英語語法易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)歸納 一、定語從句 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who（賓格whom），所有格whose）和關(guān)系副詞 where when why 等，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，關(guān)系代詞that，which, who, whom等在從句中分別作主語或賓語，whose在從句中作定語，而關(guān)系副詞when, where, why等在從句中作狀語。 如： ①I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together. ②I will never forget the days which/that we spent together. 解析：在句①中，表示時(shí)間的名詞the days在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z，所以用關(guān)系副詞when來代指，引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞the days；而在句②中，表示時(shí)間的名詞the days在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖莿?dòng)詞spent的賓語，所以用關(guān)系代詞that或which來代指。 同樣，表示地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞如果在從句中作狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞where 或why來代指；如果在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語，則用which或that來代替。 如： ①This is the factory where/in which I worked.（作狀語） ②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.（作賓語） 注：當(dāng)先行詞為time, reason, place時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。如： ①This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss. ②That is the reason (why) I did it. ③This is the place (where) we met yesterday. 另外，定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)相一致。如： ①M(fèi)r. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0 ②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher. 解析：在句①中，先行詞foreigner被only修飾，強(qiáng)調(diào)只有一個(gè)，所以從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，而在句②中，who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞the students，為復(fù)數(shù)，所以從句謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。 感悟：學(xué)生之所以在這一點(diǎn)上經(jīng)常出錯(cuò)，主要是對(duì)定語從句的理解不夠深刻，分辨不出主句和從句，對(duì)句子成分的把握也不到位，搞不清關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)何種句子成分。所以要做好這一類題，要首先弄清關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法，而且應(yīng)善于分辨和分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)及其相應(yīng)成分，這樣才能對(duì)癥下藥，快速準(zhǔn)確地找到瓿之所在 二 名詞性從句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn) （一）that引導(dǎo)的定語從句與同位語從句 定語從句與前面的的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系，“……的名詞”，而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表示事實(shí)或概念的抽象名詞，如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。That在定語從句中必須作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用。如： ①Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. ②Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago. 解析：在句①中，that引導(dǎo)同位語從句解釋說明promise的內(nèi)容，that不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用，而在句②中，that在其引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作動(dòng)詞visited的賓語，對(duì)先行詞the chicken farm起修飾作用。 感悟：學(xué)生之所以在這一點(diǎn)上容易出錯(cuò)，主要還是因?yàn)閷?duì)定語從句的理解不夠深刻，分辨不出that在從句中是否充當(dāng)了句子成分，因此，還需在句子分析上下功夫，并且搞清何謂同位語從句。 （二）名詞性從句中，關(guān)于it作形式主語和形式賓語的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn) 1) 名詞性從句作主語或賓語時(shí)，為保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主語或形式賓語。如： It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.（形式主語） We think it possible that you can finish the job today.（形式賓語） 2）謂語動(dòng)詞 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make等接由if或when 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)往往在從句前加上形式賓語it. 例如：I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party. 3）動(dòng)詞hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引導(dǎo)的病因從句式，往往在從句前加形式賓語it. 例如：① I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. ② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time. 4）短語動(dòng)詞answer for, count on depend on, insist on, see to等后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí)，必須冠以形式賓語it. 例如：① I’m counting on it that you will come. ② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead. 注：作形式主語和形式賓語時(shí)只能用it. 三、代詞it、one、that的用法與區(qū)別. One泛指，指代前面提到的那類人或物，用于指代可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于a+名詞單數(shù)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式ones前一般要有定語，否則就要用some. That（those復(fù)數(shù)）即可指代不可數(shù)名詞，表特指，相當(dāng)于the+名詞，后面經(jīng)常與介詞修飾語連用。 It指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞，表示同類同物，另外還可表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣、還可指代人稱代詞，表示性別身份不明，可作形式主語，形式賓語，引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式以及一些固定搭配，如：get it, catch it, make it. 例如：① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丟了只表，我想我必須再買一只。（代指上文指到的同類事物，但不指同一個(gè)） ② Where is my pen? Have you seen it? 我的鋼筆不知弄到哪去了，你見了嗎？（代指上文提到的同一事物） ③ The land of China is larger than that of America. ④ Tome has a red pen and a blue one （或two blue ones） ⑤ He has no child, and he wants toadopt one （或 some） 四、虛擬語氣 I 虛擬語氣在if 引導(dǎo)的條件句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。 ① if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. ② if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now. 句子①②都是虛擬語氣在條件句中的使用，從句中都是假設(shè)過去的情況，所以用過去完成時(shí)，但在主句中，句①依然指代過去的情況，謂語動(dòng)詞是would have done，而②中含有一個(gè)表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語now, 這樣就必須將其理解為假設(shè)現(xiàn)在的情況，所以謂語動(dòng)詞必須為would/should/might+動(dòng)詞原形，學(xué)生在這一點(diǎn)上經(jīng)常會(huì)忽略now的存在，從而按句①的形式填寫答案。 Ⅱ虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法 1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)+that 句子或者It is decided (ordered,suggested, demanded, advised……)+that句子中，主語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用（should）+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被決定”等 例如：① it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night. ② it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon. 2. suggest, insist 后面指賓語從句時(shí)需注意的地方 1）①suggest 當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講時(shí)，其后賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形” 例如：He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建議立即動(dòng)工。 類似的動(dòng)詞還有insist堅(jiān)持，demand要求，desire要求、請(qǐng)求，request請(qǐng)求，require要求、需要，order命令，propose建議，command命令，ask要求，advise建議，prefer寧愿等。 這些動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語態(tài)（如：It is suggested + that主語從句）形式后，主語從句謂語動(dòng)詞仍用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形” 這些動(dòng)詞變名詞（如suggestion）后，其后的表語從句和同位語從句中的謂語部分仍用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形” ②suggest 當(dāng)“提出（某看法），暗示，啟發(fā)”講時(shí)，其后賓語從句的動(dòng)詞不用虛擬語氣。 例如：（1）The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member 警察局提出竊賊可能是一名家庭成員。 （2）Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。 （3）Although he didn’t suggest that we __ the decision to swim across the river, but his look suggested that our decision __wrong.雖然他沒提出我們應(yīng)該終止游過這條河的決定，但他的表情表明我們的決定是錯(cuò)誤的。 A：stop; wasB: should stop; beC: stopped ;wasD: stopped; should be 在這個(gè)句子中，前一個(gè)suggest當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講，而后一個(gè)作“表明”講，所以答案為“A” 2）①insist作“堅(jiān)決要求…該…；堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為…定要…”講時(shí)，其后賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形” 例如：I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那里去 ②insist 作“堅(jiān)持（意見，看法）；堅(jiān)持說，確信”講時(shí)，其后從句不用虛擬語氣。 例如：He suggested (that) he heard someone in the next room. 他堅(jiān)持說他聽到隔壁屋子里有人。 五.反意疑問句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn) 1.在一般疑問句中，無論肯定的問或是否定的問，如果回答為肯定則用yes，反之則用no.特別注意如果出現(xiàn)省略則看下文所暗示的意義。 ①—Are you a new comer? —Yes, I came here only yesterday. ②—Isn’t Tom a good student? —Yes, he is excellent. ③—Don’t you think the composition good? —No, It can’t be any worse. 注意：在②③句中，當(dāng)回答的意思與問句相一致時(shí)，則用No，譯為“是的”，當(dāng)回答的意思與問句相反時(shí)，則用Yes，譯為“不” 2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must ① I must leave now, mustn’t I ? ② He must be in the classroom, isn’t ?（表推測(cè)） ③ He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he ? （表現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果） ④ He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon,didn’t he? （表過去） 當(dāng)句子中有表示猜測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其反意疑問句的構(gòu)成不能再用原句中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，而應(yīng)根據(jù)原句在去掉情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的情況下的主謂關(guān)系來確定其反問形式。 六、非謂語動(dòng)詞中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn) 非謂語與其邏輯主語（即動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者）之間有三種關(guān)系，如為主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式的主動(dòng)式；如為被動(dòng)關(guān)系則用過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行）或不定式的被動(dòng)式（動(dòng)作將進(jìn)行）；如既無主動(dòng)也無被動(dòng)關(guān)系則只能用狀語從句或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（即非謂語加上自己的邏輯主語）。 Judging/considering/genrally speaking/supposing 指說話者的動(dòng)作，故只用主動(dòng)式。如： Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam. 解析：從這個(gè)句子可以看出，句詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語he一致，并且是主謂關(guān)系，所以用了現(xiàn)在的分詞作狀語，同時(shí)，分詞的動(dòng)作明顯地發(fā)生在句子的謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，故采用了現(xiàn)代分詞的完成式。 In order to improve English , ________. A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes. B. Jenny’s father bought a lot of tapes for herself. C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny. D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father. 解析：根據(jù)不定式短語我們可以推知，句子的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是人而不是物，所以，應(yīng)該排除CD，再就是應(yīng)該是Jenny提高自己的英語，而不是她爸爸，故答案先B. ———，we decided to go out for a walk. A. It is fine B. It fine C. Being fine D.It being fine 解析：主句主語we與動(dòng)詞短語be fine之間既無主動(dòng)關(guān)系與無被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要加上自己的邏輯主語It，由于不存在主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故不能選C項(xiàng)，而應(yīng)該選D 項(xiàng)。 ————more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B.To give C.Giving D. Having giving 解析：give與主句的主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故選A.如為主動(dòng)關(guān)系則選C. 易出錯(cuò)的問題一般都是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中對(duì)知識(shí)理解不深刻或能力欠缺的地方，應(yīng)及時(shí)糾錯(cuò)和建立“錯(cuò)題檔案”，還應(yīng)“借題發(fā)揮”，有意地把一些易錯(cuò)題予以歸類，找出錯(cuò)誤根源，總結(jié)規(guī)律。