,*,單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,PRONOUNS,1,PRONOUNS 1,1.classification,2.concord,3.case forms,4.reflexive pronouns,2,1.classification2,Pronoun?,pro-?,a.supporting or approving of something.,b.doing something instead of someone.,Pronouns,are words used instead of nouns,thus have nominal functions.,3,Pronoun?pro-?3,Classification,personal,possessive,reflexive,reciprocal,demonstrative,interrogative,relative,indefinite pronouns.,Personal pronouns:,I/me,we/us,you,he/him,she/her,it,they/them,4,Classification personal,poss,Possessive pronouns,:,my/mine,our/ours,you/yours,his/his,her/hers,its/its,their/theirs,Reflexive pronouns:,Reciprocal pronouns:,each other(s),one another(s),5,Possessive pronouns:5,Demonstrative pronouns,:,this,that,these,those,it,such,same,This,book is yours,and,that,is mine.,Interrogative pronouns,:,who(ever),whom(ever),whose,which,what,Relative pronouns,:,who(ever),whom(ever),whose,which,that,as,6,Demonstrative pronouns:6,Indefinite pronouns:,some,something,somebody,someone;any,anything,anybody,anyone;no,nothing,nobody,no one,none;everything,everybody,everyone,each;much,many,little,a little,few,a few,other,another,all,one,both,neither,either.,I have do,much,work this morning.,He has done,much,for his wife.,7,Indefinite pronouns:7,Concord,ANTECEDENT,a word,phrase or sentence that is represented by pronouns.,One must remember to remain very still when,he,attends a concert.,Professor Smith and I went to the States together.,We,stayed there for three weeks.,I recognized one of the girls,but I didnt speak to,her,.,I recognized one of the girls,who,were caroling the other night.,8,Concord ANTECEDENT8,Concord in,number,NUMBER,:,Antecedent:,everyone,anyone,everybody,anybody,no one,nobody,someone,somebody,Pronoun?,9,Concord in numberNUMBER:9,The cast is giving _(its,their)best performance tonight.,Everyone thinks _(he is,they are)the centre of the universe.,Wells is one of the editors who always _(take,takes)a leading role in _(his,their)community.,Dictatorship is the one of many evils which _(tend,tends)to perpetuate _(itself,themselves).,Either John or James,who are twins,_(have,has)left(his,their)sweater.,10,The cast is giving _(its,t,Concord in,person,When it comes to making a conscious effort to help keep a public place clean,most people just dont make the effort.,I,m a maintenance man for a department store.If,you,did make the effort help keep the public place where,I,work clean,we,probably wouldnt have a job.,see Exercise 8C,11,Concord in person When it co,Concord in,gender,GENDER?,masculine,feminine,neuter,common,It is a set of grammatical forms of,nouns(pronouns),determiners and adjectives,that tell of the distinctions of sex or attribute.,In modern English,only pronouns and nouns have gender distinctions.,12,Concord in gender GENDER?12,Nouns of common gender,man,They were pronounced,man,and wife at the altar.,We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all,men,are created equal,If a,student,needs advice about careers,_should consult the career officers.,13,Nouns of common gender man13,baby,When bathing a baby,always hold_ securely.,My baby has got _ first tooth.,14,babyWhen bathing a baby,alwa,Nouns of neuter gender,Normally:it,its,itself,they,them,their,themselves,?his,he,him,she,her,etc.,Once upon a time there was a wolf in sheeps clothing,hiding _ among a flock of ship.,As soon as the plane had hopped off,_ picked up speed.,China is my motherland._ has experienced huge changes during the past decades.,15,Nouns of neuter gender Normall,Pronoun case forms,subjective case,:,I,we,you,he,she,it,they,who,whoever,objective case,:,possessive case,:,16,Pronoun case forms subjective,Subjective case or objective case?,General rule:,subjective case-subject,objective case-object,plement,plementation,etc.,The woman _(who/whom)we thought to be _(she,her)turned out to be her sister.,The woman _(who/whom)we thought might be _(she.her)turned out to be her sister.,17,Subjective case or objective c,General rule,It is difficult to predict _(who,whom)will win the election.,Whos knocking the door?its _(I/me).,It was _(I/me)who am to blame.,It was_(I/me)that they were talking about.,Stanley had no doubt about _(who,whom)would be elected minister of defense.,Everybody,including _(I,me),failed the test.,She knows me better than _(he?him?).,18,General ruleIt is difficult to,Exceptions to general rule,1.informality,subjective case-subject position,objective case-other positions,2.minor sentence,3.everybody/nobody+but/except+pronouns,19,Exceptions to general rule1.i,Interrogative clause,_(who/whom)did you want to nominate?,I dont know _(who/whom)you want to nominate?,Relative clause,Will you go and see Carlos,_(who/whom)I believe will be glad to help you?,The woman _(who/whom)we thought might be her turned out to be her sister.,Informality,20,Interrogative clauseInformalit,Cleft sentence,It was _(he/him)who did it.,Comparative clause,She is prettier than _(I/m