。,,,Phrase,,substitute for,代替，取代,,substitute fuel,代用燃料,,substitute material,代用材料，代用品,,substitute teacher,代課老師,,blood substitute [,醫(yī),],血液代用品,,,intensity,,n.,強(qiáng)度；強(qiáng)烈；,[,電子,],亮度；緊張,,例：,When a surface is perpendicular to the rays, their,intensity,is at its maximum.,,當(dāng)表面與射線垂直時，射線的強(qiáng)度最大。,,Now at any point in the day starting at 5 in the morning, there can be that same level of,intensity,and pressure to get something out.,,現(xiàn)在，在一天中從早晨,5,天開始的的任何時刻，找出一些有意義的事物那種強(qiáng)度和壓力的程度可能是相同的。,,And they can help us understand more about the frequency,,intensity,and duration of storms.,,它能幫助我們更好的了解暴風(fēng)雨天氣的頻率、強(qiáng)度和持續(xù)時間。,,,Phrase,,high intensity adj.,高強(qiáng)度的,n.,高強(qiáng)度,,labor intensity,勞動強(qiáng)度，勞力投入密集度,,light intensity,光強(qiáng)度,,stress intensity,應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度,,intensity distribution,強(qiáng)度分布；強(qiáng)度分析；亮度分布,,,Phrase,,asset management,資產(chǎn)管理,,fixed asset [,經(jīng),],固定資產(chǎn),,intangible asset n.,無形資產(chǎn),,asset value [,經(jīng),],資產(chǎn)價(jià)值,,fixed asset investment,固定資產(chǎn)投資,,financial asset,金融資產(chǎn),,net asset,凈資產(chǎn),,capital asset,資本資產(chǎn)；固定資產(chǎn),,asset class,資產(chǎn)類別；資產(chǎn)種類,,net asset value,資產(chǎn)凈值，財(cái)產(chǎn)凈價(jià)值,,asset valuation,資產(chǎn)估價(jià)，資產(chǎn)估值,,,aid,,n.,援助；幫助；助手；幫助者,,vt.,援助；幫助；有助于,,vi.,幫助,,例：,We had to berth our ship without the,aid,of tugboats.,,我們只好在沒有拖船幫助的情況下使我們的船停到泊位。,,We will,aid,their struggle against violent repression.,,我們將幫助他們反抗殘暴的壓迫。,,While in the past we stressed,aid,, now we stress economic cooperation.,,我們過去側(cè)重提供援助， 現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作。,,,Phrase,,with the aid of,在,…,的幫助下，在,…,援助下,,give aid to,給,…,予幫助,,first aid,急救；急救護(hù)理,,aid in,幫助；幫助（在,...,給予幫助）,,financial aid,經(jīng)濟(jì)援助；助學(xué)金；財(cái)政補(bǔ)助,,Text analysis,4. The breakdown of machineries, supply and demand of the resources and products, shortfall of the goods and services, lack of perfect logistic and inventory will lead to inefficiency of production.,,機(jī)械故障、原材料和產(chǎn)品的供給與需求、產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的短缺、庫存短缺都會導(dǎo)致低效生產(chǎn)。,,,breakdown,,n.,故障；崩潰；分解；分類；衰弱；跺腳曳步舞,,例：,This shows you the response time,breakdown,for each page element.,,這將針對每個頁面元素顯示響應(yīng)時間分解。,,Small shippers are most often disserviced by transportation,breakdown,.,,小件托運(yùn)者往往因運(yùn)輸故障而受損。,,To capture response time,breakdown,data, you must enable it in a test or schedule, and configure the amount of data to be captured.,,為了捕獲響應(yīng)時間分解數(shù)據(jù)，您必須在一個測試或者調(diào)度中啟動它，然后配置將要捕獲的數(shù)據(jù)的信息。,,,,Phrase,,breakdown voltage [,電,],擊穿電壓,,work breakdown,工作分解,,work breakdown structure,工作分解結(jié)構(gòu),,nervous breakdown,精神崩潰,,breakdown strength,破壞強(qiáng)度；擊穿強(qiáng)度,,,machinery,,n.,機(jī)械；機(jī)器；機(jī)構(gòu)；機(jī)械裝置,,例：,We should send a man to superintend the erection of,machinery,.,,我們應(yīng)派一個人去監(jiān)督機(jī)器的安裝。,,China will host an exhibition of international garment,machinery,.,,中國將主辦國際服裝機(jī)械展覽會。,,This factory has phased in new,machinery,for increased automation.,,這家工廠已開始逐漸使用新機(jī)器以提高自動化程度。,,,Phrase,,machinery and equipment,機(jī)器及設(shè)備,,construction machinery,建筑機(jī)械；施工機(jī)械,,agricultural machinery,農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械,,textile machinery,紡織機(jī)械,,machinery parts,機(jī)件，零件,,processing machinery,加工機(jī)械,,machinery plant,機(jī)器制造廠,,machinery equipment,機(jī)器設(shè)備,,electrical machinery,電力機(jī)械,,,,,,logistic,,adj.,后勤學(xué)的；,[,數(shù),],符號邏輯的,,例：,Increased field coordination of technical, operational and logistic support is likewise needed.,,同樣需要增加對技術(shù)、業(yè)務(wù)和后勤支持的現(xiàn)場協(xié)調(diào)。,,UNICEF is carrying out social mobilization activities, raising awareness of the disease in the community and also providing additional logistic support and equipment.,,聯(lián)合國兒童基金會正在開展社會動員活動，提高社區(qū)對該病的認(rèn)識，并且還提供補(bǔ)充后勤支持和設(shè)備。,,The strategy of ring vaccination emerged and was validated, vastly simplifying operational and logistic demands.,,環(huán)帶免疫戰(zhàn)略的產(chǎn)生和驗(yàn)證，極大地簡化了操作和物流需求。,,,Phrase,,logistic management,物流管理；后勤管理；運(yùn)籌管理,,logistic regression,邏輯回歸；羅吉斯回歸,,,,inventory,,n.,存貨，存貨清單；詳細(xì)目錄；財(cái)產(chǎn)清冊,,例：,This concept appears in manufacturing where they count both scrap and,inventory,.,,此概念會出現(xiàn)在制造業(yè)，在其中會計(jì)算廢料和存貨。,,Some of the information in these rows is either duplicate or irrelevant for,inventory,projection.,,在這些行中，有些信息是重復(fù)的，或者與庫存反映無關(guān)。,,If one of the manufacturing points operates too quickly, it will build up an,inventory,for the next station to consume.,,如果其中一個制造點(diǎn)運(yùn)作的太快，那么就將生成需要下一個崗位來消耗的存貨。,,,Phrase,,inventory management,存貨管理,,inventory control,存貨控制；存貨管理,,take inventory,實(shí)地清點(diǎn)盤存；編制,...,清單,,inventory cost,存貨成本,,inventory system,庫存系統(tǒng)；盤存制度；存儲系統(tǒng),,inventory level,庫存量；存貨水準(zhǔn),,inventory accounting,存貨會計(jì)；存貨核算,,inventory turnover,存貨周轉(zhuǎn),,physical inventory,實(shí)際庫存；實(shí)地盤存；盤點(diǎn)數(shù)量,,,Exercise:,,I. Answer the following questions according to the text:,1. What is the main topic of the passage?,,The topic of the passage is Risks in International Business.,,2. What do you know about the international risks?,,,,Just as there are reasons to get into global markets, and benefits from global markets, there are also risks involved in locating companies in certain countries. Each country may have its potentials; it also has its woes that are associated with doing business with major companies. Some of the rogue countries may have all the natural minerals but the risks involved in doing business in those countries exceed the benefits.,,5,. What are the reasons for operational risk?,,,This is caused by the assets and financial capital that aid in the day-to-day business operations. The breakdown of machineries, supply and demand of the resources and products, shortfall of the goods and services, lack of perfect logistic and inventory will lead to inefficiency of production.,,6. What,’,s the relationship between political actions and instability and operation of a company?,,The political actions and instability may make it difficult for companies to operate efficiently in these countries due to negative publicity and impact created by individuals in the top government.,,7. What,’,s the influence of culture and instability of a country on operating a company?,,The culture or the instability of a country may create risks that may make it difficult for multinational companies to operate safely, effectively, and efficiently.,,8. How to manage international risks?,,Do your homework before entering a foreign market. Do not enter any nation without being fully aware of the unique risks and issues presented by that nation. Asses political risks and the legal environment as well as the business and competitive environment, and develop strategies to minimize or circumvent these risks. Study the histories of local and international companies in the specific country and industry to gain deeper insight into what your own experience may be like. Pay careful attention to exchange rates, including their histories and expected future actions. Utilize the services of local consulting firms specializing in international investment. These firms will have thorough knowledge of the challenges and opportunities presented to international businesses in their specific country. Accept only letters of credit from trusted banks.,Word Practice,,Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. The initial letter of each word has been supplied for you,.,1. The new government e________ his estate for military purposes.,,2. They opened an office abroad in order to c________ the tax laws.,,3. She has cried the blues about its financial w________.,,4. Ancient artworks were r________ from the US to Greece.,,5. There will soon be a s________ in supply of qualified young people.,1. expropriated 2. circumvent 3. woes 4. repatriated 5. shortfall,6. The t________ in his life has come from accidents and illness.,,7. He carefully drew a bead on the r________ elephant and shot it dead.,,8. The fire at the factory was caused by s________.,,9. Their h________ looks showed that he was unwelcome.,,10. He applied for e________ to university 3 years ago.,6. turbulence 7. rogue 8. sabotage 9. hostile 10. entrant,,Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words or phrases given in the box. Change the forms where necessary.,,associate with lack of due to lead to stem from pay attention to specialize in pull out of deal with couple... with,,,1,. All our achievements are ________ his support.,,2. We should ________ every case on its merits.,,3. In given conditions, a bad thing can ________ good results.,1. due to 2. deal with 3. lead to,4. From the ground, we could see the plane ________ its steep descent.,,5. Her interest in flowers ________ her childhood in the country.,,6. Many students ________ engineering.,,7. Mother warned the boys not to ________ bad companions.,,8. No ________ his advice.,,9. We ________ the pump ________ the engine.,,10. The flowers are wilting for ________ water.,4. pull out of 5. stem from 6. specialize in 7. associate with 8. pay attention to 9. coupled…with 10. lack of,Translation,,Translate the following sentences into English:,1.,我們達(dá)成了增加工資的新協(xié)議。,,2.,組織饑荒救濟(jì)工作涉及繁重的安排協(xié)調(diào)問題。,,3.,在犯罪偵查中,,,刑事警察主要的策略有主動干預(yù)偵查與被動干預(yù)偵查兩種。,,4.,希望在她的新崗位上，她的才干能夠比以往得到更好的發(fā)揮。,,5.,她的許多煩惱使她受到壓抑。,,1. We bargained a new wage increase.,,2. Organizing famine relief presents huge logistic problems.,,3. When investigating crime, the main choice of strategies has been presented as between reactive and,proactive,policing.,,4. It is to be hoped that in her new job her talents will be better utilized than before.,,5. She was oppressed by her many woes.,V. Reading comprehension,,Read the text carefully, and choose the best answer.,,As concern about swine flu sweeps the globe, the best way to protect yourself from contracting it or other infectious diseases is with a dose of common sense: Wash your hands frequently, cover your coughs and sneezes and stay home from work or school if you feel ill.,,These guidelines may seem basic, but they,’,re effective in warding off the spread of infections. Richard Besser, acting director of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said,,“,Control of an outbreak of infectious disease is a shared responsibility. It,’,s important that individuals realize they have a key role to play in reducing their own likelihood of getting infected.,”,,Specifically, people are wise to wash their hands often with soap and warm water for 15 to 20 seconds at a time or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if water isn,’,t accessible. The CDC also recommends avoiding touching your eyes, nose and mouth to prevent the spread of germs.,,,Symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of regular seasonal influenza. People with swine flu often get a fever, headache, cough, sore throat, body aches, chills and fatigue. Some also have gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea or vomiting.,,Swine flu is a virus that usually affects pigs but appears to have acquired the ability to pass from person to person, though it,’,s unclear how easily it can be transmitted this way.,,If you become sick, stay home for the period of infection, which is typically seven days, although children may be contagious for longer. Once on the mend, don,’,t return to work or school until at least a day after symptoms have disappeared, Besser said.,,“,Wearing a face mask when out in public isn,’,t warranted in most cases,,”,he said.,“,I know some people feel more comfortable having a mask, and there are certain circumstances where that may be of value, but I would rather people really focus on hand-washing, as well as covering coughs and sneezes.,”,,Other social practices may need to be adjusted, such as the salutary kiss that,’,s customary in some regions.,,“,If you,’,re in an affected area or you have the swine flu, it,’,s probably best not to give a kiss,,”,Besser said.,“,But we,’,re not recommending the end of affection during the period.,”,1. To protect yourself from swine flu, it is a good idea to __________.A) have baths frequently B) cover your coughs and sneezesC) stay home from work or school if you feel tired D) eat an apple every day,,2. The underlined phrase,“,warding off,”,in the second paragraph can be replaced by,“,_______,”,.A) investigating B) increasing C) preventing D) decreasing,,3. What does Richard Besser mean by saying,“,Control of... getting infected.,”,?,,A) It is the government,’,s responsibility to fight against infectious diseases.,,B) It is the patients,’,responsibility to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.,,C) It is everybody,’,s responsibility to control the outbreak of infectious diseases.,,D) It is doctors,’,and experts,’,responsibility to fight against infectious diseases.,,4. According to the passage, what do we know about swine flu?,,A) Swine flu can be transmitted easily among pigs but not among people.,,B) Symptoms of swine flu are different from those of regular seasonal influenza.,,C) People with swine flu often get a stomachache, headache and toothache.,,D) Swine flu is a virus that has acquired the ability to pass from person to person.,,,,,5. What does Richard Besser think of wearing a face mask?A) It can protect people from getting infected.B) It can make people feel comfortable and is affordable.,,C) It isn,’,t as effective as hand-washing and covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze.,,D) It is more effective than hand-washing and covering coughs and sneezes.,,,,,1. B,,2. C,,3. C,,4. D,,5. C,Writing,,Order,,An order is a request for the supply of a specific quantity of goods. It may result from the buyers,’,acceptance or confirmation of a firm offer made by the sellers or result from the sellers,’,acceptance or confirmation of a counter-offer made by the buyers.,,I. Structure,,1. description of the goods, such as specification, size, quantity, quality and article number (if any);,,2. prices (unit prices as well as total prices);,,3. terms of payment;,,4. mode of packing;,,5. time of transportation, port of destination and time of shipment, etc.,II. Forms of an order,,1. Initial order,,This is an order placed according to the seller,’,s quotation, pricelist and samples.,,2. Order sheet,,An order sheet is a ready-made form for placing an order, the contents of which are somewhat like that of an offer, including all the terms and conditions concerning the transaction.,,3. Purchase confirmation,,When an order is sent by cable/telex/fax, it is usually followed by a written purchase confirmation in which all the particulars of the transaction are detailed.,II. Sample of Order:,Dear sirs,,,Thank you very much for your letter of 15th June with model and pricelists. We have chosen COMPAQ 1200+ for which we enclosed order No. 988. The goods are urgently required, so prompt delivery will be most appreciated.,,Order No. 988,,FEI Corporation,,New York, USA,,Dear sirs,,,Please supply:,,Quantity: 1,,000 sets,,Article: COMPAQ 1200+,,Price: $ 870 per set,,Delivery: August,,Packing: Each set to be packed in a plastic box, with a wooden case as an outer package.,,Insurance: WA for 10% over the invoice amount.,,Marks: As usual with our previous orders.,,Terms: Draft at sight under an irrevocable Letter of Credit.,,We have instructed our bank to open a Letter of Credit for the amount of this order. You will soon hear from your bank.,Assignment,,,,有意訂購對方公司某牌號電腦、彩電,,數(shù)量：電腦：,1,,000,臺，彩電：,2,,000,臺,,價(jià)格：,CIF,上海，包括我方,5%,的傭金,,電腦：每臺,800,美元,,彩電：每臺,750,美元,,付款方式：裝船前,30,天開立,90,天期信用證,,包裝：適合于海運(yùn)的出口包裝,,交貨日期：,9,月,Suggested Answer:,,,ABC INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CORPORATION,,Tel: 12345678 Fax: 23456789,,ORDER FORM,,Order No. 987 July 20, 2011,,Messrs. JB SimPSON & CO. LTD,,18 Deansgate Blackpool,,Please supply the following items,,Description: A: SA-135 PC,,B: VT-462 color TV,,Quantity: A: 1 000,,B: 2 000,,Unit Price: CIF, Shanghai inclusive our