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1、 Numerical control technology and equiping development trend Equip the engineering level , level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most ad

2、vanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation , spaceflight,etc. national defense industry industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said " the differences of different economic times, do not l

3、ie in what is produced , and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equiping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips

4、the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends . In addition every

5、industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop ones own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and res

6、trictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade , precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equiping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate

7、 economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromech

8、anics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers

9、 a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing , processing , transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor ; (6)Software engineering ,etc.. Development trend of a numerical control technolo

10、gy Numerical control technology in the world at present and equiping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus . 1.A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equipped The efficiency , quality are subjavanufacturing

11、technology. High-speed , high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 gre

12、at modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and

13、 many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cu

14、t the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles , walls . Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , scre

15、w and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equiping the demand which has proposed high-speed , high precise and high flexibility. 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe

16、in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can

17、equal 2 3 axle gear beds , is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such rea

18、sons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restri

19、cted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of

20、 the numerical control system shrinks . So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5 ). 1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently , openly , n

21、etworkedlily The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adapt

22、ation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly mak

23、es etc. automatically automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenien

24、t to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.. 2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 st

25、ages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During " Sixth Five-Year Plan Period " ,

26、" the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of ref

27、orm and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The thi

28、rd stage is and during the " Ninth Five-Year Plan Period " on the later stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period " of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage , made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic num

29、erical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for " the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular ). Make a general survey of the developm

30、ent course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements. a.Have establish the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numer

31、ical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer , basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and servoly basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the fo

32、undation developed , some technology has already, industrialization commercialized. b.Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize , set up the systematic factories of numerical cont

33、rol with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China , numerical control of the spaceflight etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host

34、 computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China,etc.. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically. c.Have set up a numerical control research, development , managerial talents

35、basic team . Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity

36、in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with ) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in

37、development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world , estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and indus

38、trialization level. 1.On the engineering level, in probably backward 10- 1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology. 2.On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is

39、 little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; Ones own brand effect t

40、hat the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence. 3.On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology , project ability are relatively weak to the competition; It is not strong that the technolog

41、ical application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research , formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind. It is analysed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect. 1.Realize the respect. Know to industrys process arduousne

42、ss , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling , system ,etc. to the unstandard , foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to analyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical

43、 control of our country. 2.System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue , consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one , industry chain in terms of technology; Have not set up related system ,

44、perfect training , service network of intact high quality ,etc. and supported the system. 3.Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technological route from innovating again , products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation

45、 of planning , has often planned the ideal , implement the difficulty. 4.Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent, the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, it is not enough for new sta

46、ndard of the numerical control system to study. 數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢 裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個國民經(jīng)濟的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟時代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動資料生產(chǎn)”。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進制造技術(shù)和裝備最核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各

47、國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對動態(tài)多變市場的適應(yīng)能力和競爭能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對我國實行封鎖和限制政策?？傊罅Πl(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達國家加速經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。 數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對機械運動和工作過程進行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：(1)機械制造技術(shù)；(2)信息處

48、理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)；(3)自動控制技術(shù)；(4)伺服驅(qū)動技術(shù)；(5)傳感器技術(shù)；(6)軟件技術(shù)等。 1 數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢 從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看，其主要研究熱點有以下幾個方面［1～4］。 1．1 高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢 效率、質(zhì)量是先進制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀的中心研究方向之一。 在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn)30萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是40秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點問題之一

49、；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對這些筋、壁進行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來制造機翼、機身等大型零件來替代多個零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。 1.2 5軸聯(lián)動加工和復(fù)合加工機床快速發(fā)展 采用5軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認為，1臺5軸聯(lián)動機床的效率可以等于2臺3軸聯(lián)動機床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進行高速

50、銑削淬硬鋼零件時，5軸聯(lián)動加工可比3軸聯(lián)動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價格要比3軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動機床的發(fā)展。 當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價格差距縮小。因此促進了復(fù)合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動機床和復(fù)合加工機床（含5面加工機床）的發(fā)展。 1.3 智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢 21世紀的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自

51、適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動生成；為提高驅(qū)動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運算、自動識別負載自動選定模型、自整定等；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。 2 對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計 我國數(shù)控技術(shù)起步于1958年，近50年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為3個階段：第一階段從1958年到1979年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國外的技術(shù)封鎖和我國的基礎(chǔ)條件的限制，數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國家的“六五”、“七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進技術(shù)，消化吸收，初步

52、建立起國產(chǎn)化體系階段。在此階段，由于改革開放和國家的重視，以及研究開發(fā)環(huán)境和國際環(huán)境的改善，我國數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究、開發(fā)以及在產(chǎn)品的國產(chǎn)化方面都取得了長足的進步。第三階段是在國家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期間，即實施產(chǎn)業(yè)化的研究，進入市場競爭階段。在此階段，我國國產(chǎn)數(shù)控裝備的產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得了實質(zhì)性進步。在“九五”末期，國產(chǎn)數(shù)控機床的國內(nèi)市場占有率達50％，配國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達到了10％。 縱觀我國數(shù)控技術(shù)近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過4個5年計劃的攻關(guān)，總體來看取得了以下成績。 a.奠定了數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)。我國現(xiàn)在已基本掌握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅(qū)動、數(shù)控主機、專機及

53、其配套件的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)，其中大部分技術(shù)已具備進行商品化開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)，部分技術(shù)已商品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化。 b.初步形成了數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。在攻關(guān)成果和部分技術(shù)商品化的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產(chǎn)能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠。蘭州電機廠、華中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機生產(chǎn)廠以及北京第一機床廠、濟南第一機床廠等若干數(shù)控主機生產(chǎn)廠。這些生產(chǎn)廠基本形成了我國的數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。 c.建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊伍。 雖然在數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面取得了長足的進步，但我們也要清醒地認識到，我國高端數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)，尤其是在產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的技術(shù)水平現(xiàn)狀與我國的現(xiàn)實需求還有較大的差距。雖然

54、從縱向看我國的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與國外對比）不僅技術(shù)水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的數(shù)控裝備的技術(shù)水平差距有擴大趨勢。從國際上來看，對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平估計大致如下。 a.技術(shù)水平上，與國外先進水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術(shù)方面則更大。 b.產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平上，市場占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒有形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；功能部件專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平及成套能力較低；外觀質(zhì)量相對差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應(yīng)，用戶信心不足。 c.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對競爭前數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓展力度不強；相關(guān)標準規(guī)范

55、的研究、制定滯后。 分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下幾個方面。 a.認識方面。對國產(chǎn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)進程艱巨性、復(fù)雜性和長期性的特點認識不足；對市場的不規(guī)范、國外的封鎖加扼殺、體制等困難估計不足；對我國數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平及能力分析不夠。 b.體系方面。從技術(shù)的角度關(guān)注數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時候多，從系統(tǒng)的、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的角度綜合考慮數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時候少；沒有建立完整的高質(zhì)量的配套體系、完善的培訓(xùn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等支撐體系。 c.機制方面。不良機制造成人才流失，又制約了技術(shù)及技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新，且制約了規(guī)劃的有效實施，往往規(guī)劃理想，實施困難。 d.技術(shù)方面。企業(yè)在技術(shù)方面自主創(chuàng)新能力不強，核心技術(shù)的工程化能力不強。機床標準落后，水平較低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)新標準研究不夠。