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2019-2020年高考英語題型步步銜接 專題19 科普閱讀 【母題來源】【xx湖北卷高考閱讀理解】 【母題原題】 【xx湖北卷】D The oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples. First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.” On the station, the ordinary bees strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼氣) has a tendency to form an invisible （隱形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache. Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears. Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars. 63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space? A. Deciding on a proper sleep position B. Choosing a fortable sleeping bag C. Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly D. Finding a right time to go to sleep. 64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____. A. the y circle around on their bikes B. they use microputers without a stop C. they exercise in one place for a long time D. they watch a movie while pedaling 65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____. A. their senses stop working B. they have to stand up straight C. they float out of their seats unexpectedly D. whether they are able to go back to the station 66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____. A. how much exercise they do on the station B. how they can remain healthy for long in space C. whether they can recover after returning home D. whether they are able to go back to the station 【參考答案】 A C D B 【命題意圖】本題考查了學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力和基本的科普知識(shí)。 【考試方向】考查科普類閱讀理解。 【得分要點(diǎn)】 科普類說明文歷來是高考閱讀理解命題的重點(diǎn)，文章邏輯性強(qiáng)，條理清楚，主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)語篇的整體把握和領(lǐng)悟能力以及對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)讀和處理能力?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：1.平時(shí)多讀科普知識(shí)類文章，學(xué)習(xí)科普知識(shí)，積累常見的科普詞匯，從根本上提高科普英語的閱讀能力。2.熟悉科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)?？破疹愇恼乱话阌蓸?biāo)題（高考題中一般不給出標(biāo)題）、導(dǎo)語、背景、主體和結(jié)尾五部分構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)語一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一個(gè)事實(shí)的起因。主體則對(duì)導(dǎo)語概括的事實(shí)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)敘述，這部分是命題的重點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)把握。結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并與導(dǎo)語相呼應(yīng)，常在此要設(shè)計(jì)一道推理判斷題。3. 在進(jìn)行推理判斷時(shí)，考生一定要以閱讀材料所提供的科學(xué)事實(shí)為依據(jù)，同時(shí)所得出的結(jié)論還應(yīng)符合基本的科普常識(shí)。 1. Six seconds after its launch in Virginia, US, an unmanned rocket bound for the International Space Station （ISS） exploded, disappointing people both on Earth and in space． Hundreds of millions of dollars worth of cargo was destroyed in the Oct． 28 explosion due to An“equipment failure”, said Orbital Sciences, the pany hired by NASA for the resupply mission． The rocket was carrying a cargo ship loaded with 2,200 kilograms of supplies such as food, tools, parts, and experiments． Roughly a third of the cargo was a series of scientific investigations． Some of them were from high school students in the US． For example, 10 students from the Cristo Rey Jesuit College Preparatory School of Houston were conducting experiments about microgravity and put their samples on the rocket． “I know that failure is a part of science, but I really feel sorry for my students," science teacher Greg Adragna told the Houston, Chronicle ． Astronauts at the ISS felt a more urgent disappointment, however． The cargo included 617kg of food． Now they will have to rely on supplies from a Russian launch on Oct． 29． Launched in 1998 and involving the US, Russia, Canada, Japan, and the member countries of the European Space Agency, the ISS is one of the most ambitious international collaborations in history． Currently, there are six astronauts at the station, five male and one female． Three are from Russia, two are from the US, and one is from Germany． They have lived together for about six months． The station gets regular resupplies from Earth, using unmanned spacecrafts． Food is always a big part of the supplies． Most of the food is frozen and ready to eat, and often tastes bad-somewhat like trying to eat when you have a heavy cold． To make space life better, however, scientists have made breakthroughs． Earlier this year, Russian astronauts managed to grow a variety of crops aboard the station． Next year they are going to try to grow rice and other plants． And, as transporting water to space is expensive, astronauts are looking for ways to recycle water． "Astronauts on board the ISS already drink water distilled from sweat and urine<尿） ," Russian news agency RIA Novosti reported． Is that the reason the astronauts were so disappointed not to get the water from the failed resupply mission, by any chance? 1． What is the author-s main purpose in writing the article? A．To explain what caused the explosion of NASA-s unmanned rocket． B．To inform us of the explosion of NASA-s unmanned rocket and its effects． C．To tell us about astronauts lives at the International Space Station． D．To tell us how the world reacted to the explosion of NASA-s unmanned rocket． 2． The underlined word “cargo” in the second paragraph is closet in meaning to A． goods B． equipment C． food supply D． investigation 3．How did teacher Greg Adragna feel about the explosion of the rocket? A． Angry． B． Anxious． C． Frustrated． D． Unconcerned． 4．We can conclude from the article that the situation seemed for astronauts on board the ISS when the rocket exploded． A． hopeless B． interesting C． depressing D． dangerous 5．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the ISS, according to the article? A． Half of the astronauts at the ISS are from the US． B． The ISS was set up by four countries． C． The water that astronauts at the ISS drink is mainly made by recycling． D． Most of the food astronauts eat at the ISS is frozen and tastes bad． 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 5．D 考點(diǎn)：考查新聞閱讀 2．Not long ago, few little girls imagined they could grow up to be astronauts. In 1983, that changed. Sally Ride made history by being the first American woman to travel into space. Ride died at the age of 61. “Sally was a national hero and a powerful role model,” President Barack Obama said in a statement. Ride became interested in space when she was a kid. “If you asked me when I was 12 whether I wanted to be an astronaut, I’m sure I would have said yes,” she told TFK in a xx interview. “But I didn’t even think about that as a possible career.” After studying physics in college and graduate school, Ride got her chance. She was accepted into NASA’s astronaut training program in 1978, and then chosen to be the first American female in space. In 1983, she blasted into space aboard the Challenger shuttle. “There is no amusement park ride on Earth that even es close. It can’t be more wonderful,” she said. Ride returned to space on the Challenger a second time in 1984. In the two missions, she spent a total of 343 hours in orbit. After that, she remained involved with the space program and also worked to share her passion for space with kids. She wrote five science books about space for children, and started her own science education pany. Ride knew that she held a unique place in history. “I realized how important it was for a woman to break that barrier and open the door for other women to be able to do the same exciting things that men had been doing,” she said. Since Ride’s historic trip, more than 40 other American women have traveled to space. They all had Ride to thank for opening the door to the final frontier. Which of the following is true? A. Sally was the first person to travel to space in America. B. Sally wanted to be an astronaut even when she was a pupil. C. Sally was interested in space, so she chose astronautics as her major. D. Sally graduated from college and first traveled to space in 1983. From the fifth paragraph, we know that Sally . A. was good at doing business B. wanted to be rich by doing business C. became a famous writer at last D. had a lasting interest in space What can we infer from the text? A. Sally inspired many American women to travel to space. B. Sally made great contributions to American economic development. C. Women astronauts used to be looked down upon in American history. D. The government did not allow women to bee astronauts in the past. 【答案】 B D A