泵體零件的工藝設計及夾具設計,零件,工藝,設計,夾具 本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告 論文(設計)題目 泵體（1）零件的 加工工藝和夾具設計 作者所在系別 機電工程系 作者所在專業(yè) 機械設計制造及其自動化 作者所在班級 B13113 作 者 姓 名 章正易 作 者 學 號 20134011333 指導教師姓名 丁紅軍 指導教師職稱 講師 完 成 時 間 2017 年 3 月 北華航天工業(yè)學院教務處制 說 明 1．根據(jù)學校《畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定》，學生必須撰寫《畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告》。開題報告作為畢業(yè)設計（論文）答辯委員會對學生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。 2．開題報告應在指導教師指導下，由學生在畢業(yè)設計（論文）工作前期內(nèi)完成，經(jīng)指導教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)教研室論證審查后生效。開題報告不合格者需重做。 3．畢業(yè)設計開題報告各項內(nèi)容要實事求是，逐條認真填寫。其中的文字表達要明確、嚴謹，語言通順，外來語要同時用原文和中文表達。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫詞，須注出全稱。 4．開題報告中除最后一頁外均由學生填寫，填寫各欄目時可根據(jù)內(nèi)容另加附頁。 5．閱讀的主要參考文獻應在10篇以上（土建類專業(yè)文獻篇數(shù)可酌減），其中外文資料應占一定比例。本學科的基礎和專業(yè)課教材一般不應列為參考資料。 6．參考文獻的書寫應遵循畢業(yè)設計（論文）撰寫規(guī)范要求。 7．開題報告應與文獻綜述、一篇外文譯文和外文原文復印件同時提交，文獻綜述的撰寫格式按畢業(yè)設計（論文）撰寫規(guī)范的要求，字數(shù)在2000字左右。 畢業(yè)設計(論文)開題報告 學生姓名 章正易 專 業(yè) 機械設計制造及其自動化 班 級 B13113 指導教師姓名 丁紅軍 職 稱 講師 工作單位 北華航天工業(yè)學院 課題來源 教師自擬題目 課題性質(zhì) 應用研究 課題名稱 泵體零件機械加工工藝和專用夾具設計 本設計的科學依據(jù) （科學意義和應用前景，國內(nèi)外研究概況，目前技術現(xiàn)狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢等） 制造工藝是制造技術的靈魂、核心和關鍵，是生產(chǎn)中最活躍的因素。其過程是采用金屬切削刀具或磨具及其他加工方法來加工工件，使工件達到所要求的形狀、尺寸、表面粗糙度和力學物理性能，從而生產(chǎn)出合格零件。夾具的使用可以有效的保證加工質(zhì)量，提高生產(chǎn)效率，降低生產(chǎn)成本，擴大機床的工藝范圍，減輕工人勞動強度，保證安全生產(chǎn)等?？紤]到機械加工工藝安排及夾具的使用在泵體的生產(chǎn)中直接影響到其加工質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率等，所以研究泵體的機械加工工藝及夾具設計的課題有著十分重要的意義。 當代機械制造業(yè)主要采用單件生產(chǎn)、多品種/小批量和重復大批量生產(chǎn)等多種方式。多樣化經(jīng)營模式、工藝復雜，所需設備和工裝繁多。目前采用CAPP編制工藝很普遍，成組工序允許采用同一設備和工藝裝置，以及相同或相近的機床調(diào)整方式來加工工全組零件。成組技術亦可應用于零件加工的全工藝過程。采用先進的機床和刀具，工序集中，使加工高效、簡潔、可靠，簡化生產(chǎn)計劃和生產(chǎn)組織工作。夾具最早出現(xiàn)在18世紀后期，隨著科學技術的不斷進步，夾具已從一種輔助工具發(fā)展為門類齊全的工藝裝備。近年來，數(shù)控機床、加工中心、成組技術、柔性制造系統(tǒng)等新加工技術的應用，對機床夾具提出了很多新的要求。 在現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展中，機械加工過程越來越柔性化，現(xiàn)代機床夾具的發(fā)展方向：標準化、精密化、高效化、柔性化。隨著現(xiàn)代科學的快速發(fā)展，加工控制和測量技術在不斷進步，國外先進的制造工藝是將泵體和泵蓋分別加工，然后組合到一起進行產(chǎn)品的總裝，在保證精度的前提下，大大提高了加工效率，降低了成本。在大型泵體部件的加工工藝中，采用先進的設備、工裝和檢測手段確保產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，是泵行業(yè)不斷追求工藝技術創(chuàng)新和突破的努力方向。 設計內(nèi)容和預期成果 （具體設計內(nèi)容和重點解決的技術問題、預期成果和提供的形式） 先進行零件圖的分析，主要內(nèi)容包括：生產(chǎn)類型、零件的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)特點、結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性、關鍵表面的技術要求分析等。然后進行工藝設計，主要內(nèi)容包括：確定毛坯類型；毛坯選擇與說明；工藝路線的確定（粗、精基準的選擇，各表面的加工方法的確定，工序集中與分散的考慮，工序順序的安排的原則，加工設備與工裝的選擇，不同方案的分析比較等）；加工余量、切削用量及基本時間、工序尺寸與公差的確定。最后進行專用夾具設計，主要內(nèi)容包括：夾具設計思想與不同方案的對比；定位裝置和對刀及導引裝置的選擇；夾緊機構(gòu)設計與夾緊力的計算。 重點解決的技術問題：粗、精基準的選擇，工序順序的安排，機床與工裝的選擇，加工余量、切削用量的計算，定位裝置與對刀裝置的選擇，夾緊力的計算。 預期成果及提供形式：工序卡片一套，對所設計的工序內(nèi)容進行技術經(jīng)濟分析的分析報告一份，兩套夾具裝配圖各一張，兩套夾具零件圖各一張，設計說明書一份，對所設計的專用夾具進行技術經(jīng)濟分析的分析報告一份。 擬采取設計方法和技術支持 （設計方案、技術要求、實驗方法和步驟、可能遇到的問題和解決辦法等） 設計方案：首先對零件進行分析，然后對給定零件進行工藝過程設計，制訂加工順序并編制相應的工序卡片，最后進行專用夾具的設計。 技術要點：分析零件、選擇定位基準、制訂加工順序、劃分加工階段、計算工序尺寸、制訂切削參數(shù)、制訂工時定額等，并對制訂的方案進行技術經(jīng)濟分析，提供分析報告。熟悉工序技術要求，熟悉并準備所有設計資料；制訂合理的定位方案，并設計定位元件結(jié)構(gòu)；制訂合理的夾緊方案，并設計夾緊結(jié)構(gòu)；制訂導向方案，并選擇導向元件；制訂分度方案，并設計分度機構(gòu)；制訂夾具整體布局方案，設計夾具體；標注合理的技術要求，并分析精度是否滿足要求；對夾具進行技術經(jīng)濟分析。 可能遇到的問題及解決辦法：1、定位基準的選擇。參照選擇原則選擇合理的定位基準；2、工序順序的安排。借鑒查到的資料上的工序順序和向指導老師詢問；3、工序尺寸、切削參數(shù)、工時定額的計算。按照指導書里的計算格式去查要用到的參考書并認真計算；4、制定專用夾具的定位與夾緊方案。借鑒查到的資料里的方案和向指導老師詢問。5、制訂夾具整體布局方案。參照參考書里的專用夾具布局、詢問指導老師。 實現(xiàn)本項目預期目標和已具備的條件 （包括過去學習、研究工作基礎，現(xiàn)有主要儀器設備、設計環(huán)境及協(xié)作條件等） 在以前的學習中，學習了機械制造技術基礎和工藝裝備設計，基本上掌握了制定工藝的方法要點和夾具的設計要點，大四上學期的專業(yè)方向綜合課程設計也是工藝和專用夾具設計，為這次的課題奠定了一定的基礎，做課題時用到的參考書也了解了都有哪些，對泵體通過在網(wǎng)上、圖書館查閱資料也有了一定的認識，對國內(nèi)外先進的加工方法和新的工藝也有了一些了解，這為以后的設計打下了基礎，不會盲目的去做，在機床、夾具、刀具的選用上以傳統(tǒng)工藝為主，主要的設計環(huán)境就是室內(nèi)，并且無特殊的技術條件。 各環(huán)節(jié)擬定階段性工作進度 (以周為單位) 1、查閱資料，撰寫文獻綜述； 1周 2、根據(jù)撰寫的文獻綜述填寫開題報告，并查找與之相關的外文資料并翻譯；1周 3、準備各種資料，熟悉零件圖，并繪制零件圖； 1周 4、完成機械加工過程的設計； 1周 5、對所設計的加工工藝進行技術經(jīng)濟分析； 1周 6、完成工藝技術經(jīng)濟分析報告； 1周 7、編寫工序卡片； 1周 8、根據(jù)工序內(nèi)容編寫一套夾具設計任務書； 1周 9、設計一套專用夾具； 1周 10、根據(jù)工序內(nèi)容編寫第二套夾具設計任務書； 1周 11、設計第二套專用夾具； 1周 12、拆一套零件圖； 1周 13、拆第二套零件圖； 1周 14、完成設計說明書一份； 1周 15、對所設計的專用夾具進行技術經(jīng)濟分析，并完成分析報告； 1周 16、其它時間：機動處理，比如整理打印圖紙、打印裝訂分析報告，答辯準備等。 1周 開 題 報 告 審 定 紀 要 時 間 地點 主持人 參 會 教 師 姓 名 職 務（職 稱） 姓 名 職 務（職 稱） 論 證 情 況 摘 要 記錄人： 指 導 教 師 意 見 指導教師簽名： 年 月 日 教 研 室 意 見 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 本科生畢業(yè)設計 (論文) 外 文 翻 譯 原 文 標 題 Introduction of Machining 譯 文 標 題 加工基礎 作者所在系別 機械工程系 作者所在專業(yè) 機械設計制造及其自動化 作者所在班級 B13113 作 者 姓 名 章正易 作 者 學 號 20134011333 指導教師姓名 丁紅軍 指導教師職稱 教授 完 成 時 間 2017 年 3 月 北華航天工業(yè)學院教務處制 譯文標題 加工基礎 原文標題 Introduction of Machining 作 者 Hoskins, Josiah 譯 名 霍斯金斯·喬賽亞 國 籍 美國 原文出處 百度文庫 譯文： 加工基礎 作為產(chǎn)生形狀的一種加工方法，機械加工是所有制造過程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。機械加工過程是一個產(chǎn)生形狀的過程，在這過程中，驅(qū)動裝置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。盡管在某些場合，工件無承受情況下，使用移動式裝備來實現(xiàn)加工，但大多數(shù)的機械加工是通過既支承工件又支承刀具的裝備來完成。 機械加工在知道過程中具備兩方面。小批生產(chǎn)低費用。對于鑄造、鍛造和壓力加工，每一個要生產(chǎn)的具體工件形狀，即使是一個零件，幾乎都要花費高額的加工費用?？亢附觼懋a(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀，在很大程度上取決于有效的原材料的形式。一般來說，通過利用貴重設備而又無需特種加工條件下，幾乎可以以任何種類原材料開始，借助機械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀，只要外部尺寸足夠大，那都是可能的。因此對于生產(chǎn)一個零件，甚至當零件結(jié)構(gòu)及要生產(chǎn)的批量大小上按原來都適于用鑄造、鍛造或者壓力加工來生產(chǎn)的，但通常寧可選擇機械加工。 嚴密的精度和良好的表面光潔度，機械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光潔度基礎上。許多零件，如果用別的其他方法來生產(chǎn)屬于大批量生產(chǎn)的話，那么在機械加工中則是屬于低公差且又能滿足要求的小批量生產(chǎn)了。另方面，許多零件靠較粗的生產(chǎn)加工工藝提高其一般表面形狀，而僅僅是在需要高精度的且選擇過的表面才進行機械加工。例如內(nèi)螺紋，除了機械加工之外，幾乎沒有別的加工方法能進行加工。又如已鍛工件上的小孔加工，也是被鍛后緊接著進行機械加工才完成的。 基本的機械加工參數(shù) 切削中工件與刀具的基本關系是以以下四個要素來充分描述的，刀具的幾何形狀，切削速度，進給速度，和吃刀深度。 切削刀具必須用一種合適的材料來制造，它必須是強固、韌性好、堅硬而且耐磨的。刀具的幾何形狀——以刀尖平面和刀具角為特征——對于每一種切削工藝都必須是正確的。 切削速度是切削刃通過工件表面的速率，它是以每分鐘英寸來表示。為了有效地加工，切削速度高低必須適應特定的工件——刀具配合。一般來說，工件材料越硬，速度越低。 進給速度是刀具切進工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，進給量是以每轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)過的英寸數(shù)目來度量的。當?shù)毒呋蚬ぜ魍鶑瓦\動時，進給量是以每一行程走過的英寸數(shù)度量的。一般來說，在其他條件相同時，進給量與切削速度成反比。 吃刀深度——以英寸計——是刀具進入工件的距離。它等于旋削中的切屑寬度或者等于線性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工來，吃刀深度較深。 切削參數(shù)的改變對切削溫度的影響 金屬切削操作中，熱是在主變形區(qū)和副變形區(qū)發(fā)生的。這結(jié)果導致復雜的溫度分布遍及刀具、工件和切屑。圖中顯示了一組典型等溫曲線，從中可以看出，像所能預料的那樣，當工件材料在主變形區(qū)被切削時，沿著整個切屑的寬度上有著很大的溫度梯度，而當在副變形區(qū)，切屑被切落時，切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的溫度。這導致了前刀面和切屑離切削刃很近的地方切削溫度較高。 實質(zhì)上由于在金屬切削中所做的全部功能都被轉(zhuǎn)化為熱，那就可以預料，被切離金屬的單位體積功率消耗曾家的這些因素就將使切削溫度升高。這樣刀具前角的增加而所有其他參數(shù)不變時，將使切離金屬的單位體積所耗功率減小，因而切削溫度也將降低。當考慮到未變形切屑厚度增加和切削速度，這情形就更是復雜。未變形切屑厚度的增加趨勢必導致通過工件的熱的總數(shù)上產(chǎn)生比例效應，刀具和切屑仍保持著固定的比例，而切削溫度變化傾向于降低。然而切削速度的增加，傳導到工件上的熱的數(shù)量減少而這又增加主變形區(qū)中的切屑溫升。進而副變形區(qū)勢必更小，這將在該區(qū)內(nèi)產(chǎn)生升溫效應。其他切削參數(shù)的變化，實質(zhì)上對于被切離的單位體積消耗上并沒有什么影響，因此實際上對切削溫度沒有什么作用。因為事實已經(jīng)表明，切削溫度即使有小小的變化對刀具磨損率都將有實質(zhì)意義的影響作用。這表明如何人從切削參數(shù)來確定切削溫度那是很合適的。 為著測定高速鋼刀具溫度的最直接和最精確的方法是 W&T 法，這方法也就是可提供高速鋼刀具溫度分布的詳細信息的方法。該項技術是建立在高速鋼刀具截面金相顯微測試基礎上，目的是要建立顯微結(jié)構(gòu)變化與熱變化規(guī)律圖線關系式。當要加工廣泛的工件材料時，Trent 已經(jīng)論述過測定高速鋼刀具的切削溫度及溫度分布的方法。這項技術由于利用電子顯微掃描技術已經(jīng)進一步發(fā)展，目的是要研究將已回過火和各種馬氏體結(jié)構(gòu)的高速鋼再回火引起的微觀顯微結(jié)構(gòu)變化情況。這項技術亦用于研究高速鋼單點車刀和麻花鉆的溫度分布。 刀具磨損 從已經(jīng)被處理過的無數(shù)脆裂和刃口裂紋的刀具中可知，刀具磨損基本上有三種形式，后刀面磨損，前刀面磨損和 V 型凹口磨損。后刀面磨損既發(fā)生在主刀刃上也發(fā)生副刀刃上。關于主刀刃，因其擔負切除大部金屬切屑任務，這就導致增加切削力和提高切削溫度，如果聽任而不加以檢查處理，那可能導致刀具和工件發(fā)生振動且使有效切削的條件可能不再存在。關于副刀刃，那是決定著工件的尺寸和表面光潔度的，后刀面磨損可能造成尺寸不合格的產(chǎn)品而且表面光潔度也差。在大多數(shù)實際切削條件下，由于主前刀面先于副前刀面磨損，磨損到達足夠大時，刀具將實效，結(jié)果是制成不合格零件。 由于刀具表面上的應力分布不均勻，切屑和前刀面之間滑動接觸區(qū)應力，在滑動接觸區(qū)的起始處最大，而在接觸區(qū)的尾部為零，這樣磨蝕性磨損在這個區(qū)域發(fā)生了。這是因為在切削卡住區(qū)附近比刀刃附近發(fā)生更嚴重的磨損，而刀刃附近因切屑與前刀面失去接觸而磨損較輕。這結(jié)果離切削刃一定距離處的前刀面上形成麻點凹坑，這些通常被認為是前刀面的磨損。通常情況下，這磨損橫斷面是圓弧形的。在許多情況中和對于實際的切削狀況而言，前刀面磨損比起后刀面磨損要輕，因此后刀面磨損更普遍地作為刀具失效的尺度標志。然而因許多作者已經(jīng)表示過的那樣在增加切削速度情況下，前刀面上的溫度比后刀面上的溫度升得更快，而且又因任何形式的磨損率實質(zhì)上是受到溫度變化的重大影響。因此前刀面的磨損通常在高速切削時發(fā)生的。 刀具的主后刀面磨損帶的尾部是跟未加工過的工件表面相接觸，因此后刀面磨損比沿著磨損帶末端處更為明顯，那是最普通的。這是因為局部效應，這像未加工表面上的已硬化層，這效應是由前面的切削引起的工件硬化造成的。不只是切削，還有像氧化皮，刀刃產(chǎn)生的局部高溫也都會引起這種效應。這種局部磨損通常稱作為凹坑性磨損，而且偶爾是非常嚴重的。盡管凹坑的出現(xiàn)對刀具的切削性質(zhì)無實質(zhì)意義的影響，但凹坑常常逐漸變深，如果切削在繼續(xù)進行的話，那么刀具就存在斷裂的危機。 如果任何進行性形式 的磨損任由繼續(xù)發(fā)展，最終磨損速率明顯地增加而刀具將會有摧毀性失效破壞，即刀具將不能再用作切削，造成工件報廢，那算是好的，嚴重的可造成機床破壞。對于各種硬質(zhì)合金刀具和對于各種類型的磨損，在發(fā)生嚴重失效前，就認為已達到刀具的使用壽命周期的終點。然而對于各種高速鋼刀具，其磨損是屬于非均勻性磨損，已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，當其磨損允許連續(xù)甚至到嚴重失效開始，最有意義的是該刀具可以獲得重磨使用，當然，在實際上，切削時間遠比使用到失效的時間短。以下幾種現(xiàn)象之一均是刀具嚴重失效開始的特征，最普遍的是切削力突然增加，在工件上出現(xiàn)燒損環(huán)紋和噪音嚴重增加等。 自動夾具設計 用做裝配設備的傳統(tǒng)同步夾具把零件移動到夾具中心上，以確保零件從傳送機上或從設備盤上取出后置于已定位置上。然而在某些應用場合、強制零件移動到中心線上時，可能引起零件或設備破壞。當零件易損而且小小振動可能導致報廢時，或當其位置是由機床主軸或模具來具體時，再或者當公差要求很精密時，那寧可讓夾具去適應零件位置，而不是相反。為著這些工作任務，美國俄亥俄州 Elyria 的 Zaytran 公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)了一般性功能數(shù)據(jù)的非同步西類柔順性夾具。因為夾具作用力和同步化裝置是各自獨立的，該同步裝置可以用精密的滑移裝置來替換而不影響夾具作用力。夾具規(guī)格范圍是從 0.2 英寸行程，5英鎊夾緊力到 6 英寸行程、400 英寸夾緊力。 現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)的特征是批量變得越來越小而產(chǎn)品的各種規(guī)格變化最大。因此，生產(chǎn)的最后階段，裝配因生產(chǎn)計劃、批量和產(chǎn)品設計的變更而顯得特別脆弱。這種情形正迫使許多公司更多地致力于廣泛的合理化改革和前面提到過情況那樣裝配自動化。盡管柔性夾具的發(fā)展很快落后與柔性運輸處理裝置的發(fā)展，如落后于工業(yè)機器人的發(fā)展，但仍然試圖指望增加夾具的柔順性。事實上夾具的重要的裝置——生產(chǎn)裝置的專向投資就加強了使夾具更加柔性化在經(jīng)濟上的支持。 根據(jù)它們?nèi)犴樞?，夾具可以分為，專用夾具、組合夾具、標準夾具、高柔性夾具。柔性夾具是以它們對不同工件的高適應性和以少更換低費用為特征的。 結(jié)構(gòu)形式可變換的柔性夾具裝有可變更結(jié)構(gòu)排列的零件（例如針形頰板，多片式零件和片狀頰板），標準工件的非專用夾持或夾緊元件（例如：啟動標準夾持夾具和帶有可移動元件的夾具配套件，）或者裝有陶瓷或硬化了的中介物質(zhì)（如：流動粒子床夾具和熱夾具緊夾具）。為了生產(chǎn)，零件要在夾具中被緊固，需要產(chǎn)生夾緊作用，其有幾個與夾具柔順性無關的步驟： 根據(jù)被加工的即基礎的部分和工作特點，確定工件在夾具中的所需的位置，接著必須選擇若干穩(wěn)定平面的組合，這些穩(wěn)定平面就構(gòu)成工件被固定在夾具中確定位置上的夾持狀輪廓結(jié)構(gòu)，均衡所有各力和力矩，而且保證接近工件工作特點。最后，必須計算、調(diào)整、組裝可拆裝的或標準夾具元件的所需位置以便使工件牢牢地被夾緊在夾具中。依據(jù)這樣的程序，夾具的輪廓結(jié)構(gòu)和裝合的規(guī)劃和記錄過程可以進行自動化控制。 結(jié)構(gòu)造型任務就是要產(chǎn)生若干穩(wěn)定平面的組合，這樣在這些平面上的各夾緊力將使工件和夾具穩(wěn)定。按慣例，這個任務可用人—機對話即幾乎完全自動化的方式來完成。一人—機對話即以自動化方式確定夾具結(jié)構(gòu)造型的優(yōu)點是可以有組織有規(guī)劃進行夾具設計，減少所需的設計人員，縮短研究周期和能更好地配置工作條件。簡言之，可成功地達到顯著提高夾具生產(chǎn)效率和效益。 在充分準備了構(gòu)造方案和一批材料情況下，在完成首次組裝可以成功實現(xiàn)節(jié)約時間達 60%。 因此夾具機構(gòu)造型過程的目的是產(chǎn)生合適的編程文件 原文： Introduction of Machining Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal.Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete. Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts,almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining. Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread,in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing. Primary Cutting Parameters Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool. Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct. Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate. Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。 Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth. Wears of Cutting Tool We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms :flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check,That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on,it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts. As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. But because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen. The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis. If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse,the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise. The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip. Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data. The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history. Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills. Automatic Fixture Design Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force. The characteristics of modern production is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automati on. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, suchas backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices -- the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders. According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into : special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic. Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example : commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps : According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control. Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design, reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness. Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time. Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program have appropriate documents. 指 導 教 師 評 語 外文翻譯成績： 指導教師簽字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指導教師對譯文進行評閱時應注意以下幾個方面：①翻譯的外文文獻與畢業(yè)設計（論文）的主題是否高度相關，并作為外文參考文獻列入畢業(yè)設計（論文）的參考文獻；②翻譯的外文文獻字數(shù)是否達到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；③譯文語言是否準確、通順、具有參考價值。 2. 外文原文應以附件的方式置于譯文之后。