江達(dá)云國(guó)立成功大學(xué)航空太空工程學(xué)系
按一下以編輯母片標(biāo)題樣式,,按一下以編輯母片,,第二層,,第三層,,第四層,,第五層,,*,*,江 達(dá) 雲(yún),,,國(guó) 立 成 功 大 學(xué),,航 空 太 空 工 程 學(xué) 系,,飛 機(jī) 結(jié) 構(gòu) 學(xué) 簡(jiǎn) 介,,,Introduction to Aircraft Structures,1,,課 程 大 綱,,1.,飛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)介,,,2.,結(jié)構(gòu)靜力分析,,,3.,材料行為 及 疲勞分析,,,4.,彈性力學(xué) 及 應(yīng)力分析,,,5.,有限元素法簡(jiǎn)介,,6.,半硬殼式結(jié)構(gòu)分析,,,7.,複合材料簡(jiǎn)介,,,,2,,1.,,飛,,機(jī),,結(jié),,構(gòu),,簡(jiǎn),,介,Engineering Structures,: (,purpose & function),,,Bridges, Buildings, Aircrafts, ...,,,,Aircraft,:,machine supported for flight by,dynamic,action of air,,,First,controllable,human flight: Orville Wright, 1903,,distance: 120 ft ; duration: 20 sec,,,,大學(xué)課程目標(biāo),,:,,※ Provide fundamental concepts in analysis and design of,,aircraft,,structures.,,※ Develop analytical tools for prediction and assessment of,,structural behavior.,3,,飛機(jī)組件及功能,,4,,Orville Wright, 1903,,5,,1910,年代之飛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu),,6,,1980,年代之飛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu),,7,,2010 概念機(jī),,,8,,飛機(jī)公司之工程部門(mén)架構(gòu),,Engineering Division,→,Sections,→,Specialized Groups,,,1. Preliminary Design Section,,2. Technical Analysis Section,,Aerodynamics, Structures, Materials, Control, ...,,3. Component Design Section,,Structure (wing, body), System (mechanical/electrical),,4. Laboratory Test Section,,Wind tunnel, Structure, Propulsion, Electronics, ...,,5. Flight Test Section,,6. Field Service Section,9,,結(jié) 構(gòu) 部 門(mén),,工作,,,※,提供結(jié)構(gòu)之應(yīng)力及變形資料,,,※,確保結(jié)構(gòu)整體之經(jīng)濟(jì)安全性,,,分 組,,,1) Applied Loads Calculation Group (aerodynamic, inertia, control forces),,2) Stress Analysis & Strength Group (design verification),,3) Dynamic Analysis Group (modal analysis, shock & vibration, flutter),,4) Special Projects & Research Group (fatigue analysis, new wings),,,(Ref: Bruhn, “Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures,”),10,,,飛,,機(jī),,發(fā),,展,,程,,序,,,市場(chǎng)建立,,,,,需求定義,(,尺寸、性能、成本,),,,,,初步設(shè)計(jì),(,準(zhǔn)則、概念,),,,,,細(xì)部設(shè)計(jì),(,含分析、試驗(yàn),),,,,,製 造,,,,,測(cè)試驗(yàn)證,(,功能及性能,),,,,,營(yíng) 運(yùn),11,,飛 機(jī) 結(jié) 構(gòu) 設(shè) 計(jì),,考,,量,,,1.,成本及重量,,(Cost and Weight),,2.,靜力強(qiáng)度,,(Static Strength),,3.,耐久性,,(Durability),,4.,耐損傷性,,(Damage Tolerance),,5.,耐振顫及振動(dòng)性,,(Flutter and Vibration),,6.,耐腐蝕性,,(Corrosion Resistance),,7.,耐毀損性,,(Crashworthiness),,8.,維修及製造簡(jiǎn)易性,12,,結(jié),,構(gòu),,設(shè),,計(jì),,概,,念,飛具結(jié)構(gòu)的有效性隨著重量增加而銳減。,,,2),結(jié)構(gòu)終將破壞;工程師的職責(zé)在於儘可能延遲破壞的發(fā)生。,,,3),結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為一反覆的迭代程序,;,最佳設(shè)計(jì),。,,,4),理論分析的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在於無(wú)需成品而能預(yù)測(cè)破壞;其缺點(diǎn)則在於理論必含有假設(shè)與近似。,,,13,,連,,體,,力,,學(xué),,分,,類(lèi),,流體力學(xué),,,固體力學(xué):,,,以行為區(qū)分:,材料力學(xué)、彈性力學(xué)、塑性力學(xué)、,,黏彈性力學(xué)、破壞力學(xué),...,,,,以對(duì)象區(qū)分:,結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)、土壤力學(xué)、巖石力學(xué),...,,,,,結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué),:,,,,靜力學(xué)、動(dòng)力學(xué)、板殼分析、結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定學(xué),,複合材料力學(xué)、有限元素法,...,14,,2.,結(jié),構(gòu)靜力分析,,結(jié)構(gòu)分類(lèi),:,,,◎,離散,vs.,連續(xù),◎,線性,vs.,非線性,,,◎,靜定,vs.,超靜定,◎,穩(wěn)定,vs.,不穩(wěn)定,,,,結(jié)構(gòu)元件,:,,,,BAR,:,1-D,桿件,,Rod (,拉力,) , Column (,壓力,), Shaft (,扭矩,),,,Beam (,彎矩,), Beam Column (,壓力,+,彎矩,),,,,PLATE,:,Beam,的二維延伸,,,,Membrane,:,in-plane,axial,load,,Shear Panel,:,in-plane,shear,load,,,,SHELL,:結(jié)合,Membrane,、,Shear Panel,及抗彎曲之效應(yīng),15,,負(fù),,荷,,分,,類(lèi),,表面力,(,分佈、集中,),、 徹體力,(,如慣性力,),,,,動(dòng)態(tài) 、 靜態(tài) 、 熱力,(thermal),,,,內(nèi)負(fù)荷,,(,結(jié)構(gòu)抗力,),,,,軸力、剪力、彎矩、扭矩,(,和外力平衡,),,,,,支承及反力,,,支承:限制自由度之束制,,反力:束制所引制之負(fù)荷,,支承型態(tài):,,Hinge,、,Roller,、,Fixed,、,Fixed-roller,16,,設(shè),,計(jì),,負(fù),,荷,,Limit (Applied) load,:,,結(jié)構(gòu)可能遭遇之最大負(fù)荷,,,Ultimate (Design) load,:,,limit load,乘上安全係數(shù),(F.S.),,,,F.S. =,17,,靜,,定,,與 超,,靜,,定,,靜平衡方程式,,,,,(,i=x,y,z,),,,靜定性,,(Statical Determinnancy),,,若結(jié)構(gòu)之,內(nèi)力,及,反力,均能由平衡方程式求得,,,,穩(wěn)定性,,(Stability),,1),至少,需,3,個(gè)束制反力元素,,,2),無(wú)外部或內(nèi)部之,幾何,不穩(wěn)定,18,,結(jié)構(gòu)材料選擇準(zhǔn)則,,1.,強(qiáng)度與勁度,,2.,溫度與潛變,,3.,疲勞與腐蝕,,4.,重量與成本,19,,3.,材料行為,,及,,疲勞分析,,,材料曲線特性,,,比例極限,、,,降伏點(diǎn),,、,,極限強(qiáng)度,,,,材料試驗(yàn),,,,拉力試驗(yàn): 楊氏模數(shù),E,t,,、降伏點(diǎn) 、抗拉強(qiáng)度,,壓力試驗(yàn): 楊氏模數(shù),E,c,,、降伏點(diǎn) 、抗壓強(qiáng)度,,剪力試驗(yàn): 薄壁圓管受扭矩,剪力模數(shù),,20,,,21,,結(jié),,構(gòu),,破,,壞,,形,,式,,,1),應(yīng)力值超過(guò)強(qiáng)度,(Brittle),,2),變形超過(guò)容許值,(Ductile),,3),挫曲,(,不穩(wěn)定,),破壞,,4),疲勞,(,循環(huán)荷載,),破壞,22,,疲,,勞,,現(xiàn),,象,,(Fatigue),,由於循環(huán)應(yīng)力所引致微裂縫的產(chǎn)生及傳佈,,,,疲勞試驗(yàn),,,定振幅循環(huán)應(yīng)力反覆作用,求得破壞循環(huán)數(shù),,N,,,,材料,S-N,曲線,:,,,,,,b, c,為材料常數(shù),,,,,,Palmgren-Miner,線性損傷累積假說(shuō),:,,,23,,結(jié) 構(gòu) 優(yōu) 化,1),選擇強(qiáng)度,/,勁度與重量比較佳之材料,,考慮 抗腐蝕性、延展性、抗疲勞性,,,2),採(cǎi)用夾層構(gòu)造,(Sandwich Construction),,,面板,+,低密度心材,抗振性及絕緣性佳,,,3),適當(dāng)補(bǔ)強(qiáng)以確保,Damage Tolerance,,及,Fail Safe,,,造成高度靜不定,24,,4.,彈性力學(xué) 及 應(yīng)力分析,應(yīng),,力,,(stress),:正,,(normal),,應(yīng)力、剪,,(shear),,應(yīng)力,,,應(yīng),,變,,(strain),:正應(yīng)變,(,長(zhǎng)度變化,),,剪應(yīng)變,(,角度變化,),,,應(yīng)變,-,位移關(guān)係,,,應(yīng)力,-,應(yīng)變關(guān)係,,,,1) Linearly Elastic,,2) Nonlinearly Elastic,,3) Inelastic,25,,廣義虎克定律,,(,等向性材料,),,,,,,,,諧合方程式,,(Compatibility Equations),,,平衡方程式,26,,應(yīng) 力 分 析,力與應(yīng)力,,,,,,,正應(yīng)力與剪應(yīng)力,,,,27,,剪 力 流,,,,※,剪力流分析較易,不需決定桿件腹寬,,※,飛具結(jié)構(gòu)常採(cǎi)用曲線腹板,如機(jī)翼蒙皮。,,※,一般分析均假設(shè)腹板不承受彎曲應(yīng)力,,,只承受剪力,,,,,剪力中心,(Shear Center),,,開(kāi)放型斷面抗扭矩強(qiáng)度低,外力需通過(guò)剪力中心,28,,5.,有限元素法簡(jiǎn)介,,,結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng),=,元素,(,子結(jié)構(gòu),),之組合,,,,有限元素模型,: 結(jié)點(diǎn),(Nodes),、 自由度,,元素,(Elements),、 邊界條件,,,元素型式,,,1-D,:,Truss (Rod), Beam,,2-D,:,Membrane, Plate, Shell,,3-D,:,Solid (Brick),29,,有限元素分析模型,,30,,勁度,(,變位,),法,,,,,,,,,,元素勁度矩陣,,,,,,1.,假設(shè)位移函數(shù),:,,,,,,2.,應(yīng)變,-,變位關(guān)係,:,,,31,,3.,應(yīng)力,-,應(yīng)變關(guān)係,:,,,,,,4.,應(yīng)力,-,結(jié)點(diǎn)力關(guān)係,:,,32,,有限元素法施行步驟,:,,,,1.,定義結(jié)點(diǎn)、自由度、及元素型式。,,,2.,定義,形狀函數(shù),以結(jié)點(diǎn)位移描述元素變位場(chǎng)。,,,3.,由平衡關(guān)係推導(dǎo)元素勁度矩陣 。,,,4.,組合整體平衡,(,運(yùn)動(dòng),),方程式,並考慮適當(dāng)邊界條,,件以求解結(jié)點(diǎn)變位。,,,5.,計(jì)算元素內(nèi)各點(diǎn)之變位、應(yīng)力等反應(yīng)。,,,,優(yōu)點(diǎn),:,,,,1.,自動(dòng)化計(jì)算能力強(qiáng)大,能處理多工程領(lǐng)域之問(wèn)題。,,,2.,適用於結(jié)構(gòu)含複雜之幾何、材料、邊界條件。,,,3.,能有效處理不同之負(fù)荷情況。,33,,6.,半硬殼式結(jié)構(gòu)分析,,,Semi-monocoque,:,Shell + Stiffeners,,,,◎,高度靜不定、開(kāi)口,(cut-outs),,◎,蒙皮,(Skin Sheet),:承受平面內(nèi)剪力及拉力,,,◎,加勁桿,(Stiffeners),:分佈集中載重、抵抗彎應(yīng)力,,如機(jī)身隔艙,(Bulkheads),、翼肋樑,(Ribs),,◎,開(kāi)口,(cut-outs),:造成應(yīng)力反應(yīng)增加,需加勁補(bǔ)強(qiáng),34,,7.,複合材料簡(jiǎn)介,Composite Materials,,,,,Fiber (,纖維,) + Matrix (,基材,),,,,Steel + Concrete,,Glass + Resin,,Graphite + Metal,,,Kevlar + Ceramics,,,,Sandwich construction,,,thin facing plates + core (honeycomb),,,35,,蜂巢狀結(jié)構(gòu),,,36,,複合材料特性,優(yōu)點(diǎn),,高比強(qiáng)度,/,比勁度,(,質(zhì)量輕,),,耐腐蝕,,耐磨耗,,缺點(diǎn),,脫層問(wèn)題,,疲勞問(wèn)題,,價(jià)格問(wèn)題,,,,,37,,波音飛機(jī) 複合材料組件,,,38,,,全複合材料概念機(jī),,39,,複合材料分析,複合材料屬,正向性,(orthotropic),材料,,,三維彈性應(yīng)力,-,應(yīng)變關(guān)係含有九個(gè)材,,料常數(shù),,,分析較為繁複,。,,,複合材料,多製成層板,,,可以,平面應(yīng),,,力,,(plane stress),簡(jiǎn)化分析。,40,,,Thanks for Your Attention ~,41,,