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1、 外文翻譯 頻率合成器設計 系 別： 電子與電氣工程系 年級專業(yè)： 2012級電子信息工程（專升本） 姓 名： 學 號： 125031108 題目名稱： 頻率合成器設計 指導老師評語： 指導老師簽名：

2、 年 月 日 外文翻譯 The elevator controller based on Single-chip microcomputer Abstract: the design is based on single-chip microcomputer to control the use of the appliance, the use of digital tube to display the position and direction of the floor, using two LEDs to

3、replace the motor, to achieve the motor positive inversion by single-chip microcomputer to control the LED on and off, to check the position of the elevator through the timer delay. Keywords: Elevator AT89S51 LED motor control floor check 1 Introduction With the rapid development of the continuou

4、s improvement of living standards and the national economy. Each big city buildings in continuously to the high-level development. Therefore lift play a decisive role in our life. The elevator is not only the important equipment for the production process, it is a transportation equipment by the peo

5、ple with frequent. Therefore, the elevator control technology is also in constant improvement and perfection, commonly used control technology mainly has two kinds of Technology: Based on PLC control and based on MCU control technology of two. Use the elevator PLC control, stable and reliable perfor

6、mance, but the cost is too high. The elevator control can greatly reduce the cost and the operation is reliable based on the elevator control, so now most controlled by single chip microcomputer. 2 of the overall design scheme 2 of the overall design scheme 2.1 design ideas The basic idea of t

7、his design is the use of AT89s51 microcontroller as the core, to control the use of its rich interface and peripheral circuit with I/O. Check the position of the timer delay to control the elevator, using 8 bit LED static display to display the elevator location, and use 74ls245 to drive LED display

8、. The determinant keyboard matrix as the external to internal selection circuit, because it is the 6 floor, the choice of 4 * 4 matrix keyboard. When the elevator arrived at the destination when the motor stops, the passengers can enter, after entering the elevator, passengers can choose to which a

9、layer, and then the elevator according to the passengers choose to judge which floor, continue to run. Through the single-chip microcomputer to control the elevator in the rising process only in response to the rising call, drop in the process only response to declining call. The normal operation of

10、 the elevator is realized by single-chip microcomputer control. 2.2 of the overall design diagram Fig. 1 overall plans 3Analysis of design principles 3.1Design keyboard matrix circuit Because the circuits required button more in order to save the MCU I/O port

11、, the choice of determinant keyboard matrix. This circuit is used in 4 * 4 keyboard matrix. The circuit shown in Figure 2, the P1.0-P1.7 is connected to the P1 ports of the single-chip, single-chip scanning method used to row and column to distinguish these 16 buttons which key is pressed, and the l

12、abel read accumulator inside A, and then can be controlled by SCM elevator operation according to each button function. The following will each button function explain: S1: a building to call button, the button press said a building with elevator upstairs to SCM, and the signal into a fixed unit, w

13、ait to judge whether the response to this call the elevator to the floor; S2: two buildings to the call button, the button press said the two floor elevator upstairs to, and the MCU will this signal into a fixed unit, wait to judge whether the response to this call the elevator to the floor; S3 :

14、two buildings down the call button, the button press said the two floor elevator ride down to single chip, and the signal into a fixed unit, wait to judge whether the response to this call the elevator to the floor; S4: on the third floor to the call button, the button press said the third floor ha

15、s take the elevator upstairs to SCM, and the signal into a fixed unit, wait to judge whether the response to this call the elevator to the floor; S5: the third floor down the call button, the button press said the third floor has take the elevator downstairs to SCM, and the signal into a fixed unit

16、, wait to judge whether the response to this call the elevator to the floor; S6: four floor to the call button, the button is pressed four floor elevator upstairs to, and the MCU will this signal into a fixed unit, wait to judge whether the response to this call the elevator to the floor; S7 : fou

17、r buildings down the call button, the button is pressed four floor elevator ride down to single chip, and the signal into a fixed unit, wait to judge whether the response to this call the elevator to the floor; S8: five floor to the call button, the button press said the four floor elevator upstair

18、s to, and the MCU will this signal into a fixed unit, wait to judge whether the response to this call the elevator to the floor; S9: five floor down the call button, the button is pressed five floor elevator ride down to single chip, and the signal into a fixed unit, wait to judge whether the respo

19、nse to this call the elevator to the floor; S10: six floor to the call button, the button is pressed the elevator downstairs said people should, and SCM will this signal into a fixed unit, wait to judge whether the response to this call the elevator to the floor; S11: Elevator internal selection t

20、o a floor button, the button is pressed said elevator passengers going to the first floor, SCM according to the signal to control the operation of the lift; S12: Elevator internal selection to the two floor button, the button is pressed said elevator passengers going to the two floor, SCM according

21、 to the signal control elevator; S13: the elevator to the third floor internal selection button, the button is pressed said elevator passengers to go to the third floor, SCM according to the signal control elevator; S14: Elevator internal selection to the four floor button, the button is pressed s

22、aid elevator passengers going to the four floor, SCM according to the signal control elevator; S15: Elevator internal selection to the five floor button, the button is pressed said elevator passengers going to the five floor, SCM according to the signal control elevator; S16: Elevator internal sel

23、ection to the six floor button, the button is pressed said elevator passengers going to the six floor, SCM according to the signal control elevator; The keyboard circuit as shown in figure 2: Fig. 2 overall plans 3.2 the smallest single-chip system design If

24、the circuit group reset circuit and clock circuit two parts, wherein the reset circuit using a combination key manual reset and automatic power-on reset, the circuit in Figure 3 ( left) shows: 9 feet for the MCU reset. The clock circuit as shown in Figure 3 ( right) shows: crystal oscillator is used

25、 in 12MHZ, XATL2 and XATL1 were 18 and 19 feet of scm. Fig. 3 overall plans 3.3 display circuit design This circuit uses a 8 digital tube display, from 74ls245 to drive 8 digital tube display elevator to arrive the number of floors and the operational status of the elevator, wherein the digi

26、tal tube of 6 feet ( DP ) bright said elevator at this point in the uplink, if not bright said elevator in the downlink. P2.0-P2.7 microcontroller P2 port as the output port and the output active-low. The circuit shown in figure 4: Fig. 4 overall plans 3.4 motor positive inversion of contro

27、l In this design in order to facilitate the motor positive and negative use two light tube to represent, as shown in Figure 5 : the use of SCM P0 port output port to drive the luminous tube, as is the P0 to add resistance, in which L1 light indicates the motor forward, L2 lights, L3 light indicates

28、 that the motor reverse motor stop, while the elevator door. L3 out that the elevator door, elevator running L1 and L2 must have a bright, to express elevator uplink and downlink Fig. 5 overall plans 3.5 system software design Because the design of the keyboard matrix to replace the outgoing se

29、lect button, which is the direction of the elevator call button and choose according to these keys to decide, so the chip to scan the keyboard constantly to get the call state. In order to control the operation of the lift. The keyboard matrix scanning is an important part of the software design of

30、the system, in addition to the storage key information of each layer to keyboard scan, and then compare and elevator operation, to determine whether the response of each layer of the call ( elevator only in response to the same direction, finally call ) is floor display part, this design is through

31、a delay circuit to display the location of the elevator. The software design includes the following sections: The initialization procedure so that the digital display " 1 " indicates that the elevator in a building, and the L3 light that elevator door etc. Others entered the elevator; The main pr

32、ogram mainly includes: The judge passengers into the elevator selection which floor, to control the elevator operation according to the judgement of the situation; The elevator to scan the keyboard constantly in the process of operation, thus to judge each floor has no call request,; The call req

33、uest elevator response only in the running process of the same direction; Real-time display of elevator location and running state ( uplink / downlink ); The door has a delay to ensure passengers out of / into the elevator; Software flow diagram is shown in figure 6:

34、 Fig.6 overall plans 4 Summary and the experience Through the comprehensive training based on MCU, let I learned the previous knowledge with comprehensive application. This for me, is not only a practice, more is to test the knowledge of their previous. I found t

35、hat I need to know, and learn a lot of knowledge. Let my own shortcomings were found from this practice, application software on a variety of learning at the same time, let me have a deeper understanding of knowledge. Found, only theoretical knowledge is not enough, there is a considerable gap betwe

36、en theory and application. Also let us experience what have grandiose aims but puny abilities, empty talk. Through this internship, I learned a lot of ②not learn things. This practice means to us is very important, let us from the new understanding to their position. In the practice, also carry forw

37、ard our team spirit, and ability to cooperate. Under the teachers enthusiastic guidance, believe that we have entered a new stage. Reference [1] Shi Lei Cheung Kwok Keung Altium Designer 8 Chinese circuit design, Tsinghua University press, 2009 [2] Li Zhaoqing. Single-chip microcomputer principle

38、 and Interface Technology ( Third Edition ). Beihang University press, 2005 [3] Zhang Daming. Single chip microcomputer control technology and its application [ M ] . Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2006 基于單片機控制的電梯控制器 摘 要：本設計基于單片機來控制電器中各部分的使用，采

39、用數(shù)碼管來實時顯示樓層的位置及方向，利用兩個發(fā)光二極管來代替電機，通過單片機控制發(fā)光管的亮和滅來實現(xiàn)電機的正反轉(zhuǎn)，通過定時器延時來校驗電梯的位置。 關鍵詞：電梯 AT89S51 LED顯示 電機正反轉(zhuǎn)控制 樓層校驗 1 引言 隨著人們生活水平的不斷提高和國名經(jīng)濟的迅速發(fā)展。各大城市建筑物在不斷向高層化發(fā)展。因此電梯在我們的生活中起著舉足輕重的作用。電梯已不僅是一種生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)中的重要設備,更是一種人們頻繁乘用的交通運輸設備。因此電梯控制技術也在不斷的進步和完善，常用的控制技術主要的有兩種技術：基于PLC控制和基于單片機控制兩大技術。用PLC控制的電梯性能可靠、穩(wěn)定，但是造價太高

40、。基于單片機控制的電梯可以大大的降低成本而且運行也較可靠，所以現(xiàn)在電梯控制中大多數(shù)采用單片機控制。 2 總體設計方案 2.1 設計思路 本次設計的基本思想是采用AT89s51單片機作為核心，利用其豐富的I/O接口與外圍電路配合進行控制。采用定時器延時來控制電梯的位置校驗，采用8位LED靜態(tài)顯示來實時顯示電梯所在樓層，并用74ls245來驅(qū)動LED顯示。采用行列式鍵盤矩陣作為外呼內(nèi)選電路，由于是6層樓，故選用44矩陣鍵盤。當電梯到達目的樓層時電機停止，此時即可進、出乘客，乘客進入電梯之后可選擇去哪一層，然后電梯根據(jù)乘客的選擇判斷去哪一層，繼續(xù)運行。通過單片機控制電梯在上升過程中只響應上升呼

41、叫，下降過程中只響應下降呼叫。電梯的正常運行通過單片機的控制來實現(xiàn)。 2.2 總體設計框圖 如圖1所示 A T 8 9 s 5 1 鍵盤電路 樓層顯示電路 復位電路 電機狀態(tài)顯示 延時電路 時鐘電路 圖 1 總體方案圖 3 設計原理分析 3.1鍵盤矩陣電路的設計 由于本電路所需按鍵較多為了節(jié)省單片機的I/O口，故選用行列式鍵盤矩陣。本電路采用的是44鍵盤矩陣。電路如圖2 所示，P1.0-P1.7是接單片機的P1 端口，單片機采用行和列掃描法來判別這16個按鍵中哪個

42、鍵按下，并將其標號讀入累加器A 里面，然后可根據(jù)每個按鍵的功能來通過單片機控制電梯的運行。下面將每個按鍵的功能說明一下： S1: 一樓向上呼叫按鍵，此鍵按下表示一樓有人要乘坐電梯上樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S2: 二樓向上呼叫按鍵，此鍵按下表示二樓有人要乘坐電梯上樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S3：二樓向下呼叫按鍵，此鍵按下表示二樓有人要乘坐電梯下樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S4: 三樓向上呼叫按鍵，此鍵按下表示三樓有人要乘坐

43、電梯上樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S5：三樓向下呼叫按鍵，此鍵按下表示三樓有人要乘坐電梯下樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S6：四樓向上呼叫按鍵，此按鍵按下表示四樓有人要乘坐電梯上樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S7：四樓向下呼叫按鍵，此按鍵按下表示四樓有人要乘坐電梯下樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S8：五樓向上呼叫按鍵，此鍵按下表示四樓有人要乘坐電梯上樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定

44、單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S9: 五樓向下呼叫按鍵，此按鍵按下表示五樓有人要乘坐電梯下樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S10：六樓向上呼叫按鍵，此按鍵按下表示有人要乘坐電梯下樓，并且單片機將此信號存入固定單元，等到電梯運行到此樓層時判斷是否該響應此呼叫； S11：電梯內(nèi)部選擇去一樓按鍵，此按鍵按下表示電梯里的乘客要去一樓，單片機根據(jù)此信號控制電梯的運行； S12：電梯內(nèi)部選擇去二樓按鍵，此按鍵按下表示電梯里的乘客要去二樓，單片機根據(jù)此信號控制電梯運行； S13：電梯內(nèi)部選擇去三樓按鍵，此按鍵按下表示電梯里的乘

45、客要去三樓，單片機根據(jù)此信號控制電梯運行； S14：電梯內(nèi)部選擇去四樓按鍵，此按鍵按下表示電梯里的乘客要去四樓，單片機根據(jù)此信號控制電梯運行； S15：電梯內(nèi)部選擇去五樓按鍵，此按鍵按下表示電梯里的乘客要去五樓，單片機根據(jù)此信號控制電梯運行； S16：電梯內(nèi)部選擇去六樓按鍵，此按鍵按下表示電梯里的乘客要去六樓，單片機根據(jù)此信號控制電梯運行； 鍵盤電路如圖2 所示： 圖 2 3.2單片機最小系統(tǒng)設計 此電路組要是復位電路和時鐘電路兩部分，其中復位電路采用按鍵手動復位和上電自動復位組合，電路如圖3（左）所示：其中9 腳為單片機的復位端。

46、時鐘電路如圖3（右）所示：晶振采用的是12MHZ的，XATL2和XATL1分別為單片機的18和19腳。 圖 3 3.3顯示電路設計 本電路采用一個8為數(shù)碼管顯示，由74ls245來驅(qū)動8位數(shù)碼管顯示電梯所到達的樓層數(shù)和電梯的運行狀況，其中數(shù)碼管中的6腳（dp）亮時表示電梯此時在上行，若不亮表示電梯是在下行。P2.0-P2.7為單片機的P2口作為輸出口用且輸出低電平有效。電路如圖4 所示： a b f c g d e DPY 4 5 7 9 10 2 1 a b c d e f g 6 dp dp 3 8

47、 U1 2 18 3 17 4 16 5 15 6 14 7 13 8 12 9 11 19 1 U2 74LS245 5v P2.0 P2.1 P2.2 P2.3 P2.4 P2.5 P2.6 P2.7 圖 4 在本次設計中為了方便電機正反轉(zhuǎn)用兩個放光管來表示，如圖5所示：用單片機的P0口做輸出口來驅(qū)動發(fā)光管，由于是P0口要加上拉電阻，其中L1亮表示電機正轉(zhuǎn)、L2亮表示電機反轉(zhuǎn)、L3亮表示電機停轉(zhuǎn)，同時電梯開門。L3滅表示電梯關門，電梯運行時L1和L2必須有一個亮，來表示電梯的上行和下行。

48、 圖 5 3.5系統(tǒng)軟件設計 本設計由于采用鍵盤矩陣來代替外呼內(nèi)選按鈕，而電梯的運行方向是根據(jù)這些呼叫按鍵和選擇按鍵來決定的，所以單片機要不斷的掃描鍵盤來獲取各層呼叫狀態(tài)。從而來控制電梯的運行。故鍵盤矩陣掃描是本系統(tǒng)軟件設計的重要一部分，另外要把鍵盤掃描到的各層的按鍵信息存儲起來，然后和電梯的運行狀態(tài)比較，判斷是否響應各層呼叫（電梯只響應同方向呼叫），最后就是樓層顯示部分了，此次設計是通過延時電路來實時顯示電梯所在的位置的。整個軟件設計包括一下幾部分： ⑴初始化程序使數(shù)碼管顯示“1”表示電梯處在一樓，并且使L3燈亮表示電梯開門等 待人進入電

49、梯； ⑵主程序主要包括： ①判斷乘客進入電梯后選擇去哪一層，根據(jù)判斷情況來控制電梯運行； ②電梯在運行過程中要不斷的掃描鍵盤，從而來判斷各樓層有無呼叫請求，； ③電梯在運行過程中只響應同方向的呼叫請求； ④實時顯示電梯所在位置及運行狀態(tài)（上行/下行）； ⑤開關門有一定的延時來保證乘客走出/進入電梯； 軟件流程圖如圖6 所示： 圖 6 4 總結(jié)與體會 通過這次基于單片機的綜合實習，讓我對以前所學的知識有了綜合的應用。這次對我來說，不僅僅是一次實習，更是對自己以前所學知識的檢驗。我發(fā)現(xiàn)我需要了解，

50、和學習的知識很多。也讓我從這次實習當中發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的不足，同時對各種學習軟件的應用，讓我對所學知識有了更深層次的了解。發(fā)現(xiàn)了，僅僅有理論知識是不夠的，理論與應用之間存在著相當大的差距。也讓我們體會到了什么叫眼高手低，紙上談兵。通過這次實習，也讓我學到了很多課本當中學不到的東西。這次實習對我們的意義是非常的重大，讓我們從新認識到自己所處的位置。在實習當中，也發(fā)揚了我們的團隊精神，與合作能力。在老師的熱情輔導之下，相信我們又上了一個新的臺階。 參考文獻 [1]　石磊 張國強. Altium Designer 8.0 中文電路設計清華大學出版社,2009 [2]　李朝清.單片機原理及接口技術（第三版）.北京航空航天大學出版社，2005 [3]　張大明.單片機微機控制應用技術【M】.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2006 14