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1、2021/6/16 1 Introduction What do you know about “Intercultural Communication”? How about the Chinese name? As you may have realized, intercultural communication is an extremely complicated process, and can be quite painful at times. Nowadays, with the globalization of the world economy and the incre

2、asing popularity of the internet, intercultural communication is part of our daily life. That is why we are here, taking this course. 2021/6/16 2 Further Reading 林 大 津 跨 文 化 交 際 學(xué) ： 理 論 與 實(shí) 踐 ， 福 建 人 民 出 版 社“ Communication Between Cultures” （ 美 ） 薩 莫 瓦 等 著 ， 陳 治安 導(dǎo) 讀 中 國 和 英 語 國 家 非 語 言 交 際 對(duì) 比 Lege

3、r Brosnahan 著 ， 畢 繼 萬 譯 ， 北 京 語 言 學(xué) 院 出 版 社 語 言 研 究 的 跨 文 化 視 野 許 力 生 著 ， 上 海 外 語 教 育 出 版 社 胡 文 仲 主 編 跨 文 化 交 際 叢 書 外 語 教 學(xué) 研 究 出 版 社 胡 文 仲 跨 文 化 交 際 概 論 杜 學(xué) 增 中 英 （ 英 語 國 家 ） 文 化 習(xí) 俗 比 較 平 洪 it is quite formal and ritualized(儀 式 化 ) .(2) Interethnic(不 同 種 族 間 的 ) Communication: Ethnic groups usuall

4、y form their own communities in a country or culture. These groups share a common origin or heritage that is apt to influence family names, language, religion, values, and the like.(3) Interracial(不 同 人 種 間 的 ) Communication: Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchangi

5、ng messages are from different races.(4) Intracultural Communication(內(nèi) 文 化 交 際 ): It is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture. 2021/6/16 12 Features of IC It is a branch of communication. It mainly deals with verbal and nonverbal interaction and related factors in int

6、ercultural communication. Its verbal medium is language while its nonverbal communication systems include body language, facial expressions, etc. 2021/6/16 13 Group Work Discuss the cases of communication given on page 11-12 is possibly intercultural or not and, if it is, to what extent it is interc

7、ultural. (from the most intercultural to the least intercultural:) Communication between a Chinese university student and an American professor; Communication between a Canadian girl and a South African boy; Communication between a first-generation Chinese American and third generation one; Communic

8、ation between a businessperson from Hong Kong and an artist from Xian; Communication between a teenager from Beijing and a teenager from Tibet; Communication between a father who is a farmer all his life and his son who works as an engineer; Communication between a software technician and a fisherma

9、n;1. Communication between a male manager and a female secretary (supposing they are of the similar cultural and social backgrounds) . 2021/6/16 14 Group Work All the cases may seem to be intercultural but they differ in the extent to which they are intercultural. However it may be very difficult fo

10、r us to place all these cases along a continuum of interculturalness from the most intercultural to the least intercultural, for many other factors have to be taken into consideration if we have to decide which is more intercultural than another. For instance, whether communication between a male ma

11、nager and a female secretary is intercultural or not and, if it is, how intercultural it may be, may depend on the cultural and social backgrounds of the two persons. If they are from drastically different cultures, communication between them is surely intercultural and may be very intercultural. If

12、 they are from the same culture, communication between them may be little intercultural. 2021/6/16 15 Debate Read these two different views on IC mentioned on page 12, then state your point of view clearly and support your argument with convincing and substantial evidence. Pro: People are people; mo

13、re interactions would lead to greater understanding of each other.（ Commonality precedes） Con: People are shaped by different environments they find themselves in, therefore, the difference overrides. (Differences precedes) 2021/6/16 16 DebateSomething to keep in mind in IC: First, all human beings

14、share some heritages that link us to one another. People throughout the world are pretty much alike in many aspects, and that is why it is possible for people of various cultures to communicate. However, what we have to realize is that there are also vast differences between people from various cult

15、ural groups. To really understand a person whose cultural background is different from yours can be very difficult, for both you and that person may be subconsciously influenced by each ones cultural upbringing. In a sense, what we should do in intercultural communication is to treat people of other

16、 cultures both as the same with and as different from us. 2021/6/16 17 Reading II Read the article of “The Challenge of Globalization” on page 13-16 and answer the questions. 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?2. What a “global village” is like?3. What is cons

17、idered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?4. What does the author mean by saying that “the global may be more local than the local”?5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the wo

18、rld are confronted with?7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael Fay?8. What attitudes are favored by the author towards globalization? 2021/6/16 18 Supplement:History and Present State of IC Studies 1. IC and IC studies IC studies are rather new while IC (activities) is almost as l

19、ong as our human history. Seen from worldwide, exchange between countries has become close and frequent since WWII as a result of the development of science and technology. The world is becoming smaller and smaller. Statesman, businessmen and others find it necessary to communicate with people from

20、other cultures. The coined word “global village” could best reveal this. But different cultures may favor different social institutions, value systems and world views. They may have different beliefs, customs and habits. All these may hinder IC. Thus the new subjectICpopped up. 2021/6/16 19 Suppleme

21、nt:History and Present State of IC Studies 1. IC and IC studies Although the beginnings of the field of intercultural communication as a field can be traced back to the 1920s in the teaching of linguistics and in various aca-demic and youth-oriented programs, communication scholars commonly rec-ogni

22、ze E. T. Hall as the father of the field of intercultural communication study (Condon, 1981; Dodd, 1982; Gudykunst, 1985; Singer, 1987). Hall introduced terms such as intercultural tensions and intercultural problems in 1950. 2021/6/16 20 Supplement:History and Present State of IC Studies In 1950s a

23、nd 1960s America, as the most powerful country, had frequent contacts with other countries. Some of these activities were successful but others were failures. Some of the Americans left a bad or even disgusting impression on the native people. Thus in 1958 The Ugly American shows the American offici

24、als in Southeast Asia. (The trigger of IC studies) In 1959 The Silent Language by American cultural anthropologist Edward Hall signified the emergence of this discipline. This course was offered in USA in late 1960s in five universities. Since 1970s it has been popular in USA with 200 universities a

25、nd 60 graduated schools offering it in 1978. This course was introduced to the Chinese scholars in 1980s. According to Hu Wenzhong in 1995 there were only Beijing Foreign Studies University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin Industrial University, Shanghai Foreign Studies University and Fujian Teacher

26、s University. It is rather new in China. 2021/6/16 21 Identifying Difference:How We Address Each Other Read the story of “How We Address Each Other?” (p18-19). How do you address a friend from an English-speaking country? And how should we do it if he or she knows our culture very well or if we spea

27、k Chinese to each other? Identify the differences on addressing between Chinese people and Americans. 2021/6/16 22 Identifying Difference:How We Address Each Other Usually we can address a friend from an English-speaking country by his/her first name without mentioning his/her surname or title out o

28、f respect for his/her culture. Because people from English-speaking countries attach great importance to casualness in addressing each other in order to form a relatively intimate and equal relationship. But if he or she knows our culture very well or if we speak Chinese to each other, we can addres

29、s him/her in the Chinese way. Just as the old saying goes, “When in Rome, do as the Romans do”, its better for our friend to learn more about and become better acquainted with the Chinese culture. 2021/6/16 23 Identifying Difference:How We Address Each Other In this way, when addressing him/her, we

30、can add “xiao” (young) or “l(fā)ao” (aged) before his/her family name according to his/her age so as to create an amicable atmosphere. We can also address him/her by using his/her title in a humorous way, or by inventing some nickname for him or her in either English or Chinese, depending on the degree

31、of intimacy. 2021/6/16 24 Survey How much do you know about the possible cultural differences between Chinese and English-speaking people in the speech behaviors, such as greeting, apologizing, making requests, expressing gratitude and disapproval, and leave-taking? 2021/6/16 25 SurveyGreeting: When

32、 greeting each other, the Chinese often begin with “Have you eaten?”, “Where are you going?”, “What are you doing?”, “Long time no see.” and so on. People from English-speaking countries usually say “Hello.” “Good morning/afternoon/evening.” “Nice to meet you./Glad to see you.” or “How do you do?” A

33、pologizing Chinese people seem to apologize less often than English-speaking people. The Chinese apologize only when they think it is about something that really matters. People from English-speaking countries often apologize in their daily life even for the most trivial things. 2021/6/16 26 SurveyM

34、aking requests Chinese people tend to make requests in indirect ways, especially when the people involved are not on intimate terms with one another. People from English-speaking countries tend to make requests directly and openly. Expressing gratitude Chinese people often express their gratitude no

35、t just by what they say, but also by what they do and what they give to others who have done them a favor. People from English-speaking countries tend to show their gratitude more verbally to others who have helped them. 2021/6/16 27 SurveyExpressing disapproval Chinese people are reluctant to expre

36、ss their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face. If they have to express disapproval, they often prefer to do it in a very indirect way. People from English-speaking countries are more likely to express their disapproval freely and directly. Leave-taking Chinese people tend to excuse t

37、hemselves by claiming that the others must be tired or busy, etc, using the expressions that impute the motive of tiredness or business to the other party when parting. People from English-speaking countries would usually find reasons to part related to themselves rather than to others. 2021/6/16 28

38、 Case StudyCase 1 (Page 23) 1. In Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In t

39、his case, Richards mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, “What beautiful frames your pict

40、ures are in.” 2021/6/16 29 Case StudyCase 1 (Page 23) 2. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself be it a family or a vast corporation is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuali

41、ty as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case, Richards mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poo

42、r Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly. 2021/6/16 30 Case StudyCase 1 (Page 23) 3. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, “Help yourself”; for the English counterp

43、art, “Be my guest.” Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who “makes himself at home,” even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude

44、. 2021/6/16 31 Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also refle

45、ct that the student has not studied hard enough. Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. 2021/6/16

46、 32 Case StudyCase 4 It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid accepta

47、nce of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they dont feel it necessary to go

48、to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply. 2021/6/16 33 Read the article of “Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication” (p26-31). So

49、me questions will be asked next class. HomeworkWhat are stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?How to overcome these blocks? Review of Unit 1 2021/6/16 34 A British tourist got lost in a small town in China. A Chinese couple volunteered to offer their help . And now they are introducing the

50、mselves. British tourist: It was so nice to meet you both here. Im Susan Williams. Thank you very much. Chinese couple: Its a pleasure. Im Li Fang, and this is my husband. Welcome to China, Miss Susan.Thank you. British tourist: Mrs. Li. Would both of you like a cup of coffee? Chinese couple: No, th

51、anks.Case analysis 2021/6/16 35 Warm Up Please read the story on page 38, then answer the questions:1. Why was Tom considered a rude host by his visitors?2. How can you explain the fact that Tom is misunderstood when he actually wants to be kind and friendly to the visitors? Unit 2Culture and Commun

52、ication 2021/6/16 36 Reading I Read the article of “What Is Culture” (p39-43). What can you learn about culture from it? Please answer the questions followed: 1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture?3. Do you agree that

53、 our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs? 2021/6/16 37 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory (p41) 2021/6/16 38 Reading I4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads?5. What behavior

54、s of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural environment?6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life?7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries? 2021/6/16 39 Supplement: Wh

55、at is culture? Origins of Culture in English and Chinese “Culture” is a loan word from Latin meaning “cultivating or tilling the land”. It was originally associated with physical activities and production of food. Later, its meaning was extended to include mental, moral, aesthetic, educational and i

56、ntellectual activities. In contemporary English its original meaning is still retained. 2021/6/16 40 Supplement: What is culture? Origins of Culture in English and Chinese “文 化 ” is a native word in Chinese. “文 ” and “化 ” were used together in the Warring States. “人 文 ” in “觀 乎 人 文 ， 以 化 成 天 下 ” ref

57、ers to the interwoven relationships between the monarch and his subjects, fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends, and “化 ” means “changing and/or cultivating”. When used together, “文 ” and “化 ” mean “以 文 教 化 ” . They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning co

58、ntrasted with “nature” on one hand and “primitiveness” and “savage” on the other hand. So “文 化 ” was originally associated with mental activities. 2021/6/16 41 Supplement: What is culture? Definition of Culture in English and Chinese The term “culture” does not correspond perfectly with “文 化 ” . For

59、 examples:他 沒 有 文 化 (He is illiterate.) “What really binds men together is their culture- the ideas and the standards they have in common.” R. BenedictDefining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective “Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transm

60、itted from generation to generation through learning.” Bates and Plog 2021/6/16 42 Supplement: What is culture?There are altogether no less than 250 definitions of culture by scholars from several different fields. Despite so, almost all scholars agree that culture has two senses: the broad sense an

61、d the narrow sense.A. Culture in its broad sense Culture is the attribute of man, or, whatever distinguishes man from the rest part of the world is culture. Based on this, Prof. Lin Dajin provides a Chinese counterpart definition: 文 化 是 人 類 區(qū) 別 于動(dòng) 物 的 綜 合 特 征 . 2021/6/16 43 Supplement: What is cultu

62、re? It may include the following components: Materials man has got to satisfy his needs, including science and technology, such as space shuttles, airplanes, and cars; Social institutions and organizations man has established, including socioeconomic institutions, politico-legal institutions, and re

63、ligious organizations; Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development, including various subjects such as mathematics and education, and artistic forms such as literature, painting, music and dance; Language and other communication systems such as gestures and facial expressions; Cu

64、stoms, habits and behavioral patterns; Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards and thinking patterns. 2021/6/16 44 Supplement: What is culture? Culture in this sense is also called “l(fā)arge C culture” or academic culture or culture with a big C(大 寫 字 母的 文 化 ). Its culture in g

65、eneral, culture of all nationalities and ethnic groups. But we know there are specific cultures such as Chinese, American and British. According to this sense, specific culture can be defined (by Prof. Lin Dajin) as the comprehensive features that distinguish one group (be it a nation, a race or any

66、 section of people) of people from another (一 個(gè) 民 族 區(qū) 別 于 另 一 個(gè) 民 族 的 綜 合 特 征 ). 2021/6/16 45 Supplement: What is culture?Culture in its narrow sense Its called “small c culture” or anthropological culture or culture with a small c (小 寫 字 母 的 文 化 ). It can be defined as life way of a population, Culture in this sense emphasizes what characterizes the way of life of a people, including components , , , and , with components , , and as the central part. Some scholars are interested in “l(fā)arge C cul