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1、 屆 別 2012 屆 學(xué) 號 7 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） 題目：《德伯家的苔絲》中女主人公的性格分析 Analysis to the Heroine’s Characters in Tess of the D’Urbervilles 姓 名 系 別 、專 業(yè) 外語系、英語專業(yè)

2、 導(dǎo)師姓名、職稱 完 成 時 間 2011年 12月   Analysis to the Heroine’s Characters in Tess of the D’Urbervilles A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Bachelor’s Degree in English Language and Literature By LiNing Unde

3、rgraduate Program Department of Foreign Languages Xiangnan University Supervisor: Wang Yueke Academic Title: Lecturer Signature______ Approved December2010 13

4、 CONTENTS Abstract in Chinese……………………………………………………………………………ⅰ Abstract in English……………………………………………………………………………ⅱ 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………. …………………….1 2. The Analysis and the Main Heroes in Tess of D’Urbervilles……….... ……………….……3 2.1The Analysis of Tess………………

5、……………………………………………. ……3 2.2 The Main Heroes in the Novel………………………………………………………..4 3 The Characters of Tess……………………………………………............................................5 3.1 The Character of Purity of Tess………………………………………………………..5 3.11 Purity of Tess in the Tradition Moral Concept

6、…………………………………….5 3.12 The Hypocritiacl Religion…………………………………………………………6 3.2 The Spirit of Revolt of Tess……………………………………………………………..7 4 On the Lack of Consciousness of Tess to Angel…………………...…………………………9 4.1 The Weakness of Tess to Angel…………………………………….………………....9

7、 4.2 The Lack of Consciousness of Tess…………………………………………………..10 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….11 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………......................12 ABSTRACT

8、 Tess of DUrbervilles was one of the most excellent long novels of Thomas Hardy, the writer, mainly focus on Tess who has lost her chastity with rich and deep spiritual inner world activities in realistic method. The heroin, Tess, is filled with a great many characters, who is an attra

9、ctive, pure, innocent and smart countryside girl. She was unwilling to give in even though in the most difficult situation and had a great sense to revolt the unfortunate marriage. However, she sacrificed herself against the feudal society for unreasonable and traditional morality conservative which

10、 made her the art image of immortality in the world literature. In this paper, the writer mainly illustrate the pure disposition of Tess and celebrated her great rebellion against the unjust treatment after she lost her chastity. Above all the good characters of Tess, she still had weakness. Because

11、 of this, she failed to pursue the happiness and lost the right of female in the mans dominated society, also for her lacking of consciousness to Angels love. Key words: Character; Purity; Revolt; Weakness; Consciousness. 摘要 德伯家的苔絲是托馬斯.哈代最著名的長篇小說之一。作者主要描寫苔絲以現(xiàn)實主義刻畫了失身的苔絲具有豐富的，深邃的精神世界以及內(nèi)心活動。苔絲是一個迷

12、人，純潔，天真，富有智慧并且集眾多優(yōu)點于一身的鄉(xiāng)村少女。盡管陷入了極端的困境也絕不屈服,對于不幸的婚姻苔絲具有強(qiáng)烈的反抗意識。然而，她為了對不合理的封建社會的反抗和傳統(tǒng)道德的保守性犧牲了自己使其成為世界文學(xué)不朽的藝術(shù)形象。這篇文章作者主要闡述苔絲純潔的性格并歌頌她對失去貞操后不公平待遇的反抗。根據(jù)綜上所述的所有優(yōu)秀性格，她仍有軟弱之處，為此，她追求幸福失敗，失去在男性主導(dǎo)社會地位中女性的地位，也由于她對安吉爾缺乏自我意識的愛。 關(guān)鍵詞：性格;純潔;反抗;軟弱;自我意識 1.Introduction Literature is not only an art but also a

13、mirror of real life. When studying a literature work, scholars actually study history .Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have began to study the history of a country’s economic, political, culture and environment forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of lit

14、erary works , we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger ,sorrow .The feature of literature isvarious, one of which is tragedy. In the tragedy , it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage ,made themselves in dishonor ,experience hardness. With a bad

15、 ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life. “Tess of the D’urbervilles “is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society system and morals. So studying this novel can help us to know

16、about the system and concept of that time. There are many different approaches from various ways to analysis the novel.. This essay mainly study the Tess in the light of ecofeminism, which concerns both feminism and ecology principle. First of all , it will review other people’s understanding of th

17、e novel Tess of the D’urbervilles.Then it will demonstrates the origination and development as well as the trend it goes. The chapter three will get to the point ,that is apply the theory ecofeminism to the detail .All the analyses of Tess of the D’urbervilles are hoped to enable us to see the relat

18、ionship between women and nature as well as man. Ecofeminism has been admitted to an important theory of literature, though the term ecofeminism has only been in use for a relatively short time. Therefore, analysising Tess of the D’urbervilles. with ecofeminism approach is comparatively young.

19、Thomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages，which was an age of great change and many difficulties. Victorian novels were full of sensibilities and were tended to be idealized portraits of difficult lives in which hard work, perseverance, love and luck win out in the end; virtu

20、e would be rewarded and sinners are suitably punished. They tended to be of an improving nature with a central moral lesson at heart. While this formula was the basis for much of earlier Victorian fiction, the situation became more complex as the century progressed. It was also an age of realism rat

21、her than of romanticism. Realism tries to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are .Victorian literature ,in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters

22、, and long article. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age with a high place in Western literature which came from the turbulence of life and deterministic of human being .His tragedies in the history of Western literature were not an accident for the tragedy consciousness. The tragedy consciou

23、sness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society .And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say ,the heroes or heroines would lead to the

24、tragic road of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not .Tragedy mostly was their final arrangement. Thomas Hardy’s novels are deeply influenced by Greek tragedies and Shakspearean tragedies .And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy consciousness. S

25、chopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy and life was filled with desire .Schopenhauer divided tragedy into three types :the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and dist

26、rust between persons in everyday life. He believed that the last tragedy was most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works .Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s.In the late 1890s,he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from lais

27、ser –faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this period could not be changed .But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it ,which reflected the tremendous changes of society because of the invasion of industrial capital to the village .He had exposed the mask

28、of British society which can reflect in the novel Tess of the D’ubervilles. Tess of the D’ubervilles came into a conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other novels, rural life is a prominent issue in the story .And the

29、issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells that a village girl called Tess who was very beautiful ,pure, plain ,honest ,but went through a miserable life .She was born in a poor family with much concern to her family .Her father who drank too much and

30、came to understand that the Durbeyfield family could very well be the descendents of a royal family. So her parents sent her to the D’urberville mansion to work and marry a wealthy man .It’s there that she was raped by the Alec, the son of the D’urbervilles and pregnant. She fell in love with Angel

31、Clare before long .Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped .Despite this ,finally ,this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing .However, when Tess to

32、ld him the truth that she was raped by Alec .Angle could not forget her for having another man’s child .Therefore ,Angel abandoned Tess. Alec returned into her life as a “preacher”. At first ,Tess didn’t accept him for the past evils .After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the

33、 family welfare on her shoulders, soon were evicted from their cottage. She deeply believed that Angel would never come back as Alec said. Tess knew her family would live better by accepting Alec’s wealth and property But to her surprised ,Angel returned from brazil, repenting his harshness, but onl

34、y to find that Tess living with Alec. Tess killed Alec in desperation. At last she was arrested and hanged. As for Tess of the D’urbervilles, different approaches are available after it published. Gose,Jr,ElliottB, in 1963 for the first time adopt a Darwinism to analysis Tess of the D’urberville

35、in his book Psychic Evolution : Darwinism and Initiation in Tess of the D’urbervilles, He holds that the blood imagery in Tess is mainly due to the ritual initiation. Gose also argues that Tess struggles for psychic evolution , but is forced to revert into retrogressive primitive behavior. According

36、 to anthropology, primitive ritual to some extent is that man attempts to control nature. In1966, critic Kettle argues that macrocosmic social and economic forces are the determiners of plot in this novel. Changes brought about by modernization ---the decline of “haling” with the rise of new meth

37、ods of goods distribution and the movement of the population from rural to urban areas ---bring hardship upon the Durbeyfields and lead Tess to Alec D’urberville. As one of early reviewers of Tess of the D’urbervilles ,Johnson ,Lionel ,British writer and critic ,he complains that Hardy does not mak

38、e clear who is to blame (nature, god, or society).Johnson objects to Hardy’s tendencies to deny the power of conscience in man ,to underemphasize the weight of human history and civilization and to place man upon the level of other animals’. In his opinion, Tess is equal to an animal with a “darklin

39、g conscience”, whose unhappiness is the result of a “vague sense of social misdemeanor, rather from rationality. In 1999,Ellen Rooney studied Tess of the D’urbervilles with a feminist perspective which addresses a few key conflicts in the story. Essentially, Rooney holds that Hardy described Tess a

40、s a speaking subject to risk the possibility that she may appear as the subject of desire. According to Rooney, a figure with no potential as a desiring subject can only reinforce the notion of “Tess the seductress” Yet, in various versions, Tess is presented as a seductress .Hardy presented reader

41、s mixed messages, show we see her as a willing seductress, or as a victim who must suffer because of her body’s effects on others? Rooney argues that Hardy never comes to a conclusion on this matter, but enables Tess to give over her body , utterly silenced and purified, not by Hardy’s failure to se

42、e that she might speak ,but by his unflicting description of the inexorable forces that produce her as the seductive object of the discourses of man[1] 2 The Analysis and the Main Heroes in Tess of DUrbervilles 2.1 On the Analysis of the Novel This novel is one of the best and most popular work

43、s by Hardy. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction on the English peasantry towards the end of the century. Tess grows up in a traditional family with strong sense of womanly virtues. It is shameful fo

44、r her to recognize the so-called distant relative D’Urbervilles. And she hates the connections with the relative. Under the pressure of her family, Tess reaches his family on one weekend evening, the son of D’Urbervilles, Alec, stained the helpless young girl. Her destiny changes from then on. She h

45、as one illegitimate child, and has done baptism for the child, but still losses him. Then she works as a milkmaid, and then she falls in love with Angel Clare, Tess confesses all her past to Angel. On the wedding night, he leaves away. Tess does not have way to go until return to Alec’s side. Becaus

46、e the death of her father, she is the only one to support her family. One day, Angel comes back; Tess kills Alec for her limit of reaching to him. She falls in great desperation. Tess could not escape the criminal punishment; she is caught after a few days. She is hanged in the end. What Hardy entr

47、usts to Tess is that she is insulted, but has women image of having spirit of revolt. She is not a person who set off in the novel, but rules the woman protagonist completely of the whole novel. Of course, naturalistic tendency is also strong in the novel. In a way, Tess seems to be led to her final

48、 destruction step by step by Fate. Coincidence adds one "wrong" to another until she is caught up in a dead-end. As Hardy says at the end of the novel:"Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals had ended his sport with Tess." 2.2The Main Heroes in the Novel Tess is intelligent, striki

49、ngly attractive and distinguished by her deep moral sensitivity and passionate intensity. After her father got the news from the vicar that her family was the descendant of DUrbervilles. The poverty of the family forces her to claim kinship with the sham but rich DUrbervilles. At first, Tess thought

50、 that it was shameful to the rich family. Tess was born in a not rich off family, nine members in her family. She was the elder sister, so she had to support the family to her best. However, the only labor in her family, the horse, was dead on the way market. She must be responsible for the accident

51、. So, she couldnt agree more with her parents advice, and her little brother said that her sister would marry a rich man, or a gentle man. In the current situation, Tess hesitated to make decision, at last, she must give in the harsh reality, her poverty. Unfortunately, Tess had no knowledge about t

52、he society and had no common sense about the sexual matters. It was too late to realize that she had loss her chastity. The Durbeyfields are the surviving members of the noble and ancient family of the DUrbervilles. There is aristocracy in Tesss blood, visible in her graceful beauty-yet she is forc

53、ed to work as a farmhand and milkmaid. When she tries to express her joy by singing lower-class folk ballads at the beginning of the third part of the novel, they do not satisfy her—she seems not quite comfortable with those popular songs. But, on the other hand, her diction, while more polished tha

54、n her mother’s, is not quite up to the level of Alec’s or Angel’s. She is in between, both socially and culturally. Thus, Tess is a symbol of unclear and unstable notions of class in nineteenth-century Britain, where old family lines retained their earlier glamour, but where cold economic realities

55、made sheer wealth more important than inner nobility. Beyond her social symbolism, Tess represents fallen humanity in a religious sense and biblical allusions in the novel remind us. Just as Tess’s clan was once glorious and powerful. Alec, the young master of the DUrbervilles, a dandy, seduced Tes

56、s and impregnated her. Tess hated Alec very much; she took him as an evil, and the source of her unfortunate. Alec tried to let Tess stay with him and to be his lover. But Tess has a sense of indignity. She was too pure to accept this thing, instead of returning home and later gave birth to a baby,

57、who died soon. Although Alec conquered Tess and possessed her by the mean way, he loved Tess from the beginning to the end. There was a great distance between Alec and Tess. Tess looked down upon the aristocracy, and the dominated social status. She would never accepted Alec, so he was killed by her

58、 in the end. Angel, peoples opinion forced Tess to leave home to work on a dairy farm. There she met Angel, son of a clergyman. They had the common topic about nature; they also talked about the creatures all the night. Once Angel described Tess as the daughter of the nature. Tess was also merging

59、into Angels spirit world.  3. On the Characters of Tess 3.1 The Character of Purity of Tess 3.11 Purity of Tess against the Tradition Moral Concept Tesss most prominent character was proved by her attitude towards to love. Her sincerity, dedication, firmness, through twists and tur

60、ns, always reflected the poor woman noble family virtue. But Tess lived in a small village where peoples concepts and traditional. They could not accept someone to violate the concept.If some violate, they will disdain her. Angel,husband of Tess,was one of the representatives of traditional moral co

61、ncepts, being even the main reason that causes Tesss tragedy. He was the main hero in this novel, he did not suffer religious shackle, with no concept of rank, who studied hard, elegant and courteous. Tess deeply fell in love with him, and hatred rough, cunning, idle playboys Alec. Tess loved mans p

62、ersonality not luxury of life, because firm love overweight money. Tess passionately loved Angel and looked on him as God. She was afraid that her dirt past would disgrace his belief deeply. However, for many times, she refused to marry Angel, getting into an extremely painful situation. Sincere lo

63、ve finally made her promise Angel to be his wife. But wisdom played a trick with her that she hardly forgot her past, and the two kinds of emotional conflicts, she put off their wedding date in order to confess her fault, before their wedding, Angel did not give the chance to Tess. She forced to be

64、a pure woman as a girl as before. She cannot help sinking into bitter; she could not be loyalty to her husband. She encouraged herself to tell the truth for a few times, but swallowed back the words. After her failure, she had another try to write a letter to him. Next day, Angel performed normally,

65、 she was not sure that he has already received the letter. So she asked help for her mother. Her mother advised Tess not to reveal the secret before their wedding. If she did so, we would not celebrate this pure woman. But Tess was an honest girl, always feel guilt not to tell her past to Alec. In

66、 Angels eyes, Tess is "what a fresh and pure daughter of nature that dairymaid is!" Therefore, she did not listen to her mother, in her wedding night and tell the unfortunate events and hoped to be forgiven by her lover innocently and frankly, Tess brought herself the huge unfortunate. But the selfish Angel left Tess for Brazil. For her unfair treatment, she performed as happy as before she just maintains the dignity and reputation of Angel. He commanded Tess not to write to him