制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在您的汽車?yán)?,制?dòng)系統(tǒng)是最重要的系統(tǒng)。如果您的制動(dòng)器失靈,那么后果是災(zāi)難性的。制動(dòng)器實(shí)際上是能量轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備,可以將汽車的動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。當(dāng)你踩下制動(dòng)器,你便擁有一個(gè)比起動(dòng)你的汽車是強(qiáng)十倍的制動(dòng)力。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)每個(gè)制動(dòng)件施加的達(dá)數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)磅的壓力。在現(xiàn)代的汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中,制動(dòng)主缸由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)供給能量。所有更新型的汽車都有雙回路制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),和每個(gè)輪的從動(dòng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。那樣的情況下,如果一個(gè)系統(tǒng)失敗,另一個(gè)將會(huì)提供合理充足的制動(dòng)力,像這樣的安全,可靠的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),使得現(xiàn)代汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)變得更加復(fù)雜,但是比早期的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)更加安全了。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)由以下基本元件組成:位于保護(hù)罩下的制動(dòng)主缸,他直接與制動(dòng)踏板相連,將腳踏力轉(zhuǎn)化為液體壓力。將制動(dòng)主缸和位于每個(gè)車輪的輪缸連接到一起的剛性油桿和制動(dòng)軟管,和經(jīng)過(guò)特殊處理用以這種特殊環(huán)境下的制動(dòng)油液。制動(dòng)液和制動(dòng)鉗,它們由輪缸直接拉緊制動(dòng)鼓和制動(dòng)盤從而產(chǎn)生阻力,以降低車速。今年來(lái),制動(dòng)器在設(shè)計(jì)上有了很大的變化。盤式制動(dòng)器,近些年來(lái)多用與前輪制動(dòng),正在快速地替代了用于汽車后輪的鼓式制動(dòng)器。這大體由于它的更為簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)、更輕的重量和更好的制動(dòng)性能。盤式制動(dòng)器相對(duì)于鼓式最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能更有效的防止制動(dòng)效能衰退。效能衰退是一種長(zhǎng)期在剎車引起的高溫等惡劣環(huán)境下工作而引起的臨時(shí)狀況,它通常發(fā)生在當(dāng)制動(dòng)鉗和制動(dòng)蹄由于高溫、高壓等環(huán)境下應(yīng)用而變的光滑。相對(duì)于鼓式制動(dòng)器,盤式可以更好得實(shí)現(xiàn)空氣冷卻,而鼓式不能進(jìn)行不斷的冷卻,因?yàn)椴粩嗟乩鋮s會(huì)導(dǎo)致浸水過(guò)多。而盤式浸水后會(huì)很快恢復(fù)正常,因此也可以進(jìn)行多次水冷。“助力器”應(yīng)用在動(dòng)力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的能量來(lái)對(duì)制動(dòng)主缸施加壓力。 “防抱死系統(tǒng)” ,最初應(yīng)用在航空制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),是用計(jì)算機(jī)控制著閥體來(lái)對(duì)每個(gè)制動(dòng)輪缸增減壓力。如果有一輪抱死,汽車將失去轉(zhuǎn)向能力。有了 ABS 防抱死系統(tǒng),不論制動(dòng)踏板的力有多大,每個(gè)輪都不會(huì)抱死,這樣將會(huì)防止滑動(dòng)(提高駕駛員在緊急剎車時(shí)的操縱穩(wěn)定性) 。同這些先進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)原理一樣的是,在那些馬拉車和兒童車的年代,將車輛的動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能這個(gè)基本過(guò)程。為了使馬車停止,駕車者應(yīng)拉動(dòng)摩擦車輪的拉桿。但是今天,由于電動(dòng)機(jī)車蓄能制動(dòng)器的發(fā)展,回收這種浪費(fèi)的能量的新方式正在被開(kāi)發(fā)。在這類電力車中,當(dāng)踩下制動(dòng)器,機(jī)車將進(jìn)入到“發(fā)電模式” ,并將汽車的動(dòng)能以化學(xué)能的方式存儲(chǔ)在電池組內(nèi),等到綠燈亮了都可以再次使用。盤式制動(dòng)器盤式制動(dòng)器就是用夾緊力使轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)盤和安裝在懸架上的制動(dòng)鉗內(nèi)的墊片壓向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)盤,從而使車速減低。盤式制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)原理同自行車剎車的原理相似,夾緊制動(dòng)鉗,使墊片夾緊車輪,從而使自行車減速。盤式制動(dòng)器提供更高的剎車性能、更加簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)、更輕的重量和較鼓式制動(dòng)器性能更好的抗水性能。盤式制動(dòng)器,跟汽車的其他創(chuàng)新一樣,最初是為了跑車開(kāi)發(fā)的,但是現(xiàn)在成了每輛汽車的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件。大多數(shù)汽車上,前輪為盤式制動(dòng),后輪是鼓式制動(dòng)。鼓式制動(dòng)用兩個(gè)半圓形的制動(dòng)蹄壓在制動(dòng)鼓的內(nèi)圓面上制動(dòng)。更老式的汽車通常四個(gè)輪全為鼓式制動(dòng),而現(xiàn)代的許多汽車都是盤式制動(dòng)。由于盤式制動(dòng)器較鼓式制動(dòng)器排水教容易,因此在較濕的情況下可以很好的工作,但著并不是說(shuō)水對(duì)它沒(méi)有影響,確切說(shuō)有影響。如果汽車駛過(guò)一水坑,然后你去使用制動(dòng)器,在幾秒鐘內(nèi),你的制動(dòng)器將不能工作。盤式制動(dòng)器可以更好的進(jìn)行氣流冷卻,這將增加它們的有效時(shí)間。一些高性能的盤式制動(dòng)器的轉(zhuǎn)向盤鉆有小孔或開(kāi)槽,這樣可以防止墊片老化(由于高溫而變硬化) 。早在 70 年代,盤式制動(dòng)器已作為汽車上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件。制動(dòng)鼓制動(dòng)鼓是一個(gè)很重的平頭柱體,他被夾在輪緣和輪轂之間,鼓的內(nèi)表面裝有制動(dòng)蹄襯片,一旦開(kāi)始制動(dòng),制動(dòng)蹄承受促動(dòng)力壓緊制動(dòng)鼓的內(nèi)圓面而減緩車輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)。制動(dòng)鼓外表面通常覆蓋著散熱片,以更好的冷卻。但它們的內(nèi)部卻得不到冷卻,因?yàn)橐坏┧M(jìn)入通風(fēng)管道的冷卻孔,會(huì)使制動(dòng)性能大大的下降。在大多數(shù)老式的汽車上都可以見(jiàn)到制動(dòng)鼓,但是它們正在被后輪盤式制動(dòng)器快速的替代。在 70 年代前期,大多數(shù)汽車采用四個(gè)輪全是鼓式制動(dòng)這種典型的裝備,制動(dòng)鉗制動(dòng)鉗象 C 鉗子一樣將摩擦塊壓緊轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)盤,它跨立于轉(zhuǎn)向盤上,并包含輔助缸或者說(shuō)是制動(dòng)輪缸的活塞。制動(dòng)鉗被安裝在 各個(gè)輪的懸架上,制動(dòng)鉗通常安裝在車軸上,將車輪的扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩傳給汽車底盤。制動(dòng)油管將制動(dòng)鉗連到有制動(dòng)主缸控制的制動(dòng)拉桿上。各個(gè)制動(dòng)鉗上都裝有放氣閥,將油液中的氣泡從系統(tǒng)中排除。 滑動(dòng)鉗盤式制動(dòng)器是最為普遍的類型,在制動(dòng)時(shí)它的制動(dòng)鉗可以做輕微的軸向滑動(dòng),這是由于制動(dòng)塊的移動(dòng)(跟制動(dòng)鉗相關(guān)) 。一些制動(dòng)鉗包含兩個(gè)或四個(gè)獨(dú)立的活塞。這些制動(dòng)鉗必須恰當(dāng)固定,如,鉗體不可以做軸向滑動(dòng),而有每個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)向盤上的活塞軸向運(yùn)動(dòng),這種也叫做“雙式或雙活塞式制動(dòng)鉗” ,在許多高性能的汽車上得到廣泛應(yīng)用。制動(dòng)輪缸制動(dòng)輪缸,也叫“輔助”輪缸,在其內(nèi)有一可滑動(dòng)活塞,將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械能。在缸內(nèi),作用于活塞上的液體壓力使制動(dòng)蹄或制動(dòng)片壓向制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤的表面。每個(gè)車輪都有一個(gè)輪缸(一些系統(tǒng)甚至有多個(gè)) ,鼓式制動(dòng)器輪缸一般有金屬殼體、活塞復(fù)位彈簧、兩個(gè)活塞、兩個(gè)橡膠圈或密封墊,和兩個(gè)用來(lái)防止灰塵和水進(jìn)入的橡膠墊組成。這種類型的輪缸安裝有推桿,通過(guò)橡膠墊從活塞的外端伸出,固定并壓住制動(dòng)蹄。在盤式制動(dòng)器中,制動(dòng)輪缸安裝在制動(dòng)鉗內(nèi)。所有的輪缸都裝有放氣閥,以便及時(shí)清除系統(tǒng)中的氣泡。當(dāng)踏下制動(dòng)踏板,拉動(dòng)主缸活塞壓著各輪的制動(dòng)回路和輔缸中的制動(dòng)液。油液帶動(dòng)輪缸的活塞運(yùn)動(dòng),推使制動(dòng)蹄和制動(dòng)片壓向制動(dòng)盤或制動(dòng)鼓。當(dāng)放開(kāi)制動(dòng)力,鼓式制動(dòng)器中的復(fù)位彈簧將活塞拉回復(fù)位。盤式制動(dòng)器中,制動(dòng)鉗的活塞密封臺(tái)圈可使活塞慢慢回位,同時(shí),還可以清潔表面以降低摩擦阻力。駐車制動(dòng)駐車制動(dòng)(有時(shí)也叫做緊急制動(dòng))是一個(gè)活動(dòng)纜繩來(lái)控制制動(dòng)器從而使機(jī)車制動(dòng)。駐車制動(dòng)激活后輪制動(dòng)器。通常由一纜繩鏈接(機(jī)械式)代替液壓來(lái)控制制動(dòng)蹄或制動(dòng)片壓向制動(dòng)盤或制動(dòng)鼓制動(dòng)。通過(guò)操縱桿或壓桿按鈕來(lái)放開(kāi)制動(dòng)蹄。大多數(shù)駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)裝置。有一調(diào)節(jié)器來(lái)彌補(bǔ)制動(dòng)蹄的磨損。在許多汽車上,在制動(dòng)蹄磨損或新?lián)Q的情況下,駐車制動(dòng)可以進(jìn)行重新調(diào)整。在汽車行駛中,通常通過(guò)重復(fù)使用駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)來(lái)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。當(dāng)您架車上山時(shí),駐車系統(tǒng)是非常有用的:如若您駕駛一輛手動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向的汽車,且行駛至停到一個(gè)斜面上,您可能會(huì)意識(shí)到,您沒(méi)有足夠的腳來(lái)同時(shí)控制離合器、制動(dòng)器、和油門。換句話說(shuō),當(dāng)你重新啟動(dòng)時(shí),汽車很可能會(huì)輕輕得向后倒退,如果這時(shí)正好有車在您的后面行駛,那么將會(huì)出問(wèn)題了。在這種情況下,駐車制動(dòng)將很有用:停車時(shí)使用駐車制動(dòng)。當(dāng)你再次起動(dòng)時(shí),放開(kāi)離合器同時(shí)踩下油門,然后松開(kāi)駐車制動(dòng)。這樣你就不必將左腳不停得從制動(dòng)器到離合器,你的右腳從離合器到油門了。只需稍加練習(xí),你就可以輕松得做到了。此外,如果您在山坡上某人的后方行駛,記住,要給對(duì)方留出向后倒退的空間,尤其是對(duì)卡車。有些車可能沒(méi)有駐車制動(dòng)的放松裝置,只能在汽車行駛后或倒車時(shí)自動(dòng)松開(kāi)。記住,定期檢查并將您的駐車制動(dòng)保持在良好的狀態(tài)是一個(gè)很好的辦法,它可能在你的主制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)失靈時(shí)挽救你的性命!The Brake Systemhttp://www.vibig.net/The braking system is the most important system in your car. If your brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of your vehicle into thermal energy (heat). When you step on the brakes, you command a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. In modern systems, the master cylinder is power-assisted by the engine. All newer cars have dual systems, with two wheels' brakes operated by each subsystem. That way, if one subsystem fails, the other can provide reasonably adequate braking power. Safety systems like this make modern brakes more complex, but also much safer than earlier braking systems. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: The "master cylinder" which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts your foot's mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel "brake lines" and flexible "brake hoses" connect the master cylinder to the "slave cylinders" located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. "Shoes" and "pads" are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the "drums" and "rotors" thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. In recent years, brakes have changed greatly in design. Disc brakes, used for years for front wheel applications, are fast replacing drum brakes on the rear wheels of modern cars. This is generally due to their simpler design, lighter weight and better braking performance. The greatest advantage of disc brakes is that they provide significantly better resistance to "brake fade" compared to drum type braking systems. Brake fade is a temporary condition caused by high temperatures generated by repeated hard braking. It occurs when the pads or shoes "glaze" due to the great pressure and heat of hard use. Once they cool, the condition subsides. Disc brakes allow greater air ventilation (cooling) compared to drum brakes. Drum brakes are not internally ventilated because if they were, water could accumulate in them. Disc brakes can rapidly fling off any water that they are exposed to, and so they can be well ventilated. "Boosters" are present in "power brake" systems, and use the engine's energy to add pressure to the master cylinder. "Anti-lock" (ABS) systems, originally developed for aircraft braking systems, use computer controlled valves to limit the pressure delivered to each slave cylinder. If a wheel locks up, steering input cannot affect the car's direction. With ABS, no matter how hard the pedal is pressed, each wheel is prevented from locking up. This prevents skidding (and allows the driver to steer while panic-braking). As impressive as these advances are, the basic process of converting a vehicle's momentum into (wasted) heat energy has not changed since the days of the horse and buggy. To stop a horse drawn carriage, the driver would pull on a lever which would rub on the wheel. But today, with the advent of regenerating brakes on electric vehicles, new ways of recapturing this lost energy are being developed. In these types of electric cars, when you step on the brakes, the motor switches into "generator mode", and stores the car's momentum as chemical energy in the battery, to be used again when the light turns green! Disc Brakes Disc brakes use a clamping action to produce friction between the "rotor" and the "pads" mounted in the "caliper" attached to the suspension members. Inside the calipers, pistons press against the pads due to pressure generated in the master cylinder. The pads then rub against the rotor, slowing the vehicle. Disc brakes work using much the same basic principle as the brakes on a bicycle; as the caliper pinches the wheel with pads on both sides, it slows the bicycle. Disc brakes offer higher performance braking, simpler design, lighter weight, and better resistance to water interference than drum brakes. Disc brakes, like many automotive innovations, were originally developed for auto racing, but are now standard equipment on virtually every car made. On most cars, the front brakes are of the disc type, and the rear brakes are of the "drum" type. Drum brakes use two semi-circular shoes to press outward against the inner surfaces of a steel drum. Older cars often had drum brakes on all four wheels, and many new cars now have 4-wheel disc brakes. Because disc brakes can fling off water more easily than drum brakes, they work much better in wet conditions. This is not to say that water does not affect them, it definitely does. If you splash through a puddle and then try to apply the brakes, your brakes may not work at all for a few seconds! Disc brakes also allow better airflow cooling, which also increases their effectiveness. Some high performance disc brakes have drilled or slotted holes through the face of the rotor, which helps to prevent the pads from "glazing" (becoming hardened due to heat). Disc brakes were introduced as standard equipment on most cars in the early seventies. Brake Drums The brake drum is a heavy flat-topped cylinder, which is sandwiched between the wheel rim and the wheel hub. The inside surface of the drum is acted upon by the linings of the brake shoes. When the brakes are applied, the brake shoes are forced into contact with the inside surface of the brake drums to slow the rotation of the wheels. The drums are usually covered with fins on their outer surfaces to increase cooling. They are not cooled internally, because water could enter through the air vent cooling holes and braking would then be greatly impaired. Drum brakes are found on the rear wheels of most older cars, but they are increasingly being fazed out in favor of rear disc brakes. Drum brakes were standard equipment on all four wheels of most cars until the early 70's. Brake Calipers The caliper works like a C-clamp to pinch the pads onto the rotor. It straddles the rotor and contains the hydraulic "slave cylinder" or "wheel cylinder" piston(s). One caliper is mounted to the suspension members on each wheel. The caliper is usually mounted onto the spindle, allowing it to deliver the torsional force of the wheel to the chassis via the control arms. Brake hoses connect the caliper to the brake lines leading to the master cylinder. A "bleeder valve" is located on each caliper to allow air bubbles to be purged from the system. "Floating caliper" disc brakes, the most common variety, allow the caliper to move from side to side slightly when the brakes are applied. This is because only one pad moves (in relation to the caliper). Some calipers contain two or four seperate pistons. These calipers are fixed in place; i.e., there is no lateral movement like the floating caliper, the pistons take up the slack on each side of the rotor. These are called "dual cylinder" or "dual piston" calipers, and are standard equipment on many performance cars. Wheel (Slave) CylinderWheel cylinders, also called the "slave" cylinders, are cylinders in which movable piston(s) convert hydraulic brake fluid pressure into mechanical force. Hydraulic pressure against the piston(s) within the wheel cylinder forces the brake shoes or pads against the machined surfaces of the drum or rotor. There is one cylinder (or more in some systems) for each wheel. Drum brake wheel cylinders are usually made up of a cylindrical casting, an internal compression spring, two pistons, two rubber cups or seals, and two rubber boots to prevent entry of dirt and water. This type of wheel cylinder is fitted with push rods that extend from the outer side of each piston through a rubber boot, where they bear against the brake shoes. In disc brakes, the wheel cylinder is built into the caliper. All wheel cylinders have bleeder screws (or bleeder valves) to allow the system to be purged of air bubbles. As the brake pedal is depressed, it moves pistons within the master cylinder, pressurizing the brake fluid in the brake lines and slave cylinders at each wheel. The fluid pressure causes the wheel cylinders' pistons to move, which forces the shoes or pads against the brake drums or rotors. Drum brakes use return springs to pull the pistons back away from the drum when the pressure is released. On disc brakes, the calipers' piston seals are designed to retract the piston slightly, thus allowing the pads to clear the rotor and thereby reduce rolling friction. Parking (Emergency) BrakesThe parking brake (sometimes called the emergency brake) is a cable-activated system used to hold the brakes continuously in the applied position. The parking brake activates the brakes on the rear wheels. Instead of hydraulic pressure, a cable (mechanical) linkage is used to engage the brake shoes or discs. When the parking-brake pedal is pressed (or, in many cars, a hand lever is pulled), a steel cable draws the brake shoes or pads firmly against the drums or rotors. The release lever or button slackens the cables and disengages the brake shoes. The parking brake is self adjusting on most systems. An automatic adjuster compensates for lining (brake shoe) wear. On many cars, the parking brake is used to re-adjust the brake shoes as they wear in, or when the shoes are replaced. In these systems, the adjustment is made by repeatedly applying the parking brake while backing up. The parking brake can be useful while driving up hills: If you're driving a manual transmission car, and you pull up to a stop on an incline, you might notice that you don't have enough feet to operate the clutch, brake, and gas at the same time. In other words, you will likely roll backwards slightly while getting started again. If a someone pulls up right behind you, this can be a problem. Your parking brake is useful in this situation: Apply the parking brake after you stop. When you want to go, release the clutch while pressing the gas, and release the parking brake. This keeps you from having to quickly switch your left foot from the brake to the clutch, or your right foot from the brake to the gas pedal. A little practice, and you'll be able to do it smoothly. Also, remember if you pull up behind someone who is stopped on a hill, give them extra room to roll back a little. Especially if it's a truck. Some cars have no parking brake release! They automatically release the parking brake when the car is placed in drive or reverse. Remember, it's a good idea to test the parking brake periodically and keep it in good condition. It may save your life if the main braking system fails!http://www.vibig.net/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=689河北科技師范學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))外文翻譯題 目: 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 學(xué) 生 姓 名: 張海燕 指 導(dǎo) 教 師: 鄭立新 系 別: 機(jī)械電子系 專業(yè) 、班級(jí): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化 0204 班 完 成 時(shí) 間: 2005 年 12 月 20 日 河北科技師范學(xué)院教務(wù)處制下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 119709851摘要使行駛中的汽車減速至停車,使下坡行駛的汽車的速度保持穩(wěn)定以及使已停駛的汽車保持不動(dòng),這些作用統(tǒng)稱為汽車制動(dòng)。汽車的制動(dòng)性直接關(guān)系到交通安全,重大交通事故往往與制動(dòng)距離太長(zhǎng)、緊急制動(dòng)側(cè)滑有關(guān),改善制動(dòng)性能始終是汽車設(shè)計(jì)和制造部門的首要任務(wù)對(duì)汽車起到制動(dòng)作用的是作用在汽車上,其方向與汽車行駛方向相反的外力。但這些外力的大小都是隨機(jī)的、不可控的。故汽車上必須裝設(shè)有一系列專門裝置,以使駕駛員能根據(jù)道路和交通情況,借以使外界在汽車某些部分(主要是車輪)施加一定的力,對(duì)汽車進(jìn)行一定程度的強(qiáng)制制動(dòng)。本文主要是對(duì)行車制動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì),且對(duì)行車制動(dòng)采取液壓制動(dòng)。因?yàn)樗饔脺髸r(shí)間較短,工作壓力高,因而輪缸尺寸小,可以安裝在制動(dòng)器內(nèi)部,直接作為制動(dòng)蹄張開(kāi)機(jī)構(gòu),而不需要制動(dòng)臂等傳動(dòng)件,使之結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、質(zhì)量小且機(jī)械效率高。本文中主要針對(duì)桑塔納轎車進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。通過(guò)汽車對(duì)制動(dòng)力要求入手來(lái)計(jì)算出輪缸輸入力、主缸輸入力和踏板力的需求,從而確定出系統(tǒng)各部分尺寸參數(shù)。在設(shè)計(jì)中對(duì)制動(dòng)管路采取交叉型控制,直行制動(dòng)時(shí),任意回路實(shí)效,總制動(dòng)力都能保持正常值的 50%,且結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,成本低、易于實(shí)現(xiàn)。經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,該結(jié)構(gòu)能使汽車在行駛時(shí)短距離內(nèi)停車且維持行駛方向的穩(wěn)定性,改善了制動(dòng)性能。關(guān)鍵詞:制動(dòng)性;制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu);制動(dòng)性能設(shè)計(jì)下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 119709852目錄前言 .........................................................................................................................................11 汽車最小制動(dòng)力的確定 .....................................................................................................22 前后制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)力分配比例。 .....................................................................33 各輪缸輸入力的確定 .........................................................................................................53.1 前輪盤式制動(dòng)器的輸入力的確定 ..........................................................................53.2 后輪鼓式制動(dòng)器輪缸輸入力的計(jì)算 ......................................................................64. 制動(dòng)輪缸直徑 d 的確定 ...................................................................................................84.1 對(duì)于前輪輪缸直徑 .............................................................................................815. 制動(dòng)主缸直徑 的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 ..........................................................................................806. 前輪輪缸主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 ...............................................................................96.1 工作壓力 P ...............................................................................................................96.2 單位時(shí)間內(nèi)油液通過(guò)缸筒有效截面體積的流量; ..............................................96.3 缸筒的設(shè)計(jì) ............................................................................................................106.3.1 缸筒內(nèi)徑 ....................................................................................................116.3.2 缸筒壁厚 .................................................................................................116.3.3 缸蓋厚度的確定 .......................................................................................126.3.4 工作行程的確定 .......................................................................................126.3.5 最小導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng)度的確定 ................................................................................136.3.6 活塞寬度的確定 .......................................................................................136.3.7 缸體長(zhǎng)度的確定 .......................................................................................136.4 活塞的設(shè)計(jì) ...........................................................................................................136.4.1 結(jié)構(gòu)形式 .................................................................................................136.4.2 活塞與活塞桿的連接 ...............................................................................136.4.3 活塞材料 ...................................................................................................136.5 密封圈 .................................................................................................................146.6 活塞桿 .................................................................................................................146.6.1 活塞桿要在導(dǎo)向套中滑動(dòng) .....................................................................146.6.2 活塞桿的計(jì)算 ...........................................................................................146.7 活塞桿的導(dǎo)向套、密封、防塵 ...........................................................................14下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098536.7.1 導(dǎo)向套長(zhǎng)度的確定 ....................................................................................146.7.2 加工要求 .................................................................................................156.8 油口 .....................................................................................................................156.9 密封件、防塵圈的選用 ...................................................................................157 . 后輪輪缸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 ...................................................................................................167.1 后輪工作壓力 P .....................................................................................................167.2 缸筒的設(shè)計(jì) ............................................................................................................177.2.1 缸筒內(nèi)徑 ....................................................................................................177.2.2 缸筒壁厚 ...................................................................................................177.2.3 缸筒壁厚演算 ...........................................................................................177.2.4 缸體底部厚度 ...........................................................................................177.2.5 缸體頭部法蘭厚度 ...................................................................................177.2.6 液壓缸工作行程的確定 ...........................................................................177.2.7 最下導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng)度 ...........................................................................................187.2.8 缸體長(zhǎng)度的確定 .......................................................................................187.3 活塞的設(shè)計(jì) .........................................................................................................187.4 活塞桿的設(shè)計(jì) .....................................................................................................187.5 活塞桿的導(dǎo)向套、密封、防塵 ...........................................................................187.6 排氣閥 ...................................................................................................................187.7 油口 .....................................................................................................................187.8 密封件,防塵圈 .................................................................................................198 制動(dòng)主缸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 .....................................................................................................208.1 主缸主要供油量的計(jì)算 ...................................................................................208.2 第一段長(zhǎng)度的確定 ...............................................................................................208.3 缸筒的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的確定 .....................................................................................218.3.1 缸筒壁厚的確定 .....................................................................................218.3.2 缸筒連接方式 ............................................................................................218.4 第一缸活塞直徑的確定 .....................................................................................218.5 第二缸的設(shè)計(jì) .......................................................................................................228.6 導(dǎo)向套、密封 .....................................................................................................22下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098548.7 油口的選擇 .........................................................................................................228.8 選取彈簧 ...............................................................................................................239.系統(tǒng)液壓閥的選擇 ...........................................................................................................2310. 管道尺寸 .......................................................................................................................2311.結(jié)束語(yǔ) .............................................................................................................................2412 致謝 ..................................................................................................................................24參考文獻(xiàn): ...........................................................................................................................24下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 119709855下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 119709856前言設(shè)計(jì)制動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)滿足如下主要要求 [1]:(1)具有足夠的制動(dòng)效能。 (2)工作可靠。行車制動(dòng)裝置至少有兩套獨(dú)立的驅(qū)動(dòng)制動(dòng)器管路,當(dāng)其中一套管路失效時(shí),另一套完好的管路應(yīng)保證汽車制動(dòng)能力不低于沒(méi)有失效時(shí)的 30%。(3)在任何速度制動(dòng)時(shí),汽車都不應(yīng)喪失操縱性和 方向穩(wěn)定性。(4)操縱輕便,并具有良好的隨動(dòng)性。(5)制動(dòng)時(shí),制動(dòng)系產(chǎn)生的噪聲應(yīng)盡可能小。(6)作用滯后性應(yīng)進(jìn)可能好。作用滯后性即制動(dòng)反應(yīng)時(shí)間。以踏板開(kāi)始動(dòng)作至達(dá)到給定的制動(dòng)效能所需的時(shí)間來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)。人力液壓制動(dòng)系的基本組成有前輪制動(dòng)器,制動(dòng)主缸,及后輪制動(dòng)器組成。基本原理如下,作為制動(dòng)能源的駕駛員所施加的控制力,通過(guò)作為控制裝置的制動(dòng)踏板機(jī)構(gòu)傳到容積式液壓傳動(dòng)裝置的主要部件——制動(dòng)主缸。制動(dòng)主缸屬于單向作用活塞式油泵,其作用是將自踏板機(jī)構(gòu)輸入的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化為液壓能。液壓能通過(guò)油管輸入前、后輪制動(dòng)器和制動(dòng)輪缸。制動(dòng)輪缸屬于單向作用活塞式油缸,其作用是將輸入的液壓能再轉(zhuǎn)換成機(jī)械能,促使制動(dòng)能再轉(zhuǎn)換成機(jī)械能,促使制動(dòng)器進(jìn)入工作狀態(tài)。下面選桑塔納轎車車型來(lái)對(duì)液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。 [2] 1 汽車最小制動(dòng)力的確定表 1-1 為桑塔納轎車的基本參數(shù)。發(fā) 動(dòng) 機(jī) 型 號(hào) YP 型 (1. 6 升 ) JV 型 (1. 8 升 )總 長(zhǎng) X 總 寬 X 總 高 4545X1695X1400 4545X1695X1400離 地 間 隙 (毫 米 ) 145(空 車 ) 127(重 車 )插 距 (毫 米 ) 2550 2550下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 119709857前 輪 距 (毫 米 ) 1400 1414后 輪 距 (毫 米 ) 1408 1422最 小 轉(zhuǎn) 彎 半 徑 (米 ) 5. 5 5. 52. 轎 車 基 本 重 量 表 1-2 轎 車 的 基 本 重 量 (千 克 )發(fā) 動(dòng) 機(jī) 型 號(hào) YP 型 (1. 6 升 ) JV 型 (1. 8 升 )總 重 1440 1460自 重 955 985載 重 485 475查得整車整備質(zhì)量 m=1040kg 滿載總質(zhì)量 m=1460 kg由 GB7258-1997《機(jī)動(dòng)車運(yùn)行安全技術(shù)條件》對(duì)汽車的制動(dòng)力要求如下 [3]制動(dòng)力總合與整車重量百分比 軸制動(dòng)力與軸荷百分比車輛類型空載 滿載 前軸 后軸汽、列車 60? 50? 60? ——得出最小制動(dòng)力應(yīng)為 =50% 1460 10 N=7300Nmin1F?=60% 1040 10 N=6240Ni2取 =7300N 為制動(dòng)器給機(jī)車的制動(dòng)力總和。min2 前后制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)力分配比例。前后輪制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)力的分配將影響汽車制動(dòng)時(shí)的方向穩(wěn)定性和附著條件的利用程度,是設(shè)計(jì)汽車制動(dòng)系必須妥善處理的問(wèn)題。汽車制動(dòng)時(shí)前、后輪同時(shí)抱死對(duì)附著條件利用、制動(dòng)時(shí)汽車的方向穩(wěn)定性較為有利。此時(shí)前后制動(dòng)器 、 滿足關(guān)系 [4]:1F2122ZG???????下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 119709858、 ——前、后輪制動(dòng)力1F2G——汽車重力、 ——前、后輪的法向反作用力1Z2——路面附著系數(shù) =0.7??而對(duì)于行車制動(dòng)時(shí)地面作用于前、后輪的法向反作用力令 為制動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。12ZgduFLGbmhta???????,Zt?式中 L——軸距b——質(zhì)心距后軸的距離a——質(zhì)心距前軸的距離——汽車的最大加速度dut如圖 2-1 為桑塔納轎車的整車基本參數(shù) [3]下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 119709859理想的前、后輪制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)力為 =5913N1minF=1387N2in3 各輪缸輸入力的確定輪缸輸入力與制動(dòng)器的效能因數(shù)有關(guān),制動(dòng)器效能因數(shù),就是指制動(dòng)器在單位輸入壓力或力的作用下所能輸出的力或力矩。即在制動(dòng)鼓或制動(dòng)盤的作用半徑上所產(chǎn)生的摩擦力與輸入力之比。 [5]即 BF= (3-1)fTPR式中 ——制動(dòng)力摩擦力矩fR——制動(dòng)鼓或盤的作用半徑P ——輪缸輸入力技術(shù)參數(shù)序號(hào) 項(xiàng) 目 普通型 2000 型1 管路系統(tǒng)型式 雙管路對(duì)角分布2 前輪盤式制動(dòng)器 制動(dòng)盤厚度 制動(dòng)盤直徑12 20 239 256 ??3 后輪鼓式制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)鼓尺寸(內(nèi)徑X 蹄寬)/mmXmm80x30 200X404 駐車制動(dòng)坡度 30%5 制動(dòng)力分配比(后韌動(dòng)力/總制動(dòng)力)22% 19%6 制動(dòng)效率 V85%(空載)65%(滿載)91%(空載)68%(滿載)下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 11970985103.1 前輪盤式制動(dòng)器的輸入力的確定對(duì)于前輪盤式制動(dòng),設(shè)兩側(cè)制動(dòng)塊對(duì)制動(dòng)盤的壓緊力均為 P,則制動(dòng)盤在其兩側(cè)工作面的作用半徑上所受的摩擦力為 2fP,次處 f 為盤與制動(dòng)塊的摩擦系數(shù),于是鉗盤式制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)因數(shù):BF= (3-2)2fP?對(duì)于桑塔納轎車前輪為鉗盤式BF=2nfn——旋轉(zhuǎn)制動(dòng)盤數(shù)目f——摩擦系數(shù)在理想條件下,計(jì)算結(jié)果取 f=0.3 接近實(shí)際。這里 n=1,f=0.3 代入計(jì)算得BF=2x1x0.3=0.6有(3-1)式;BF= = fTPRF即 P= = = N=9855N (3-3)B1min0.6593.即前輪輪缸輸入力最小為 9855N3.2 后輪鼓式制動(dòng)器輪缸輸入力的計(jì)算對(duì)于后輪鼓式制動(dòng),采用雙領(lǐng)蹄式制動(dòng),選用雙液壓缸雙領(lǐng)蹄制動(dòng)。設(shè)作用與兩蹄張開(kāi)力 ,制動(dòng)鼓內(nèi)圓柱面半徑制動(dòng)鼓工作半徑為 R 則 12P、B 1TfFR?2TfBFR?當(dāng) 時(shí),則有12P?12Tf?蹄與鼓間的作用力的分布其合力大小,方向及作用點(diǎn)需要精確地分析計(jì)算如下圖下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098511設(shè)張開(kāi)力 P 作用下制動(dòng)蹄摩擦襯片與鼓之間的作用合力 N 如圖 3-1 所示 作用與襯片上 B 點(diǎn)這一法向力引起了作用于制動(dòng)蹄襯片上的摩擦力為 Nf,f 為摩擦系數(shù),a、b、c、R、 為結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。對(duì) A 去矩得:?Ph+Nfc-Nb=0 由上式得:領(lǐng)蹄的受力 (3-4)1NfhfBFcPb????????當(dāng)逆轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),領(lǐng)蹄變?yōu)閰蔡?,這時(shí)的受力情況Nf 方向相反,得制動(dòng)器因數(shù)(3-5)21NfhfBFbPc????????下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098512式中 f 為摩擦系數(shù),P 為輸入力,其余為結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。F 在初步設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)取 0.3 使結(jié)果更接近實(shí)際。 [1]由表查的桑塔納的制動(dòng)系結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)得;R=200mmh=2x0.8R=320mmb=0.8R=160mmc=0.9R=180mm計(jì)算得 =0.4421NfhfBFbPc????????0.346?P= =946N.N即前、后輪輪缸的輸入力大小為 =9855N , =946N1P24. 制動(dòng)輪缸直徑 d 的確定制動(dòng)輪缸對(duì)制動(dòng)蹄塊施加的張開(kāi)力 與輪缸直徑 d 和制動(dòng)管路壓力的關(guān)系為;0F(4-1)04p??取管路壓力為 10MPa4.1 對(duì)于前輪輪缸直徑 1d為 = = mm 35.4mm1d04Fp?9853.??輪缸直徑 d 應(yīng)在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的尺寸系列中選?。℉G2865-1997) ,具體為19mm、22mm、24mm、25mm、28mm、30mm、32mm、35mm、38mm、40mm、45mm、50mm、55mm。選取直徑 d=40mm4.2 后輪輪缸直徑的確定下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 119709851302494613.Fdmp????取后輪輪缸直徑為 =19mm2d5. 制動(dòng)主缸直徑 的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算0第 i 個(gè)輪缸的工作容積為(5-1 )214niiVd????式中, 為第 i 個(gè)輪缸活塞的直徑;n 為輪缸中活塞的數(shù)目; 為第 I 個(gè)輪缸活塞i i?在完全控制時(shí)的行程,初步設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),對(duì)于鼓式制動(dòng)器可取 2.0 2.5mm[6]。:對(duì)于盤式制動(dòng)輪缸= = =37681,2V21,4id???2403??m3對(duì)于鼓式制動(dòng)輪缸=23,43,41i??29.533147?所有輪缸總工作容積為 =2 =132041miV?368m??3制動(dòng)主缸應(yīng)有的工作容積為 ,式中, 為制動(dòng)軟管的變形容積。'0 'V在初步設(shè)計(jì)中,制動(dòng)主缸的工作容積可取為:對(duì)于乘用車 =1.1V 則; 0=1.1 13204 =14524.40V?33主缸活塞直徑 和活塞工作行程為0d= (5-2)024S?一般 =(0.8 1.2) ,此處取 =:00Sd即 = = mm=26.449mm0d3V?1452.?主缸直徑 應(yīng)符合 QC/T311-1999 中規(guī)定的尺寸系列 [1]、[7] ,具體為19mm、22mm、26mm、28mm、32mm、35mm、38mm、40mm、45mm。下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098514此處選取 =28mm0d6. 前輪輪缸主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算參數(shù) 內(nèi)徑 D=40mm 理論推力值 F=9855 N6.1 工作壓力 P(6-1)249857.83.10FMaPA???6.2 單位時(shí)間內(nèi)油液通過(guò)缸筒有效截面體積的流量;L/min (6-2)VQt式中 V——液壓缸活塞一次行程中所消耗油液的體積t——液壓缸活塞一次行程所需時(shí)間其中 V=vAt L310?v——活塞桿運(yùn)動(dòng)速度A——活塞桿截面面積關(guān)于活塞桿的速度確定如下;根據(jù)《汽車安全技術(shù)條件》中規(guī)定;汽車單車制動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)時(shí)間應(yīng)不大于 0.6s。制動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)時(shí)間為踏板開(kāi)始動(dòng)作到到達(dá)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的充分發(fā)出的平均減速度的 75%時(shí)所用時(shí)間。下圖是駕駛員在接受了緊急制動(dòng)信號(hào)后,制動(dòng)踏板力、汽車制動(dòng)減速度與制動(dòng)時(shí)間的關(guān)系曲線 [2]下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098515圖 6-1 汽車制動(dòng)曲線= + 為制動(dòng)器作用時(shí)間即2?''2由 ——踩下制動(dòng)踏板到制動(dòng)間隙消除的時(shí)間 '——制動(dòng)力增長(zhǎng)過(guò)程所需時(shí)間'2設(shè)消除間隙所用時(shí)間 0.2s,則制動(dòng)器作用時(shí)間 0.4s,取為 0.4s,則?v= mm/ssts——為活塞桿行程v= mm/s=7.5mm/s 30.4Q=vA =7.5 60 =0.5652 L/min?2??6.3 缸筒的設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)缸筒的材料選擇有如下要求: [8]一般要求有足夠的強(qiáng)度和沖擊韌性,對(duì)焊接的缸筒要求有良好的焊接性能。根據(jù)液壓缸的參數(shù)、用途、和毛坯的來(lái)源等可選用以下各種材料: [6]25、35、45 等;25GrMo35CrMo,38CrMoAl;ZG200-400,ZG230-450, 1Gr18Ni19,ZL105 等;缸筒毛坯,普遍采用退火的冷拔或熱軋無(wú)縫鋼管,國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上已有內(nèi)孔經(jīng)研磨或內(nèi)孔槽加工,只需按所要求的長(zhǎng)度切割無(wú)縫鋼管。對(duì)于工作溫度低于-50 的液壓缸缸筒,必須用 45,35 號(hào)鋼且要調(diào)質(zhì)處理。 [9]0c根據(jù)《液壓工程手冊(cè)》選取,缸筒的材料為鑄鐵。6.3.1 缸筒內(nèi)徑當(dāng)液壓缸的理論作用力 F(包括推力 及拉力 )和供油壓力 P 為已知時(shí),則無(wú)12F活塞桿側(cè)的內(nèi)徑為:D= 取 D=40mm (6-3)3140mP???6.3.2 缸筒壁厚 下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098516(6-4)??max00.4123PD???????????其中 為缸筒的最高工作壓力,maxPD——缸筒內(nèi)徑——材料的許用壓力 ???則, =3.33mm0??1426?取 =4mmD+2 =40+2 4 mm=48 mm 1D0查《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》 ,取為 =50mm1D缸筒壁厚的演算液壓缸的工作壓力應(yīng)低于一定的極限值,保證工作安全:(6-5)21()0.35snP???式中, ——為缸筒材料的屈服強(qiáng)度 鑄鐵為 180MPas代入數(shù)據(jù) =22.68 MPa28(04).5n?系統(tǒng)的壓力最高為 12 MPa 所以缸筒外徑符合要求 為了避免缸筒在工作時(shí)發(fā)生塑性變形,液壓缸的額定壓力 應(yīng)與塑性變形壓力有一nP定的比例范圍:(6-6)(0.35.42)nPLPp?:其中 MPa MPa =40.1 MPa1logLsDp?50.318log4??=14.04 MPa..Man?系統(tǒng)壓力經(jīng)驗(yàn)證 符合要求此外,缸筒的徑向變形應(yīng)在允許的范圍內(nèi),經(jīng)驗(yàn)證符合要求。為了確保液壓缸的安全使用,缸筒的爆破壓力 應(yīng)大于耐壓實(shí)驗(yàn)壓力 [10]。經(jīng)Ep驗(yàn)證,符合要求。6.3.3 缸蓋厚度的確定 下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098517汽車前輪缸蓋設(shè)為有孔式,則有公式 當(dāng)缸筒底部為拱形時(shí),應(yīng)按下式進(jìn)行計(jì)算:??max20.43PtD???m (6-7)t??式中, 為缸筒外徑0= m1.5246?=4.1 mm取缸蓋厚度為 5 mm6.3.4 工作行程的確定液壓缸工作行程長(zhǎng)度,可根據(jù)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)際最大行程來(lái)確定,對(duì)于前輪盤式,制動(dòng)盤與制動(dòng)塊之間的間隙為 0.01 0.15mm,加上制動(dòng)片的極限偏差和活塞與制動(dòng)塊之:間距離的 2 倍,取活塞的工作大致為 3mm。6.3.5 最小導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng)度的確定(6-8)0LDH??L——液壓缸的最大工作行程代入數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得:H 21.5mm6.3.6 活塞寬度的確定 B=(0.6 1.0) D 取為 B=30mm:可根據(jù)中隔圈再次確定 B,缸蓋的滑動(dòng)支承面的長(zhǎng)度 ,由液壓缸內(nèi)徑 D 確定1lD<80mm,取 =(0.6 1.0)D 取為 =30mm 1l 1l6.3.7 缸體長(zhǎng)度的確定 液壓缸缸體內(nèi)部長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)等于活塞行程和活塞寬度只和。缸體外形還應(yīng)考慮到兩端端蓋的厚度,一般液壓缸缸體長(zhǎng)度不應(yīng)大于內(nèi)徑的 20 30 倍。:002LB???=43mm6.4 活塞的設(shè)計(jì)由于活塞在液體壓力的作用下沿缸筒往復(fù)滑動(dòng),因此它與缸的配合應(yīng)適當(dāng)即不能下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098518過(guò)緊,也不能間隙過(guò)大,過(guò)大會(huì)引起液壓缸內(nèi)部泄漏,降低容積效率,使液壓缸達(dá)不到設(shè)計(jì)的性能要求。6.4.1 結(jié)構(gòu)形式采用整體式6.4.2 活塞與活塞桿的連接整體活塞在活塞圓周上開(kāi)溝槽,安置密封圈,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。6.4.3 活塞材料選用高強(qiáng)度鑄鐵 HT200-300活塞尺寸及加工公差活塞外徑的配合一般采用 f9,外徑對(duì)內(nèi)孔的同軸度公差不大于 0.02mm,端面和軸線的垂直度公差不大于 0.04/100mm,外表面的圓度和圓柱度一般不大于外徑公差之半[11]。6.5 密封圈根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的工作特點(diǎn),選用高低唇型密封圈。6.6 活塞桿活塞桿的桿頭應(yīng)連接摩擦塊推動(dòng)制動(dòng)盤制動(dòng)所以桿頭連接形式應(yīng)為螺孔頭式。6.6.1 活塞桿要在導(dǎo)向套中滑動(dòng)一般采用 H8/h7 或 H8/f7 配合,其圓度和圓柱度公差不大于直徑公差之半。安裝活塞的軸頸和外圓的同軸度公差不大于 0.01mm,是為了保證活塞桿外圓和活塞外圓的同軸度,以避免活塞與缸筒、活塞桿與導(dǎo)向套的卡滯現(xiàn)象。安裝活塞的軸肩端面與活塞桿軸線的垂直度公差不大于 0.04mm/100mm。6.6.2 活塞桿的計(jì)算因前盤輪缸無(wú)速比要求,按《液壓設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》要求,根據(jù):d=(1/3 ~1/5)D D---為缸筒直徑圓整查表得活塞桿直徑:d=14mm 活塞桿螺紋尺寸查( GB/T2350-1980)得螺紋直徑與螺距M10 1.25 L 為短型 L=14mm 內(nèi)螺紋?活塞桿的強(qiáng)度校核62104pFd?????下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098519=7.8 符合要求MPap??6.7 活塞桿的導(dǎo)向套、密封、防塵選用端蓋式金屬導(dǎo)向套一般采用摩擦系數(shù)小,耐磨性好的青銅材料制作。而端蓋式直接導(dǎo)向型導(dǎo)向套材料用灰鑄鐵。6.7.1 導(dǎo)向套長(zhǎng)度的確定導(dǎo)向套的主要尺寸是支承長(zhǎng)度,通常按活塞桿直徑、導(dǎo)向套的形式、導(dǎo)向套材料的承壓能力。通常有兩段導(dǎo)向段,每段寬度一般為 d/3,長(zhǎng)度 b=2/3d 其中 d 為活塞桿直徑。即 b=2/3 14=9.5mm?6.7.2 加工要求 [12]導(dǎo)向套外圓與端蓋內(nèi)孔德配合多為 H8/f7,內(nèi)孔與活塞桿外圓的配合選為 H9/f9,外圓與內(nèi)孔的同軸度公差不大于直徑公差的一半,內(nèi)孔中的環(huán)形油槽和直油槽要淺而寬,以保證有良好的潤(rùn)滑。6.8 油口由于汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)造,油口應(yīng)布置在端蓋上,且屬于薄壁孔(l/d 0.5) ,通過(guò)?口的流量為= (6-9)??12QCAp???CAP??式中 C——流量系數(shù),接頭處大孔與小孔之比大于 7 時(shí),C=0.6 0.62:接頭處大孔與小孔之比小于 7 時(shí),C=0.7 0.8A——油孔的截面積——液壓油的密度?——油孔前、后腔的壓力12p、——油孔前后壓力差?由上式得;(6-10)2QACP??其中 Q=0.5652 L/ min C 取為 0.7下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098520而查得桑塔納 2000 液壓油密度為 =1.125g/?3cm代入數(shù)據(jù)得 d 8.015 mm?查液壓油口連接螺紋(GB/T2878-1993) 取為 油口 M10 1?6.9 密封件、防塵圈的選用選為 O 型密封圈 2 型特康防塵圈以上是汽車前盤制動(dòng)輪缸的尺寸和結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),現(xiàn)將數(shù)據(jù)整理如下;表 6-9 設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)整理液壓缸結(jié)構(gòu) 單作用單活塞缸 缸體長(zhǎng)度 43mm液壓缸內(nèi)徑 40mm 液壓缸壁厚 5mm缸底厚度 5mm 頭部法蘭厚 10mm活塞桿直徑 14mm 活塞行程 3mm導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng)度 9.5mm裝配尺寸如下表活塞 材料灰鑄鐵 HT200/300外徑對(duì)內(nèi)孔的同軸度公差 0.02mm端面軸線垂直度公差 0.04/100 mm外表面圓度和圓柱度 0.01 mm 外徑配合 f9活塞桿材料為碳鋼 桿頭連接為螺孔頭式H8/h7 配合軸頸與外圓同軸度公差 0.01mm軸肩端面與活塞桿軸線垂直度公差為 0.04mm粗糙度為 0.2um螺紋 M10 1.25 L=14mm 內(nèi)螺紋?下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098521導(dǎo)向套材料為青銅 外圓與端蓋內(nèi)孔配合 H8/f7外圓與內(nèi)孔同軸度 0.03mm圓度與圓柱度 0.01mm 油口 連接螺紋 M10 1?密封圈O 型2 型特康防塵圈7 . 后輪輪缸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算對(duì)于后輪鼓式制動(dòng)采用雙領(lǐng)蹄式制動(dòng),即為雙缸單活塞制動(dòng)現(xiàn)對(duì)四個(gè)輪缸進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算7.1 后輪工作壓力 PP=F/A=4F/ = =3.34mpa (7-1)?2d24961?7.2 缸筒的設(shè)計(jì)選材料為鑄鐵7.2.1 缸筒內(nèi)徑 D=19mm7.2.2 缸筒壁厚= =3.44mm (7-2)??max0.4123pD?????960.4123?????????取 4mm,則外徑 =27mm?1??7.2.3 缸筒壁厚演算(7-3)??210.35snPMpaD???代入數(shù)據(jù)演算 ,符合要求.87.2.4 缸體底部厚度(7-4)120.43p???下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098522式中 ---計(jì)算厚度外直徑2DP---最大工作壓力計(jì)算得 3.65,取 =5mm1??1?7.2.5 缸體頭部法蘭厚度(7-5)??340aLpFbhrd?????式中:F---法蘭在缸筒最大內(nèi)壓下所承受的最大軸向壓力---法蘭外圓半徑a初步設(shè)計(jì)取法蘭外圓半徑為 32mm,b=11mm代入數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得 h=4.91mm 取 h=6mm7.2.6 液壓缸工作行程的確定工作行程長(zhǎng)度由執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)際工作行程決定,且參照《液壓工程手冊(cè)》選取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值得 S=30mm7.2.7 最下導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng)度最小導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng)度的確定 =12mm (7-6)20LDH??7.2.8 缸體長(zhǎng)度的確定L=S+B+L+ =64mm ( 7-7)1??7.3 活塞的設(shè)計(jì)B=( )d= 15mm0.6:結(jié)構(gòu)形式為組合式,加工公差同前盤式活塞桿的校核 62410FMpad???????=3.4 符合要求 7.4 活塞桿的設(shè)計(jì)裝配公差和結(jié)構(gòu)形式同前盤式活塞桿的計(jì)算 因后輪輪缸無(wú)速比要求,回位靠彈簧。根據(jù) 135dD???????:下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098523圓整后查表得活塞桿直徑 d=10mm7.5 活塞桿的導(dǎo)向套、密封、防塵選用端蓋式導(dǎo)向,導(dǎo)向套的長(zhǎng)度確定,=7mm [12] 活塞桿的加工要求同上。23bd?7.6 排氣閥 排氣閥要求同上7.7 油口油口的設(shè)計(jì)要求同上,= (7-8)??12QCAp???CAP??式中各參數(shù)意義同上,則(7-9)2P??代入數(shù)據(jù)得 d=8.25mm查取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值,得油口為 M10 1?7.8 密封件,防塵圈選擇結(jié)果同上?,F(xiàn)將后輪輪缸各尺寸參數(shù)整理如下;表 7-8 后輪輪缸的尺寸參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)整理液壓缸結(jié)構(gòu) 單作用單活塞缸 缸體長(zhǎng)度 64mm液壓缸內(nèi)徑 19mm 缸筒壁厚 5mm缸底厚度 4 mm 頭部法蘭厚 5mm活塞桿外徑 10mm 活塞桿行程 5mm導(dǎo)向套寬 7mm 最小導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng) 12mm裝配尺寸如下表下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098524活塞 材料灰鑄鐵 HT200/300外徑對(duì)內(nèi)孔的同軸度公差 0.02mm端面軸線垂直度公差 0.04/100 mm外表面圓度和圓柱度 0.01 mm 外徑配合 f9活塞桿材料為碳鋼 桿頭連接為螺孔頭式H8/h7 配合軸頸與外圓同軸度公差 0.01mm軸肩端面與活塞桿軸線垂直度公差為 0.04mm粗糙度為 0.2um螺紋 M10 1.25 L=14mm 內(nèi)螺紋?導(dǎo)向套材料為青銅 外圓與端蓋內(nèi)孔配合 H8/f7外圓與內(nèi)孔同軸度 0.03mm圓度與圓柱度 0.01mm 油口連接螺紋 M10 1?密封圈O 型2 型特康防塵圈流量 Q 的計(jì)算 Q=vAx L/min=5/0.4 L/min=0.0270275 L/min3102360.190?8 制動(dòng)主缸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算8.1 主缸主要供油量的計(jì)算Q =2Q +4Q 012=2x0.5652+4x0.27025 L/min=2.2115 L/min 下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 11970985258.2 第一段長(zhǎng)度的確定主缸結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)裝配圖,第一段長(zhǎng)度為第一缸活塞的工作行程。S (8-1)124d???0Q式中;d——主缸直徑Q——制動(dòng)過(guò)程中所需的液體總流量S 0.4 = mm=12mm1?02?24d?62.1504.8??取得 S =40 mm 第二段長(zhǎng)度的確定第二段長(zhǎng)度為第二缸活塞的工作行程。考慮到彈簧的作用,第二缸作用要比第一缸遲,為了保證兩缸能同時(shí)工作,第二段缸的活塞行程要小于第一缸的活塞行程。綜合考慮彈簧的預(yù)緊力,以及需保證第二缸在第一缸出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)能保證汽車的制動(dòng)力,也就是應(yīng)能提供整車需要的制動(dòng)油液。因此 24sm?8.3 缸筒的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的確定8.3.1 缸筒壁厚的確定 (8-2)??max00.4123PD???????????式中各符號(hào)意義同前,代入數(shù)據(jù)得=5.06mm????286.4103???取 = 6mm8.3.2 缸筒連接方式缸筒選擇法蘭連接,結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單,易加工,易裝卸。法蘭厚度h(8-3)??3410aLpFbhrd?????式中各參數(shù)意義同上,其中由法蘭盤的承載壓力選擇周布四個(gè)螺栓固定,查得螺栓下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098526的直徑為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值 M12 4,代入數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得,?h=9 mm 8.4 第一缸活塞直徑的確定I.選用整體式活塞,活塞采用高強(qiáng)度鑄鐵 HT200-300 [11],活塞寬度 B=(0.6 1.0)d 取為 15mm :II. 由實(shí)際條件確定,第一缸的最大行程 S 為 45mm1III. 因?yàn)榈谝磺换钊麠U直接與踏板機(jī)構(gòu)連接,為了減輕重量,取活塞桿為空心桿,對(duì)于空心桿d= m (8-4)62140pFd?????式中 F ——液壓缸的推力1——材料的許用應(yīng)力p——活塞桿的空心直徑1d代入數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得 d=19mm缸工作時(shí)軸線擺動(dòng),因此選用光桿耳環(huán)式外端,活塞桿材料為碳鋼?;钊麠U的加工要求同上。 此外,此缸無(wú)速比要求,回位力靠彈簧力。8.5 第二缸的設(shè)計(jì)同上確定活塞寬 B=20mm 活塞桿長(zhǎng)度 l=50mm 活塞為實(shí)心 d=12mm8.6 導(dǎo)向套、密封活塞桿導(dǎo)向套裝在液壓缸有桿腔側(cè)端蓋內(nèi),用以對(duì)活塞桿進(jìn)行導(dǎo)向,內(nèi)裝有密封裝置以保證缸筒有桿腔的密封。外側(cè)有防塵圈,以防止活塞后退時(shí)把雜質(zhì)、灰塵及水分帶到密封裝置處,損壞密封裝置。 [6]、[13]選用端蓋式密封,適用于低壓、低速、小行程的液壓缸。導(dǎo)向套長(zhǎng)度的確定同上 b=2/3d=2/3x19mm 13mm?最小導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng)度 H S/20+D/2 15.5mm ?加工要求同上8.7 油口的選擇= (8-5)??12QCAp???CAP??下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098527各參數(shù)意義同上。對(duì)于出油口,在制動(dòng)時(shí)需要一定的開(kāi)啟壓力,設(shè)為 0.1Mpa。制動(dòng)液為合成制動(dòng)液,密度為 1.125g/cm3(8-6)2QACP???A= m /s36611.020.5.?3計(jì)算得 d 6.492 mm?查液壓油口螺紋連接螺紋(GB/T-1993)取出油口為 M8 1?對(duì)于進(jìn)油口開(kāi)啟壓力 較小 代入數(shù)據(jù)取為 M12 1.58.8 選取彈簧因?yàn)榛钊匚恍枰獜椈闪?,所以要有固定安裝的彈簧。選用等節(jié)距圓形截面彈簧 [14]因?yàn)榈谝桓變?nèi)部開(kāi)啟壓力為 0.5Mpa,則彈簧的最大承載壓力為F=PA=0.5 =265N ,彈簧的行程 =45mm?610??2.4?maxinf?依據(jù)彈簧的承載能力和行程及液壓缸的內(nèi)徑,查得彈簧的中徑 D=18mmH =71mm 直徑 d=2mm09.系統(tǒng)液壓閥的選擇本系統(tǒng)前、后輪管道壓力不同,但是油液由液壓制動(dòng)主缸供給。因此,系統(tǒng)管路中應(yīng)有比例閥,進(jìn)、出油口為單向閥。表 9-1 系統(tǒng)液壓閥數(shù)據(jù)整理序號(hào)元件名稱 方案一 方案二 通過(guò)流量1 插裝直通單 CIT-04-05-1 9.5L/min下載后文件包含有 CAD 圖紙和說(shuō)明書,咨詢 Q 197216396 或 1197098528向閥2 電磁液壓比例閥BYF 型 20L/min10. 管道尺寸管路在液壓系統(tǒng)中主要用來(lái)把各種元件及裝置連接起來(lái),對(duì)管路的基本要求是要有足夠的強(qiáng)度,能承受系統(tǒng)的最高沖擊壓力和工作壓力。 [7]管路與各元件及裝置的各連接處要密封可靠、不泄漏、絕對(duì)不能松動(dòng)。管路的安裝要固定堅(jiān)實(shí),布局合理,排列整齊,方便維修和更新元件。 本系統(tǒng)主油路流量 Q=1.106L/min 壓油管的允許流速為 v=12.5mm/s綜合諸因素現(xiàn)取油管的內(nèi)徑 d=6mm 進(jìn)油口參照進(jìn)油口螺紋連接尺寸 [15],選為d=5mm。到此,整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)完成,經(jīng)校核符合要求。11.結(jié)束語(yǔ)汽車的制動(dòng)性能評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)有:制動(dòng)效能、制動(dòng)效能的穩(wěn)定性、制動(dòng)時(shí)汽車方向的穩(wěn)定性 [2]。液壓制動(dòng)保證了制動(dòng)時(shí)的高效能,且選擇 x 型回路保證了制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的工作可靠性。但是,一旦某一