2021/6/16 1 納 撒 尼 爾 霍 桑 2021/6/16 2 2021/6/16 3 作 者 介 紹 故 事 簡 介 名 家 鑒 賞 2021/6/16 4 Author Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) is one of the most influential writers in America in the 19th century. His novel The Scarlet Letter published in 1850 ensures his permanent fame inliterature. Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts Some of his ancestor were men of prominence in the puritan theocracy. One of his ancestor was a colonial magistrate, notorious for his part in the persecution of Quakers,and another was a judge at Salem Witchcraft Trail in 1692. Gradually,the family fortune declined. Hawthorne was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life 2021/6/16 5 納 撒 尼 爾 霍 桑 (1804 1864） 是 美 國 19世 紀(jì) 影 響 最 大 的 浪漫 主 義 小 說 家 和 心 理 小 說 家 。 霍 桑 對 當(dāng) 時(shí) 美 國 社 會 道 德 論喪 和 資 產(chǎn) 階 級 的 偽 善 不 滿 ， 但 是 他 又 不 想 從 根 本 上 改 變 不合 理 的 社 會 制 度 ， 只 謀 求 社 會 道 德 的 改 進(jìn) ， 宣 揚(yáng) 上 帝 ， 主張 道 德 的 自 我 完 善 ?；?桑 由 于 社 會 、 家 庭 及 自 身 的 因 素 ， 形 成 了 既 為 清 教 主 義 等舊 觀 念 所 縈 繞 ， 又 抱 有 人 道 主 義 等 美 好 理 想 的 復(fù) 雜 的 世 界觀 。 他 一 方 面 擺 脫 不 掉 “ 原 罪 ” 、 “ 贖 罪 ” 、 “ 內(nèi) 省 ” 、“ 命 定 ” 之 類 的 宗 教 迷 信 ， 但 又 從 家 族 的 負(fù) 罪 感 出 發(fā) ， 反過 來 對 清 教 的 專 制 統(tǒng) 治 痛 心 疾 首 ； 他 一 方 面 接 受 了 超 驗(yàn) 主義 哲 學(xué) 觀 ， 相 信 客 觀 的 物 質(zhì) 世 界 只 是 某 種 隱 蔽 的 神 秘 力 量的 象 征 ， 又 對 當(dāng) 時(shí) 風(fēng) 靡 的 “ 招 魂 ” 之 類 的 巫 術(shù) 活 動(dòng) 和 科 學(xué)技 術(shù) 的 新 發(fā) 明 同 樣 感 到 不 可 思 議 ； 他 一 方 面 對 新 生 的 合 眾國 滿 懷 希 望 ， 但 對 社 會 上 形 形 色 色 的 腐 化 墮 落 及 不 平 不 公的 原 因 又 十 分 費(fèi) 解 ， 便 只 好 到 人 性 的 愛 與 恨 、 善 與 惡 中 去 尋 找 答 案 。 2021/6/16 6 1804年7月4日生于馬薩諸塞州塞勒姆鎮(zhèn)一個(gè)沒落世家，4歲喪父，1821年由親戚資助進(jìn)入博多因?qū)W院。1825年畢業(yè)后回到塞勒姆從事寫作。 1836年和1846年兩度在海關(guān)任職 ，1841年參加超驗(yàn)主義者創(chuàng)辦的布魯克農(nóng)場。1842年后結(jié)識了作家愛默生、梭羅等。1848年因政府更迭失去海關(guān)職位，后專心寫作，完成了他最重要的長篇小說紅字。 1853年被任命為駐英國利物浦的領(lǐng)事 。1857年后他僑居意大利，創(chuàng)作了另一部探討善惡問題的小說玉石雕像。此后他回國定居康科德，1864年去世時(shí)留下4部未完成的長篇小說。 2021/6/16 7 The Scarlet Letter 紅 字 Fanshawe 范 肖 Young Goodman Brown 小 伙 子 布 朗 Rappaccinis Daughter 拉 伯 西 尼 醫(yī) 生 的 女 兒 Mosses from an Old Manse 古 宅 青 苔 The House of the Seven Gables 帶 七 個(gè) 尖 頂 的 閣 樓 The Blithedale Romance 福 古 傳 奇 The Snow Image 雪 影 The Celestial Railroad 通 天 鐵 路 The Marble Faun 石 像 人 面 2021/6/16 8 Major Themes of His WorksSin and EvilHistory and AntiquityAlienation - a character is in a state of isolation because of self-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both.Puritan New England - used as a background and setting in many tales.Other themes include individual vs. society, self-fulfillment vs. frustration, hypocrisy vs. integrity, love vs. hate, and fate vs. free will, etc. 2021/6/16 9 style typical romantic writera man of literary craftsmanship， extraordinary inthe use of symbol the use of ambiguity revelation of characters psychology the use of supernaturalThe symbol serves as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty multiple point of view 2021/6/16 10 The Scarlet Letter is the story of a triangular love affair in colonial America. In this novel Hawthorne condemned the Puritan philosophy of life. The novel is short but very moving. Prynne, a young and beautiful woman, came to New England two years before his husband, an old, ugly man who can not give Prynne love. Prynne, then falls in love with Dimmesdale, a young handsome clergyman and then has a baby, Pearl, because she can not get any news from her husband, thinking that he has died. When her adultery is discovered, she is punished to wear a scarlet letter A on her chest all her life.Her husband, Roger, tries his best to torment Dismmesdale.And Dimmesdale, suffering from both physical and spirit torment, announces his sin at last, he dies an honest man. Roger, withers at last, Prynne, restructures her life and wins peoples respect, Pearl, leaves for Europe, marries a noble family, leading a happy life. 2021/6/16 11 main charactorsHester Prynne Roger Chillingworth Arthur Dimmesdaleintelligent, capable,sympathetic evil,inhumancold-bloodedscholar.aloof.active consciencecouple adulteryPearl 2021/6/16 12 Evocative NamesThe names in this novel often seem to beg to be interpreted allegorically. Chillingworth is cold and inhuman and thus brings a “chill” to Hesters and Dimmesdales lives. “Prynne” rhymes with “sin,” while “Dimmesdale” suggests “dimness”weakness, indeterminacy, lack of insight, and lack of will, all of which characterize the young minister. The name “Pearl” evokes a biblical allegorical devicethe “pearl of great price” that is salvation. 2021/6/16 13 Comments and Criticizes Edgar Allan Poe wrote important and somewhat unflattering reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse Poes negative assessment was partly due to his own contempt of allegory and moral tales, and his chronic accusations of plagiarism.The style of Hawthorne is purity itself. His tone is singularly effective wild, plaintive, thoughtful, and in full accordance with his themes We look upon him as one of the few men of indisputable genius to whom our country has as yet given birth 2021/6/16 14 Comments and Criticizes Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote that Nathaniel Hawthornes reputation as a writer is a very pleasing fact, because his writing is not good for anything, and this is a tribute to the man” Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, The fine thing in Hawthorne is that he cared for the deeper psychology, and that, in his way, he tried to become familiar with it. 2021/6/16 15 thank you 若 有 不 當(dāng) 之 處 ， 請 指 正 ， 謝 謝 ！