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1、醫(yī)學(xué)英文詞匯小結(jié)-Lung Cancer -chapter 64 肺癌相關(guān)英文詞匯小結(jié) Chapter 64 Lung Cancer 肺癌 頁 10 1.Lung cancer/Lung carcinomas 肺癌 2.solid tumor originating from bronchial epithelial cells 來源于支氣管內(nèi)皮細胞的實體腫瘤 3.Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 非小細胞肺癌 4.small cell lung cancer (SCLC) 小細胞肺癌 5.natural

2、 histories 自然病程 6.responses to therapy 治療有效 7.Lung carcinomas arise from normal bronchial epithelial cells that have acquired multiple genetic lesions and are capable of expressing a variety of phenotypes 肺癌來源于支氣管上皮細胞，這些細胞在后天產(chǎn)生了多種基因缺陷，并且表現(xiàn)出多種表型。 8.Activation of protooncogenes 原癌基因激活

3、 9.inhibition or mutation of tumor suppressor genes 抑癌基因抑制或突變 10.production of autocrine growth factors 自分泌產(chǎn)生生長因子 11.cellular proliferation 細胞增殖 12.malignant transformation 惡性轉(zhuǎn)化 13.overexpression of c-KIT in SCLC 小細胞肺癌細胞c-KIT過表達 14.epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in NSCL

4、C 非小細胞肺癌表皮生長因子受體 15.affect disease prognosis 影響疾病預(yù)后 16.Cigarette smoking is responsible for ～80% of lung cancer cases 80%的肺癌是由于吸煙導(dǎo)致的 17.exposure to respiratory carcinogens 暴露于呼吸道致癌物 18.asbestos 石棉 19.Benzene 苯 20.genetic risk factors 基因風險因素 21.history of other lung dise

5、ases 其他肺部疾病病史 22.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] 慢性阻塞性肺病 23.asthma 哮喘 24.The major cell types are SCLC (～15% of all lung cancers), adenocarcinoma (～50%), squamous cell carcinoma (<30%), and large cell carcinoma. 肺癌主要的類型包括小細胞肺癌（15%），腺癌（50%），鱗癌（<30%）及大細胞肺癌。 25.The last

6、three types are grouped together and referred to as NSCLC. 后三類（腺癌、鱗癌、大細胞癌）統(tǒng)稱為非小細胞肺癌 26.The most common initial signs and symptoms 最常見的早期體征和癥狀 27.Cough 咳嗽 28.Dyspnea 呼吸困難 29.chest pain 胸痛 30.Discomfort 不適 31.Hemoptysis 咯血 32.exhibit systemic symptoms 呈現(xiàn)出全身癥狀 33.Anore

7、xia 厭食 34.Disseminated disease 轉(zhuǎn)移性疾病 35.neurologic deficits from CNS metastases 由于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移造成的神經(jīng)功能障礙 36.bone pain 骨痛 37.pathologic fractures secondary to bone 由于骨轉(zhuǎn)移造成的病理性骨折 38.liver dysfunction from hepatic involvement 肝轉(zhuǎn)移造成的肝功能障礙 39.Paraneoplastic syndromes 副癌綜合征 40.Cache

8、xia 惡液質(zhì) 41.Hypercalcemia 高鈣血癥 42.syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion 抗利尿激素不當分泌綜合征 43.Cushing’s syndrome. 庫欣綜合征 44.underlying malignancy 造成一切癥狀的腫瘤 45.Chest radiography 胸片（X片） 46.endobronchial ultrasound 支氣管內(nèi)超聲 puted tomography (CT) scan 計算機斷層掃描（CT）

9、 48.positron emission tomography (PET) scan 正電子發(fā)射斷層掃描（PET） 49.Integrated CT-PET technology appears to improve diagnostic accuracy in staging NSCLC over CT or PET alone 相比于單純使用CT或PET，將CT和PET技術(shù)結(jié)合（PET-CT）可提高非小細胞肺癌的分期診斷的準確性 50.Pathologic confirmation of lung cancer is established by examination

10、of sputum cytology and/or tumor biopsy by bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, percutaneous needle biopsy, or open-lung biopsy 肺癌可以通過以下途徑進行病理診斷：痰標本的細胞學(xué)檢查和/或通過支氣管鏡、縱膈鏡、經(jīng)皮細針穿刺或開胸肺活檢采集的組織標本進行腫瘤活檢 51.a thorough history 完整的病史 52.physical examination 體格檢查 53.detect signs and symptoms of the prima

11、ry tumor 監(jiān)測原發(fā)腫瘤的癥狀和體征 54.regional spread of the tumor 腫瘤的局部轉(zhuǎn)移 55.ability to withstand aggressive surgery or chemotherapy 耐受積極手術(shù)或化療的能力 56.The World Health Organization 世界衛(wèi)生組織 57.a TNM staging classification TNM分期系統(tǒng) 58.primary tumor size and extent (T) 原發(fā)灶大小及范圍 59.the regional

12、lymph node involvement (N), 區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)浸潤 60.the presence or absence of distant metastases (M) 是否存在遠處轉(zhuǎn)移 61.A simpler system is commonly used to compare treatments 通常，應(yīng)用另一個相對簡單的分期系統(tǒng)來確定治療方案 62.Stage I includes tumors confined to the lung without lymphatic spread I期疾病包括病灶局限于肺部并且沒有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移 63.st

13、age II includes large tumors with ipsilateral peribronchial or hilar lymph node involvement II期疾病包括巨大腫瘤伴隨同側(cè)支氣管周圍或縱膈淋巴結(jié)侵犯。 64.stage III includes other lymph node and regional involvement III期疾病包括其他淋巴結(jié)及局部侵犯。 65.stage IV includes any tumor with distant metastases IV期疾病包括任何原發(fā)情況并伴隨遠處轉(zhuǎn)移。 66.A

14、 two-stage classification is widely used for SCLC 小細胞肺癌一般分為兩個階段。 67.Limited disease is confined to one hemithorax and can be encompassed by a single radiation port. 病情局限于一側(cè)胸腔并且在一個照射野內(nèi)。 68.All other disease is classified as extensive 其他的情況被歸為廣泛期 69.The stage of NSCLC and the patient’s com

15、orbidities and performance status determine which treatment modalities will be used. 非小細胞肺癌的分期、病人合并癥情況以及身體狀況共同決定了治療的方式 70.The intent of treatment—curative or palliative—influences the aggressiveness of therapy 治療的目的不同，根治性或姑息性會影響治療的強度 71.Local disease (stages IA, IB, and IIA) is associated w

16、ith a favorable prognosis. 病灶局限（IA，IB，IIA期）預(yù)后較好。 72.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and may be used with radiation and/or adjuvant (postoperative) chemotherapy 手術(shù)是主要的治療方法，并且可與放療和/或輔助化療聯(lián)用。 73.Patients with locally advanced disease (stages IIB and IIIA) may undergo surgery. 局部進展期患者（IIB、I

17、IIA期）也可采用手術(shù)治療 74.Adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care （對于局部進展期患者），輔助化療是標準治療。 75.Some centers use neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemoradiation, but this is not considered the standard of care. 一些腫瘤治療中心，（對于局部進展期患者），應(yīng)用新輔助同步放化療，但是這并不認為是標準治療。 76.Nonresectable locally advanced disease may

18、 be treated with both an active cisplatin-based regimen and radiotherapy 不可切除局部進展期患者可采取鉑類為基礎(chǔ)的化療聯(lián)合放療。 77.Four to six cycles of doublet chemotherapy with cisplatin or carboplatin plus docetaxel, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, or vinorelbine are recommended as first-line palliative chemothera

19、py for patients with unresectable stage III or IV disease. 不可切除的III期患者或IV期患者，可選擇4-6周期雙藥化療作為一線姑息化療方案：選擇順鉑或卡鉑聯(lián)合多西他賽、吉西他濱、紫杉醇、培美曲塞或長春瑞濱之一。 78.Cisplatin-based doublets improve survival and quality of life in this patient population as compared with best supportive care or single-agent chemotherapy

20、對于這類患者（不可切除的III期患者或IV期患者），與最佳支持治療及單藥化療相比，以鉑類為基礎(chǔ)的雙藥方案可以延長患者生存及生活質(zhì)量 79.No combination was found to be superior 上述治療方案中，并無哪種組合證實為最優(yōu) 80.tolerance of expected toxicities may contribute to the decision 患者對于預(yù)期毒性的耐受情況可能是選擇方案的主要參考因素 81.Non-platinum-based combination regimens (e.g., gemcitabine–pac

21、litaxel and gemcitabine–docetaxel) are recommended as first-line therapy of advanced NSCLC in patients with a contraindication to a platinum ( cisplatin or carboplatin ) agent 對于對鉑類（順鉑或卡鉑）有禁忌的患者，非鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療方案（例如，吉西他濱+紫杉醇及吉西他濱+多西他賽）是進展期非小細胞肺癌的一線治療方案 82.Bevacizumab，a recombinant, humanized monoclonal

22、 antibody, neutralizes vascular endothelial growth factor. 貝伐珠單抗是一個重組人源化單克隆抗體，可以中和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子 83.Cetuximab，a monoclonal antibody that binds to the extracellular portion of the EGFR receptor 西妥昔單抗，是在EGFR受體胞外區(qū)結(jié)合的單克隆抗體 84.The addition of bevacizumab to carboplatin–paclitaxel is recommended in a

23、dvanced NSCLC of nonsquamous cell histology in patients with no history of hemoptysis and no CNS metastasis who are not receiving therapeutic anticoagulation 進展期非鱗非小細胞肺癌，既往無咯血，且無中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移，目前未接受抗凝治療的患者，推薦卡鉑+多西他賽方案聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗 85.Palliative radiation therapy 姑息性放療 86.disease-related symptoms 疾病相關(guān)癥狀

24、 87.SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER 小細胞肺癌 88.The goal of treatment is cure or prolonged survival, which requires aggressive combination chemotherapy （小細胞肺癌）治療的目的是治愈或延長生存，通常需要較為強勁的聯(lián)合化療方案 89.There is no clear role for surgery in SCLC 小細胞肺癌，手術(shù)治療的地位并不明確 90.SCLC is very radiosensitive 小細胞肺癌對放療敏感

25、 91.Radiotherapy has been combined with chemotherapy to treat limited disease SCLC. 放療通常聯(lián)合化療用于治療局限期小細胞肺癌 92.This combined-modality therapy prevents local tumor recurrences but only modestly improves survival over chemotherapy alone. 放化療聯(lián)合治療可預(yù)防腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)，但與單獨化療相比，僅短暫延長生存期 93.is used to prevent

26、and treat brain metastases, a frequent occurrence with SCLC 小細胞肺癌常出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移，放療常用于預(yù)防和治療腦轉(zhuǎn)移 94.prophylactic cranial irradiation 預(yù)防性腦放療 95.Neurologic and intellectual impairment 神經(jīng)及智力損害 96.Radiotherapy followed by combination chemotherapy is recommended for patients with symptomatic brain metas

27、tases. 對于腦轉(zhuǎn)移且伴隨相關(guān)癥狀的患者，建議化療后進行放療 97.Dexamethasone and anticonvulsants are also administered for symptom control and seizure prevention, respectively 地塞米松和抗驚厥藥常分別用于癥狀控制及預(yù)防癲癇 98.Chemotherapy with concurrent radiation is recommended for limited and extensive-disease SCLC. 對于局限期及廣泛期小細胞肺癌，推薦同步

28、放化療 99.Single-agent chemotherapy is inferior to doublet chemotherapy 單藥化療弱于雙藥化療 100.The most frequently used regimen is cisplatin or carboplatin combined with etoposide. 最常應(yīng)用的方案為順鉑或卡鉑聯(lián)合依托泊苷 101.Irinotecan in combination with cisplatin has also been shown to be active 伊立替康聯(lián)合順鉑方案也顯示出作用

29、102.Recurrent SCLC is usually less sensitive to chemotherapy 小細胞肺癌復(fù)發(fā)患者通常對化療相對不敏感 103.If recurrence occurs in >3 months, national guidelines recommend gemcitabine, topotecan, irinotecan, paclitaxel, docetaxel, CAV (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine), and vinorelbine 如果復(fù)發(fā)在3個月后發(fā)生，國家指南

30、推薦以下藥物：吉西他濱、托泊替康、伊立替康、紫杉醇、多西他賽、CAV方案（環(huán)磷酰胺、多柔比星、長春新堿）及長春瑞濱 104.Patients with SCLC that recurs within 3 months of first-line chemotherapy are considered refractory to chemotherapy and unlikely to respond to a second-line regimen 小細胞肺癌在一線治療后3個月內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)，則認為對化療耐藥，二線治療不太可能產(chǎn)生療效 105.EVALUATION OF THERAPEU

31、TIC OUTCOMES 療效評估 106.Patients with stable disease, objective response, or measurable decrease in tumor size should continue treatment until four to six cycles have been administered. （對非小細胞肺癌），患者疾病穩(wěn)定，客觀有效，腫瘤大小縮減，應(yīng)繼續(xù)化療至4-6周期 107.Responding patients with nonsquamous histology should be consid

32、ered for maintenance therapy with pemetrexed 有療效的患者，組織學(xué)類型為非鱗非小細胞肺癌，維持治療可選擇培美曲塞 108.Efficacy of first-line therapy for SCLC should be determined after two or three cycles of chemotherapy. 小細胞肺癌一線治療的評效應(yīng)在2-3周期化療后進行 109.If there is no response or progressive disease, therapy can be discontinued

33、 or changed to a non-cross-resistant regimen. （小細胞肺癌）如果評效結(jié)果顯示無效或疾病進展，應(yīng)停藥或換用無交叉耐藥的方案 110.If responsive to chemotherapy, the induction regimen should be administered for four to six cycles. （小細胞肺癌）如果評效有效，誘導(dǎo)化療方案應(yīng)進行4-6周期 111.avoid drug-related and radiotherapy-related toxicities 避免藥物相關(guān)及放療相關(guān)毒性