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二、轉換詞匯類,專題四第二節(jié)分類突破,,真題研析,,微技能突破,內(nèi)容索引,,隨堂限時練,真題研析,(2015江蘇)Peopleselectnewsinexpectationofareward.Thisrewardmaybeeitheroftwokinds.OneisrelatedtowhatFreudcallsthePleasurePrinciple，theothertowhathecallstheRealityPrinciple.Forwantofbetternames，weshallcallthesetwoclassesimmediaterewardanddelayedreward.Ingeneral，thekindofnewswhichmaybeexpectedtogiveimmediaterewardarenewsofcrimeandcorruption，accidentsanddisasters，sports，socialevents，andhumaninterest.Delayedrewardmaybeexpectedfromnewsofpublicaffairs，economicmatters，socialproblems，science，education，andhealth.,Newsofthefirstkindpaysitsrewardsatonce.Areadercanenjoyanindirectexperiencewithoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved.Hecantremblewildlyatanaxe-murder，shakehisheadsympatheticallyandsafelyatahurricane，identifyhimselfwiththewinningteam，laughunderstandinglyatawarmlittlestoryofchildrenordogs.,Newsofthesecondkind，however，paysitsrewardslater.Itsometimesrequiresthereadertotolerateunpleasantnessorannoyance—as，forexample，whenhereadsofthethreateningforeignsituation，themountingnationaldebt，risingtaxes，fallingmarket，scarcehousing，andcancer.Ithasakindof“threatvalue”.Itisreadsothatthereadermaybeinformedandprepared.Whenareaderselectsdelayedrewardnews，hepullshimselfintotheworldofsurroundingrealitytowhichhecanadapthimselfonlybyhardwork.Whenheselectsnewsoftheotherkind，heusuallywithdrawsfromtheworldofthreateningrealitytowardthedreamworld.,Foranyindividual，ofcourse，theboundariesofthesetwoclassesarenotstable.Forexample，asociologistmayreadnewsofcrimeasasocialproblem，ratherthanforitsimmediatereward.Acoachmayreadasportsstoryforitsthreatvalue：hemayhavetoplaythatteamnextweek.Apoliticianmayreadanaccountofhislatestsuccessfulpublicmeeting，notforitsdelayedreward，butverymuchashiswifereadsanaccountofaparty.Inanygivenstoryofcorruptionordisaster，athoughtfulreadermayreceivenotonlytheimmediaterewardofindirectexperience，butalsothedelayedrewardofinformationandpreparedness.,Therefore，whilethedivisionofcategoriesholdsingeneral，anindividual’stendencymaytransferanystoryfromonekindofreadingtoanother，ordividetheexperiencebetweenthetwokindsofreward.,考場思維模式第一步：讀表格，填出較簡單的概括詞匯題文章標題是“你讀什么樣的新聞故事？”，然后分三部分進行了分析。其中第72題是概括性詞匯，根據(jù)其右表信息可知是“兩類新聞故事的解釋(說明)”，故第72題填Explanations。注意首字母要大寫。第二步：定位、定詞、定性、定形任務型閱讀表格高度概括了原文信息，為了節(jié)約時間并且提高解題的針對性，先讀表格內(nèi)容，然后在原文中進行定位。定位后進行定詞。定詞后要定性(如名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞)，最后定形(如單復數(shù)、非謂語形式、大小寫等)。,1.原文詞匯類75.根據(jù)原文第四段中的“Ithasakindof‘threatvalue.’”可知應填threat。77.根據(jù)原文第四段中的“Whenheselectsnewsoftheotherkind，heusuallywithdrawsfromtheworldofthreateningrealitytowardthedreamworld.”可得到暗示，應填withdraw。79.此句是對最后一段倒數(shù)第二句的轉換。這可從第四段中的“hepullshimselfintotheworldofsurroundingrealitytowhichhecanadapthimselfonlybyhardwork”得到暗示，填adapt。,2.轉換詞匯類71.原文reward出現(xiàn)了多次。第一段有areward，第三段有rewards，因此可以知道reward是可數(shù)名詞。此空只能填一個詞，因此填rewards。另外reward也可用作動詞，還可填rewarded，表示被動，意思是“獲得獎賞”。73.根據(jù)表格內(nèi)容可以將信息定位在原文第三段中的“Areadercanenjoyanindirectexperiencewithoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved.”。其中關鍵信息是withoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved，關鍵詞是involved。原文involved作后置定語，而此空前面是withoutactual，后面要填名詞形式involvement。,74.此題是將原文第三段中“Hecantremblewildlyatanaxe-murder，shakehisheadsympatheticallyandsafelyatahurricane，identifyhimselfwiththewinningteam，laughunderstandinglyatawarmlittlestoryofchildrenordogs.”信息轉換成題目中的“sharesimilarfeelingswiththoseinvolved”。76.根據(jù)原文第四段中的“Itisreadsothatthereadermaybeinformedandprepared.”可得到暗示，填prepare。80.最后一段主要講了這兩種分類不是一成不變的，也就是說這取決于讀者，故填depends。,3.概括詞匯類78.文章最后一段提到的sociologist，coach，politician都是不同的職業(yè)，或者說不同的劃分取決于不同的目的，故填profession(s)/intention。第三步：復查并將答案填在答題卡上復查完確認沒有修改之后，將試卷上所寫答案填在答題卡規(guī)定區(qū)域，注意要認真書寫，不能潦草。,微技能突破,轉換詞匯類是典型的二次加工題型，需要考生有基本的構詞法知識，對句子成分和詞性的對應關系要明確。做題時，不但要找到與試題相關的句子信息，還要根據(jù)詞法和句法知識以及上下文的邏輯關系進行加工，從而提煉出新詞。要求考生對已鎖定的關鍵句進行知識重組，運用多種表達方式，考查考生是否具有遣詞造句的能力。常見的轉換詞匯題可分為：詞形轉換、同義(反義)表達、句型轉換等。,1.詞形轉換詞形轉換題即用不同的方式表達文中的意義，由于表達的方法不同，被考查單詞在原文和試題中充當?shù)木渥映煞植煌?。有時所采用的詞性會有所變化。如，動詞與名詞的轉換、動詞與動名詞的轉換、形容詞與副詞的轉換、名詞與形容詞的轉換等，有時還涉及短語搭配的考查。(1)Socialisolationisanobjectiveconditioninwhichpeoplehavelittlemunicationwithothers.＝Socialisolationmeansthatpeoplehardlymunicatewithothersorstayalone.,(2)It’salsoimportantforeverystudenttosethighacademicgoalssoastobeabletobuildagoodcareer.＝Studentswhowanttobuildagoodcareershouldattachimportancetosettinghighacademicgoals.,2.同義(反義)表達同義(反義)表達是指用不同的詞組表達同一個意思或是相反的意思。這主要考查考生靈活運用英語的能力。此項考查要求我們對同義/反義詞(組)互換，單個動詞與動詞短語的互換，單個副詞與短語的互換等。(1)Theuseoftheseresourcescannotgoonindefinitely—wewouldrunout.＝Thevastmajorityofresourcescan’tbereplacedandtheywouldbeusedup.,(2)Buttheysayit’sfarfromclearthatsocialisolation，notloneliness，isalwaystherealcauseofincreaseddeathrate.＝Itwasstillunclear/vague/ambiguousthatsocialisolationratherthanlonelinessistherealcauseofhigherdeathrate.(3)Youareexpectedtoknowthateverystepcountsandthatsettingupgoalsiseasy，butfollowingthemonaconsistentbasisisdifficult.＝Youshouldbeaware/consciousthatit’sdifficulttofollowyourgoalsconsistently.,3.句型轉換句型轉換題指的是用不同的句式表達同一意思。有時是主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的互換，有時是采用另外一種句式表達。答題時要抓住核心詞匯，對這些詞匯表達進行句式轉換，一般為高中階段常用句式。(1)Whensomethingisthrownaway，welosethenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimewhichhavebeenusedtomaketheproduct.＝Thenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimeusedtomaketheproductbeelostwhensomethingisthrownaway.,(2)Researchershavefoundthatolderpeoplewithfewerhumancontactsaremorelikelytodie.＝Socialisolationmayincrease/raiseolderpeople’sriskofdeath.(3)Settinggoalsforpletingthedailyschedulehelpsanemployeetofinishtheassignedtasksandtargetsinatimelymanner.＝Bysettinggoals，anemployeecanincreaseoutputandperformanceinsteadofdelayingpletinghisorhertasks.,隨堂限時練,Marketershavemoreoptionsintoday’sincreasinglymultilingualsociety—avarietyofelectronicandprintmediacanaddressgroupsofconsumersindifferentlanguages.Variousfactorsinfluencethechoiceofmediaandlanguage.Insomecases，it’ssimplypracticaltoadvertiseintheconsumer’snativelanguage，particularlyifmanyoftheconsumersinthisgroupareprimarilymonolingual.Inothercases，byadvertisingon，say，aSpanishtelevisionchannelintheUS，,anadvertisermayearntherespectoftheconsumerbyaddressinghiminhisnativelanguage，aswellasdeveloppositiveassociationswiththemediumanditsuniquecontent.Now，marketershaveanotherfactortoconsiderwhendecidingwheretoadvertiseandinwhatlanguage.Apaper.Dobilingualshavetwopersonalities?AspecialcaseofculturalframeswitchingpublishedbyresearchersattheUniversityofTexas，showsthatbilingualindividualsexhibitdifferentpersonalitycharacteristicswhenspeakingdifferentlanguages.,LeadresearcherNairanRamirez-Esparza，testedindividualswhowerebilingualinEnglishandSpanishforvariouspersonalitytraits，andfoundthatthesubjectsansweredthequestionsdifferentlywhenaskedinEnglishandSpanish.Thenewworkbuiltonpastresearchthatshowedthevaluesofsubjectschangedwhentheyweresurroundedbystimulifromdifferentcultures.,Howcanmarketerstakeadvantageof“culturalframeswitching”？Itmaysoundchallengingwithoutspecificresearch，butatleastforSpanish，EnglishbilingualsintheUS，thereisnowsomeharddataonthelanguage-relatedpersonalityshift.Extrapolatingtootherlanguagebinationsmaybepossible，too.SincetheSpanish/EnglishbilingualresultsseemtobeinagreementwithtestingofmonolingualSpanishandEnglishspeakers，language-specifictestingofbilingualsubjectsmaynotbeessentialtogetanideaofwhatkindofculturalframeswitchingmightoccurinotherbilingualbinations.Rather，paringknownpersonalitydifferencesforeachlanguage/culturewouldgiveanindicationofthedifferencesbilingualindividualswouldexhibit.,Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketoover-emphasizethisphenomenonoverothercriteriaaffectingtheselectionofappropriatemediaandlanguagetoreachatargetmarket.Clearly，themajorconsiderationsofdemographics(人口統(tǒng)計資料)，perceptionofthemedium，languagefluency，etc.shouldremainmajorfactors.Besides，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingmaynotmakemuchdifferencetomanyproductsorservices.Iftheproductdoesattractoneculturalpersonalitymore，though，itmaymakesensetoexploitthatdifferencesoftheotherdecisioncriteriaaremoreorlessequivalent.Theresearcherspointoutthatthedifferencesaren’tgreat.Evenifslight，though，thedifferencesarenoticeable.,答案,語篇解讀,解析72,解析73,解析74,解析71,exposed,account/consideration,existent,necessary/essential,語篇解讀在當今日益多元化的社會中，營銷人員有更多的選擇。各種各樣的電子和印刷媒體可以用不同的語言對話消費者群體，現(xiàn)在市場營銷人員開始考慮文化框架轉換的因素。,71.解析轉換詞匯題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Thenewworkbuiltonpastresearchshowedthevaluesofsubjectschangedwhentheyweresurroundedbystimulifromdifferentcultures.”可知，文化框架轉換指的是當面臨全新的環(huán)境時，人們從一種文化心態(tài)轉向另一種文化心態(tài)的移位現(xiàn)象。beexposedto暴露于。,72.解析轉換詞匯題。根據(jù)第一段最后四句可知，現(xiàn)在市場人員開始考慮文化框架轉換的因素。take...intoaccount/consideration是固定短語，意為“考慮到……”，故填account/consideration。,73.解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第二、三段的內(nèi)容可知，性格轉換這種現(xiàn)象是存在的。故填existent。,74.解析原文詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段中的“l(fā)anguage-specifictestingofbilingualsubjectsmaynotbeessentialtogetanideaofwhatkindofculturalframeswitchingmightoccurinotherbilingualbinations”可知，雙語科目的特定語言測試可能不是必要的。故填necessary/essential。,understanding/idea,behave,stress/emphasis,答案,解析76,解析77,解析75,75.解析轉換詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Rather，paringknownpersonalitydifferencesforeachlanguage/culturewouldgiveanindicationofthedifferencesbilingualindividualswouldexhibit.”可知，比較每種語言/文化的已知個性差異可以對雙語個體會表現(xiàn)出的差異給出提示。此處用近義詞giveabetterunderstanding/idea來表示，故填understanding/idea。,76.解析轉換詞匯題。參考上題解析。exhibit在這是“展覽；顯示；提出(證據(jù)等)”的意思，故填behave。,77.解析轉換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段開頭“Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketoover-emphasizethisphenomenonoverother...”可知，不應過分強調(diào)文化框架轉換。putstress/emphasison意為“強調(diào)”，故填stress/emphasis。,答案,解析79,解析80,解析78,minor/,appeals,slight,unimportant,78.解析轉換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Besides，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingmaynotmakemuchdifferencetomanyproductsorservices.”可知，語言驅動的文化框架轉換對很多產(chǎn)品影響不大。形容詞修飾名詞，故填minor/unimportant。,79.解析轉換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段末句“Iftheproductdoesattractoneculturalpersonalitymore，though，itmaymakesensetoexploitthatdifferenceoftheotherdecisioncriteriaaremoreorlessequivalent.”可知，假如一個產(chǎn)品更吸引某種文化個性，那這種區(qū)別就值得采用。attract＝appealto，故填appeals。,80.解析原文詞匯題。根據(jù)最后一段“Theresearcherspointoutthatthedifferencesaren’tgreat.Evenifslight，though，thedifferencesarenoticeable.”可知，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)不同語言對個性的影響雖然輕微，但是這些不同是顯而易見的。故填slight。,