《《德伯家的苔絲》中苔絲悲劇成因分析》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《《德伯家的苔絲》中苔絲悲劇成因分析（23頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、 淮北師范大學信息學院 2014 屆學士學位論文 《德伯家的苔絲》中苔絲悲劇成因分析 系 別: 外 語 系 專 業(yè): 英 語 學 號: 20101843021 姓 名: 指 導 教 師:

2、 張 立 友 指導教師職稱: 講 師 2014年 5 月 15 日 Information College, Huaibei Normal University A Study on the Causes of Tess’ Tragedy in Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Under the Supervision of Lecturer Zhang Liyou Submitted to

3、 the Foreign Language Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English Language and Literature Huaibei, P. R. China May, 2014 淮北師范大學信息學院 本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）誠信承諾書 本人鄭重承諾所呈交的畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） 《德伯家的苔絲》中苔絲悲劇成因分析 ，是在指導教師 張立友 的指導下嚴格按照學校和學院有

4、關(guān)規(guī)定完成的。本人在畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）中引用他人的觀點和參考資料均加以注釋和說明。本人承諾在畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）選題和研究內(nèi)容過程中沒有抄襲他人的研究成果和偽造相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)等行為，若有抄襲行為，由本人承擔一切責任。 承諾人： 2010 年級 英語 專業(yè) 簽 名： 2014 年 6 月 6 日 i Abstract Tess of the D’Urbervilles is regarde

5、d as a masterpiece of Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest English novelists and poetrys.In this novel, Hardy exposes the hypocritical social morals and capitalism’s destruction to country civilization, after the capitalism invading the British villages in Victorian age. The thesis intends to analysis

6、 the causes of Tess’ tragedy from three perspectives: firstly, it analyses that Tess’ tragedy is a reflection of Hardy’s fatalism. He arranged a series of coincidences to reflect his fatalism, and this implies that Tess’ tragedy is inevitable; secondly, it analyses the social factors’ influence on T

7、ess’ tragic fate. The capitalism’ invasion leads to the plight of the poor peasants and the hypocritical traditional morals lead to her tragedy; and thirdly, it analyses her lackness of Tess’ character, her comprise, too high sense of responsibility for her family and innocence,sincerity,all these

8、 cause her tragedy, and her conservative moral values is also one cause of the tragedy. Through analyzing Tess’ tragedy from the three perspectives of fatalism, social factors and her character, the thesis reveals woman’s real emotion and tragic fate after the British countryside has been invaded

9、by the capitalism in Victorian age. Key Words: Thomas Hardy, Tragedy, Causes, Tess 摘要 《德伯家的苔絲》是19世紀英國偉大的小說家、詩人托馬斯哈代的代表作。在這篇小說中，哈代通過描寫農(nóng)村姑娘苔絲的悲慘命運，揭示了維多利亞時代虛偽的社會道德觀和資本主義對于鄉(xiāng)村文明的破壞。 這篇論文從三個方面分析苔絲悲劇的成因，首先分析了苔絲的悲慘命運是哈代宿命論的體現(xiàn)，哈代安排了一系列的巧合事件來體現(xiàn)他的宿命論，揭示了苔絲的悲劇的不可避免性;其次分析了苔絲悲劇的社會因素，

10、資本主義入侵英國農(nóng)村，導致農(nóng)民們生活貧困，以及傳統(tǒng)的社會道德觀導致了苔絲的悲慘命運；論文最后分析了苔絲的性格缺陷，苔絲的妥協(xié)，以及她對家庭過高的責任心，天真、幼稚的性格導致了苔絲的悲慘命運。 論文通過哈代的宿命論，社會因素，苔絲性格三個方面分析苔絲悲慘命運的成因，揭示了維多利亞時期的資本主義入侵后，農(nóng)村女性的真實情感和悲劇命運。 關(guān)鍵詞：托馬斯哈代；悲??；成因；苔絲 Contents Abstract......................................................................

11、................I Chapter One Introduction....................................................................1 Chapter Two Hardy’s Fatalism in Tess’ Tragedy................................3 I. The Formation of Hardy’s Fatalism...................................................................

12、..3 II.Hardy’s Fatalism Reflected in Tess’ Tragedy.......................................................4 Chapter Three The Social Factors to Tess’ Tragedy...........................6 I. The Invasion of Capitalism...............................................................................

13、...6 II.The Social Morality and Its Influences on Tess.................................................7 A. The Hypocritical Social Morality.................................................................7 B. The Influences of Moralism on Tess.........................................

14、....................8 Chapter Four Tess’ Character Leading to Her Tragedy..................10 I.Tess’ Compromise................................................................................................10 II.Tess’ Conservative Moral Values...............................................

15、........................11 III.Tess’ High Sense of Responsibility for Her Family........................................12 IV.Tess’ Innocence and Sincerity...........................................................................12 Chapter Five Conclusion....................................

16、.................................14 Works Cited............................................................................................15 III Chapter One Introduction Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), “is last one of the greatest of Victorian novelists. He was born in the center of the W

17、essex which later figured in his works.”（吳偉仁312）.He started writing long novels at the beginning of 1870 when the British capitalism had invaded the villages. He is a cold, serious realistic writer, as to the responsibility, he devoted to the thought of religion,ethics,life,society,love,marriage and

18、 many other problems in his novels. Hardy’s novels have been divided into three categories and one kind is novel of character and environment, this kind of novel mainly reflects the relationship between characters and society . It is great and represents the highest achievement of Hardy’s realism no

19、vels.” His novels set against the bleak and forbidding Dorset landscape, whose physical harshness echoes that of an indifferent, if not malolent,universe.”(趙文薇 柏云彩 125）.His literature career began with poetry, but did not have chances to publish and started creating novels. His first long novel was

20、published in 1871, the celebrated work his fourth novel Far From Madding Crowd in 1874, and from then on, he devoted himself to the novel creation. There were 20 long novels in Hardy’s early life, the most famous novels are Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891), Jude the Obscure (1895), The Mayor of Casc

21、etbridge (1901). His works exposed the change of the social economy, political, morality and tradition.When the hypocritical invaded the countries in England, especially reflected women’s miserable life and hypocritical morals in Victorian age. In the novel Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the author

22、 focuses on the tragic experience of its heroine Tess, a beautiful, brave and innocent peasant girl who lives in a poor family, however, she leads a happy life. One day, her father learns that he is a descendant of a prosperous family; Tess’ tragedy begins, because her parents persuade her to visit

23、the family and bring wealth to her family. As her parents expects, she meets Alec-the son of the family, who is attracted by her beautiful appearance, so he tries his best to persuade her to stay here. After a short time, she is raped by Alec, and is not a virgin any more. She is sorrow, goes home,

24、and hopes that her mother would comfort her, but her mother does not only worry her. What is worse, she is pregnant, from then on, her life totally changes, people look down upon her, so Tess goes to a dairy farm work as a dairy maid. Here she meets Angel, who is a son of a clergyman, and they fall

25、in love with each other quickly, but she rejects his love. Finally, Tess is encouraged by his courage and accepts his love. Tess is always tortured by her past so she decides to tell him about her past, he can not accept. In fact, he abandons her and she has to work in the field again. At this time,

26、 Alec appears again , she has no choice to be his mistress again.Unexpectedly.at this time ,Angel returns from Brazil and shows he still love her , but when he knows that she is living with Alec again, he turns away. His leaving deepen her hate to Alec,so she kills Alec.After his death, she lives to

27、gether with him, but she is arrested by the authorities, their happy life ended ,her tragedy ended too. In my mind, Hardy shows us a real condition in Victorian age. This thesis intends to analyze the causes of Tess’ tragedy from three aspects：Hardy’s fatalism, social factors and Tess’ characte

28、r lackness. At that time, people can not decide their fates, but God can. Through this thesis, we can see the real emotion life of woman in Victorian age, and also we can realize that the poor peasants’ lives after capitalism invading the British countryside. This reflects the capitalism invades the

29、 countryside bring great destroys to the peasants, and, Tess is a typical represent of the peasants, so this explains the inevitability of her tragedy. Chapter Two Hardy’s Fatalism in the Tragedy of Tess I. The Formation of Hardy’s Fatalism At the beginning of the 1870’s, Hardy sta

30、rted writing full-length novel, at that time; capitalism invaded the British and changed the condition of the religion and society. “In condition, Hardy can not accept the destroys of the countryside but in ration, he knew that it is necessary for the developing of society, the frication betw

31、een emotion and ration make him sad and despair. He focuses on the poor’s fate and animadverts the world, reaveld the evil of society, because the limitation of the age, Hardy tries his best to solve the society, problems but failed .His thoughts also experienced a complicated course.”(韓麗英19) Hard

32、y lived in the Victorian Age, during which tremendous changes occurred in the history of western civilization. It was well-known that a great social reformation happened in Britain. His idea of fatalism was influenced by the environment he lived in. During that period, the poor families can not chan

33、ge their miserable lives no matter what they had done. He witnessed the farmers’ difficulties, and felt regretted for their sufferings. At first, he believes in God as other people, but all the tragic and terrible realities tell him that God can not do anything to save the peasants’ suffering, he e

34、ven contempts God, just he wrote in the novel, so he began to believe Darwin’s Evolutionism, then was influenced by Schopenhauer Arthur’s tragic sense. Finally, he formed his theory that is called fatalism. This series of changes of his thoughts, he did not find suitable way to solve the socia

35、l problems, but the course caused him to be a pessimist and his novel is full of pessimistic thought and fatalism. As a humanism novelist, Hardy considered that human’s life is terrible, the destiny of the heroin in the novel id just the epitome of the great laboring people’s life. II. Hardy’s Fata

36、lism Reflected in Tess’ Tragedy Fatalism is that view of life which says all actions is decided by the nature of thing or by fate which is a great impersonal, primitive force existing through all eternity completely independent of human will and superior to any good created by man. Fatali

37、sts think that everything in the life is doomed, human’s tragedy is arranged by the God, therefore, however people try their best to avoid the tragedies, but they can not change the inevitable results. In the novel, the heroine-Tess is always going to live a happy life, but accidental misfortune hap

38、pens just at that time, this is coincidence, and used to show the inevitability of her tragedy. All the things seem happen accidentally, however, it is them caused her tragedy. And this is the reflect of Hardy’s fatalism. At first, Tess is living in a poor family, and this decides her tragic fate.

39、As the oldest daughter of the family, she must help her father to do business, but the destiny teases her, the horse which can bring income for her family dies. The death of the horse seems to be a coincidence, but this implies a inevitable result that Tess has to do something that she is reluctant

40、to do. This is just the one cause which leads to her tragedy, and at the same time, this also reflects that Hardy can not find a bright future for the people who live in a poor countryside, and has to blame this misfortunes to these coincidences. Tess wants to live a quiet life when she goes to dai

41、ry as a maid, but she meets Angel and falls in love with him. She makes her mind to restrain her love towards him, rejects his pay court to her, but finally she accepts his love because of destiny and emotion. Tess does not want to deceive him, so she writes a letter to him to tell about her past be

42、fore the wedding night. Unfortunately, the letter is displaced, the destiny makes fun of her again, he does not see it. It seems that she is going to own her happiness, but in fact, this deepens her tragic life. What is worse, this directly leads to Angel abandoning her in the wedding night. Althoug

43、h Hardy has mercy on her tragedy, due to the limitation of era, he can also not accept her these suffering in his mind, therefore, he arranges these coincidences, also he can show his thoughts through this events. Tess is innocent, but her tragedy is inevitable. When Tess’ father dies, she has no c

44、hoice to seek help from Angel’s family, but she does not meet his parents. What is worse, she can not find suitable job to earn enough money to support family. However, she meets Alec on the way home. It is he that causes her tragedy .Facing the poverty of her family; she is deceived by his sweet wo

45、rds again, and drops in his trap again. Hardy’s description and this series of coincidences imply that Tess’ tragic life has been doomed already by the fate. Angel realizes that he is not correct and goes back to England, soon he understands Tess’ current situation. It seems that her tragic life is

46、 going to change, and she will lead a happy life, but when Tess realizes that Angel is back, so she wants to get rid of Alec, kill him. Then she gets together with him, but Tess can not escape from the punishment of law and destiny. Finally, she is arrested; her tragic life completely ends.

47、 Chapter Three The Social Factors to Tess’ Tragedy From a series of coincidences, on the surface, as if her tragedy escapes from the arrangement of the fate, but from a deeper perspective, is Hardy’s fatalism philosophy due to the environment. Throughout the story, Tess’ life

48、 would be rather terrible and miserable, which makes reader deeply feel sympathy for her. From the truthful description of the living conditions in the novel, we can get a full understand of every social stage in the Victorian Age.Tess, a pretty, intelligent and pure girl, is the victim of society.

49、In this paper, it is thought that the bourgeois society should take responsibility for Tess’ miserable sufferings. I. The Invasion of Capitalism At the end of nineteenth century, it is the most developed time of Britain bourgeoisie .With the booming of industrial economy, the most areas o

50、f countryside developed industry, individual economy broke up. The farms and pastures were owned by the minority of the capitalists in that age. It is the reason that deepens the gap between the rich and the poor in Britain countryside, and also the lives of peasants are miserable. They can support

51、only by helping them do the labor as a laborer. Tess is a representative of the poor peasants. The indignities, pains and exploitations Tess has suffered is the tragic epitome of the employee under British capitalism system. Although they are diligent, simple and kind, the pressure from life and eco

52、nomic burden always go with them. As regard of social status, they are at he bottom of the society, they can not protect themselves and even if they can be bullied by anyone, and Tess is a typical victim of Britain capital reform. Tess’ father is a businessman who is doing small scale business;

53、 he supports his wife and 7 children who depend on the money he makes from his business. Under the impact of the bourgeoisie, Alec’s family enjoys the benefits that bourgeois economic monopoly brings, lives a prosperous life. At the time of bourgeois monopoly economy develops, small business of the

54、peasants dismantles, and this brings fatal blow to them. Due to the lack of money, they do not have the ability to buy farms and pasture, so they have to be a farm laborer to help the bourgeoisie to do the farm work and so that they can make some money to support their family. Tess wants to support

55、her family, and then she goes to Alec’s family to earn money. Tess, a girl who has never experienced bad things, so when she meets him, does not guess his bad thoughts; finally she is seduced by him, because Tess is a girl who lives in the bottom of the society, so she does not have ability to resis

56、t against Alec who is the symbol of crafty bourgeois. Therefore, she does not want to be manipulated by Alec, goes away. And this implies farmer class’ weakness fully. But because of the bourgeois industrial economy instead of the small-scale peasant economy of the countryside and it compels Tess to

57、 work hard to support her family. At the same time, it lays a foundation for her tragedy. Tess changes several jobs, faces different kinds of employees; she has no choice to bear their torments. The social status in that time decides Tess’ destiny that Tess must suffer suppress and exploitatio

58、n. Facing the great development of bourgeois industrial economy, the people like Tess works an a farm worker is doomed to be exploited, so the capitalism invades the countryside is one main cause of Tess’ tragedy. II .The Social Morality and Its Influences on Tess A. The Hypocritical Social Mo

59、rality The key virtue of women is sexual purity in that time, while adultery is the worst of all sins. At that time, even exposing an ankle or a shoulder is considered “improper”(Kramer 136）.In everybody’s eyes, women must be a virgin before marriage. In addition, a woman should be loyal to her h

60、usband all her life. The sexual morality is deeply rooted in their minds, but it is not equal for females. If men were engaged in sexual lapses, they would be forgiven, but women would be abused, even if a woman is the victim in fact in the story of Tess and Alec, people do not condemn him whereas T

61、ess, who is pregnant because of a wicked man’s rape. It is true of the affair between Tess and Angel, Angel is forgiven, while Tess is abused even if he is the real victim. At the beginning, he loves Tess though she is born in a poor family. In his eyes, Tess is a pretty, intelligent and pure girl,

62、Tess is “what a fresh and pure daughter of nature that dairy-maid is”(Hardy 291).It seems that his love to her is true.However,he is a representative of the traditional moral concepts. When they are getting married, he also cares about her social status. In his heart, he has never abandoned the Chri

63、stian moral concepts; he can not forgive her because of her past experiences. He judges her from the aspects of traditional social morality. And he dies not consider whether it is fair to her or not to judge her like this, and at last leaves her alone. The whole society is deeply rooted in tradition

64、al social morality, and this gives rise to her tragic fate. B.The Influences of Morality on Tess It is very natural to judge a woman’s purity in line with the tradition conception. Tess is controlled by the social morality, but he has tried to resist against it ,when her mother wanted her

65、to marry Alec,she refuses it with “perhaps any woman will, but I am the exception”(Hardy 156).Tess is a victim of the society where is full of hypocritical social morality .She has a strong desire to begin a new life but she could not get rid of her past. After she is raped by Alec, she feels g

66、uilty of losing her chastity, when Tess meets Angel and falls in love with him, but she can not still shake off the sense of guilty. At first, she is afraid of telling Angel her past experiences, but it is the fear that let her have the courage to accept his love.” Her love for him acts to blot the memories of the past in her, but she is always aware that her forgetfulness is only temporary, that the doubts ,fears, and shame were only waiting like wolves sitting indoors, she suddenly exclaims