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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)萬向節(jié)滑動(dòng)叉工藝設(shè)計(jì)

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1、南通職業(yè)大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 萬向滑動(dòng)叉工藝設(shè)計(jì) 摘 要 萬向節(jié)滑動(dòng)叉位于傳動(dòng)軸的端部。它的主要作用:一是傳遞扭矩,使汽車獲得前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力;二是當(dāng)汽車后橋鋼板彈簧處在不同的狀態(tài)時(shí),由本零件可以調(diào)整傳動(dòng)軸的長(zhǎng)短及其位置。零件的兩個(gè)叉頭部位上有兩個(gè)孔,用以安裝滾針軸承并與十字軸相連,起萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié)的作用。零件上的花鍵孔與傳動(dòng)軸端部的花鍵軸相配合,用于傳遞動(dòng)力之用。 此次設(shè)計(jì)是在學(xué)完機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)及機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)課程,并進(jìn)行了生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上完成的。本設(shè)計(jì)主要編制該零件的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程,并設(shè)計(jì)其

2、中一道工序的專用夾具,并撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。 此次設(shè)計(jì)培養(yǎng)了我熟悉并運(yùn)用有關(guān)手冊(cè)、規(guī)范、圖表等技術(shù)資料的能力。進(jìn)一步鍛煉了我識(shí)圖、制圖、運(yùn)算、編寫技術(shù)文件和操作CAD等基本能力。 關(guān)鍵字:萬向節(jié)滑動(dòng)叉、工藝、專用夾具 Abstract Universal joint glide fork is located the drive shaft the nose.Its main function: One, the transmission torque, causes the automobile to obtain the

3、advance the power; Two is when the automobile rear axle of car spring occupies the different condition, may adjust the drive shaft by this components the length and the position. In the components two jaw spot has two holes, with installs the needle bearing and is connected with the cross axle, play

4、s the rotary shaft coupling role. On the components colored key hole and the drive shaft nose spline shaft coordinates, to use in transmitting using of the power. This design is in study the machine manufacture technology and the engine bed jig design curriculum, and carried on in the production pr

5、actice foundation to complete. This design mainly establishes this components the machine-finishing technological process, and designs working procedure the unit clamp, and composes the design instruction booklet. This design trained me to be familiar with and to utilize related technical data and

6、so on the handbook, standard, graph abilities.Further exercised me to know the chart, the charting, the operation, the compilation technology document and operates CAD and so on the basic capability. Keyword: Universal joint glide fork, craft, unit clamp. 31

7、第一章零件的分析 1.零件的作用 放牌汽車底盤傳動(dòng)軸上的萬向節(jié)滑動(dòng)叉,它位于傳動(dòng)軸的端部。主要作用一是傳遞扭 矩,使汽車獲得前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力;二是當(dāng)汽車后橋鋼板彈簧處在不同的狀態(tài)時(shí),由本零件可以調(diào)整傳動(dòng)軸的長(zhǎng)短及其 位置。零件的兩個(gè)叉頭部位上有兩個(gè)Φ39mm的孔,用以安裝該針軸承并與十字軸相連,起萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié)的作用。零 件Φ65mm外圓內(nèi)為Φ50mm花鍵孔與傳動(dòng)軸端部的花鍵軸相配合,用于傳遞動(dòng)力之用。 2.零件的工藝分析 萬向節(jié)滑動(dòng)叉共有兩組加工表面,它們之間有一定的位置要求?,F(xiàn)分述如下: (1)以Φ39mm孔為中心的加工表面 這一組加工表面包括:兩個(gè)Φ39mm的孔及其倒角,尺寸為118m

8、m的與兩個(gè)孔Φ39mm相垂直的平面,還有在平面上的四個(gè)M8螺孔。其中,主要加工表面為Φ39mm的兩個(gè)孔。 (2)以Φ50mm花鍵孔為中心的加工表面   這一組加工表面包括:Φ50mm十六齒方齒花鍵孔,Φ55mm階梯孔,以及Φ65mm的外圓表面和M60X16mm的外螺紋表面。   這兩組加工表面之間有著一定的位置要求,主要是:   1)Φ50mm花鍵孔與Φ39二孔中心聯(lián)線的垂直度公差為100:0.2;   2)Φ39mm二孔外端面對(duì)公Φ39孔垂直度公差為0.1mm;   3)Φ50花鍵槽寬中心線與Φ39mm中心線偏轉(zhuǎn)角度公差為2。  由以上分析可知,對(duì)于這兩組加工表面而言,可以先加

9、工其中一組表面,然后借助于專用夾具加工另一組表面,并且保證它們之間的位置精度要求。 第二章確定毛坯,畫毛坯-零件合圖 1.確定毛坯的制造形式 零件材料為45鋼??紤]到汽車在運(yùn)行中要經(jīng)常加速及正、反向行駛,零件在工作過程中則經(jīng)常承受交變載荷及沖擊性載荷,因此應(yīng)該選用鍛件,以使金屬纖維盡量不被切斷,保證零件工作可靠。由于零件年產(chǎn)量為4000件,已達(dá)大批生產(chǎn)的水平,而且零件的輪廓尺寸不大,故可采用模鍛成型。這從提高生產(chǎn)率、保證加工精度上考慮,也是應(yīng)該的。 2.機(jī)械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的確定    根據(jù)零件材料、硬度

10、、毛坯重量及生產(chǎn)類型、鍛造方法等原始資料和加工工藝,分別確定各加工表面的機(jī)械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸。 (1) 外圓表面(Φ62mm及M60X1mm)   考慮其加工長(zhǎng)度為90mm,與其聯(lián)結(jié)的非加工外圓表面直徑為Φ65mm,為簡(jiǎn)化模鍛毛坯的外形,現(xiàn)直接取其外圓表面直徑為Φ65mm。Φ62mm表面為自由尺寸公差,表面粗糙度值要求為Rz200μm,只要求相加工,此時(shí)直徑余量2z=3mm已能滿足加工要求。 (2)外圓表面沿軸線長(zhǎng)度方向的加工余量及公差(M60X1mm端面)   查《機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《工藝手冊(cè)》)表2.2—l 4,其中鍛件重量為6kg,鍛件復(fù)雜形狀系數(shù)為

11、S1,鍛件材質(zhì)系數(shù)取M1,鍛件輪廓尺寸(長(zhǎng)度方向)>180—315mm。長(zhǎng)度方向的余量查《工藝手冊(cè)》表2.2—2.5,其余量值規(guī)定為2.0一2.5mm,現(xiàn)取2.0mm。 (3)兩內(nèi)孔毛坯為實(shí)心,不沖出孔。兩內(nèi)孔精度要求界于IT7一IT8之間,參照《工藝手冊(cè)》表2.3-9及表2.3—12確定工序尺寸及余量為:   鉆孔:Φ25mm   鉆孔:Φ37mm      2z=12mm   擴(kuò)鉆:Φ38.7mm     2z=1.7mm   精鏜;Φ38.9mm     2Z=0.2mm   細(xì)鏜:Φ39mm      2z=0.1mm (4)花鍵孔   要求花鍵孔為外徑定心,故采用拉削

12、加工。參照《工藝手冊(cè)》表2.3—9確定孔的加工余量分配:   鉆孔Φ25mm   鉆孔Φ41mm   擴(kuò)鉆Φ42mm   拉花鍵孔(16—Φ50mm*Φ43mm*5mm)   花鍵孔要求外徑定心,拉削時(shí)的加工余量參照《工藝手冊(cè)》表2.3—19取2z=1mm。 (5)Φ39mm 二孔外端面的加工余量(加工與量的計(jì)算長(zhǎng)度為118mm)   1) 按照《工藝手冊(cè)》表2.2—25,取加工精度F2,鍛件復(fù)雜系數(shù)S3,鍛件重6kg,則二孔外端面的單邊加工余量為2.0一3.0mm,取Z=2mm。鍛件的公差按《工藝手冊(cè)》表2.2—14,材質(zhì)系數(shù)取M1,復(fù)雜系數(shù)S3, 則鍛件的偏差。   2)

13、磨削余量:?jiǎn)芜?.2mm,(見《二藝手冊(cè)》表2.3—21),磨削公差及零件公差一0.07mm。   3) 銑削余量:銑削的公稱余量(單邊)為:Z=2.0一0.2=1.8(mm)   銑削公差:現(xiàn)規(guī)定本工序(粗銑)的加工精度為ITll級(jí),因此可知本工序的加工公差為-22M(入體方)。 由于毛坯及以后各道二序(或工步)的加工都有加工公差,因此所規(guī)定的加工余量其實(shí)只是名義上的加工余量。   實(shí)際上,加工余量有最大加工余量及最小加工余量之分。出于本設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)定的零件為大批生產(chǎn),應(yīng)該采用調(diào)整法加工,因此在計(jì)算最大、最小加工余量時(shí), 應(yīng)按調(diào)整法加工方式予以確定?!?Φ39mm二孔外端面尺寸加工余量和工序

14、間余量及公差分布圖見圖7:              由圖可知:毛坯名義尺寸:118十22=122(mm)   毛坯最大尺寸:122十1.32=124.6(mm)   毛坯最小尺寸:122—0.72=120.6(mm)   粗銑后最大尺寸:118十O.22=118.4(mm)   粗銑后最小尺寸:118.4—0.22=ll8.18(mm)   最后,將上述計(jì)算的工序間尺寸及公差整理成表3: 第三章工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì) 1.基面的選擇 基面選擇是工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)中的重要工作之一?;孢x擇得正確與合理,可以使加工質(zhì)量得到保證,生產(chǎn)率

15、得以提高。否則,加工工藝過程中會(huì)問題百出,更有甚者,還會(huì)造成零件大批報(bào)廢,使生產(chǎn)無法正常進(jìn)行。 (1)粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇   對(duì)于一般的軸類零件而言,以外圓作為粗基準(zhǔn)是完全合理的。但對(duì)于本零件來說,如果以Φ65mm外圓(或Φ62mm外圓)表面作基準(zhǔn)(四點(diǎn)定位),則可能造成這一組內(nèi)外圓柱表面與零件的叉部外形不對(duì)稱。按照有關(guān)粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇原則(即當(dāng)零件有不加工表面時(shí),應(yīng)以這些不加工表面作粗基準(zhǔn);若零件有若干個(gè)不加工表面時(shí),則應(yīng)以與加工表面要求相對(duì)位置精度較高的不加工表面作為粗基準(zhǔn)),現(xiàn)選取叉部?jī)蓚€(gè)Φ39mm孔的不加工外輪廓表面作為粗基準(zhǔn),利用一組共兩個(gè)短Ⅴ形塊支承這兩個(gè)Φ39mm的外輪廓作主要定位面,

16、以消除、、、四個(gè)自由度,再用一對(duì)自動(dòng)定心的窄口卡爪,夾持在Φ65mm外圓柱面上,用以消除、兩個(gè)自由度,達(dá)到完全定位。 (2)精基準(zhǔn)的選擇   主要應(yīng)該考慮基準(zhǔn)重合的問題。當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)與工序基準(zhǔn)不重合時(shí),應(yīng)該進(jìn)行尺寸換算,這在以后還要專門計(jì)算 ,此處不再重復(fù)。 2.制定工藝路線 制訂工藝路線的出發(fā)點(diǎn),應(yīng)當(dāng)是使零件的幾何形狀、尺寸精度及位置精度等技術(shù)要求能得到合理的保證。在生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)已確定為大批生產(chǎn)的條件下,可以考慮采用萬能性機(jī)床配以專用工夾具,并盡量使工序集中來提高生產(chǎn)率。除此以外,還應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)效果,以便使生產(chǎn)成本盡量下降。 (1)工藝路線方案一 工序一:車外圓Φ62mm,Φ60mm

17、,車螺紋M60X1mm; 工序二:兩次鉆孔并擴(kuò)鉆花鍵底孔Φ43mm,淴沉頭孔Φ55mm; 工序三:倒角5X30; 工序四:鉆Rc1/8底孔; 工序五:拉花鍵孔; 工序六:粗銑Φ39mm二孔端面; 工序七:精銑Φ39mm二孔端面; 工序八:鉆、擴(kuò)、粗鉸、精鉸兩個(gè)Φ39mm孔至圖樣尺寸并淴倒角2X45; 工序九:鉆M8mm底孔Φ6.7mm,倒角120; 工序十:攻螺紋M8mm,Rc1/8; 工序十一:沖箭頭; 工序十二:檢查。 (2)工藝路線方案二 工序一:粗銑Φ39mm二孔端面; 工序二:精銑Φ39mm二孔端面; 工序三:鉆Φ39mm二孔; 工序四:鏜Φ39mm二

18、孔; 工序五:精鏜Φ39mm二孔; 工序六:車外圓Φ62mm,Φ60mm,車螺紋M60X1mm; 工序七:鉆、鏜孔Φ43mm,并淴沉頭孔Φ55mm; 工序八:倒角5X30; 工序九:鉆Rc1/8底孔; 工序十:拉花鍵孔。 工序十一:鉆M8mm螺紋的底孔Φ6.7mm孔,倒角120; 工序十二:攻螺紋M8mm,Rc1/8; 工序十三:沖箭頭; 工序十四:檢查。  上述兩個(gè)工藝方案的特點(diǎn)在于:方案一是先加工以花鍵孔為中心的一組表面,然后以此為基面加工Φ39mm二孔,而方案二則與此相反,先是加工Φ39mm孔,然后再以此二孔為基準(zhǔn)加工花鍵孔及其外表面。兩相比較可以看出,先加工花鍵孔

19、后再以花鍵孔定位加工39二孔,這時(shí)的位置精度較易保證,并且定位及裝夾等都比較方便。但方案一中的工序八雖然代替了方案二中的工序三、四、五,減少了裝夾次數(shù),但在一道工序中要完成這么多工作,除了選用專門設(shè)計(jì)的組合機(jī)床(但在成批生產(chǎn)時(shí),在能保證加工精度的情況下,應(yīng)盡量不選用專用組合機(jī)床)外,只能選用轉(zhuǎn)塔車床,利用轉(zhuǎn)塔頭進(jìn)行加工。而轉(zhuǎn)塔車床目前大多適用于粗加工,用來在此處加工Φ39mm二孔是不合適的,因此決定將方案二中的工序三、四、五移入方案一,改為兩道工序加工。具體工藝過程如下: 工序一:車外圓Φ62mm,Φ60mm,車螺紋M60X1mm; 工序二:兩次鉆孔并擴(kuò)鉆花鍵底孔Φ43mm,淴沉頭孔Φ55

20、mm,以Φ62mm外圓為定位基準(zhǔn); 工序三:倒角5X30; 工序四:鉆Rc1/8底孔; 工序五:拉花鍵孔; 工序六:粗銑Φ39mm二孔端面,以花鍵孔及其端面為基準(zhǔn); 工序七:精銑Φ39mm二孔端面; 工序八:鉆孔兩次并擴(kuò)孔Φ39mm; 工序九:精鏜并細(xì)鏜Φ39mm二孔,倒角2X45; 工序十:鉆M8mm底孔Φ6.7mm,倒角120; 工序十一:攻螺紋M8mm,Rc1/8; 工序十二:沖箭頭; 工序十三:檢查; 以上加工方案大致看來還是合理的.但通過仔細(xì)考慮零件的技術(shù)要求以及可能采取的加工手段之后,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)仍有問題,主要表現(xiàn)在Φ39mm兩個(gè)孔及其端面加工要求上。圖樣規(guī)定Φ

21、39mm二孔中心線應(yīng)與Φ55mm花鍵孔垂直,垂直度公差為100:0.2;Φ39mm二孔與其外端面應(yīng)垂直,垂直度公差為0.1mm。由此可以看出;因?yàn)棣?9mm二孔的中心線要求與花鍵孔中心線相垂直,因此,加工及測(cè)量Φ39mm孔時(shí)應(yīng)以花鍵孔為基準(zhǔn)。這樣做,能保證設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)與工藝基 準(zhǔn)相重合。在上述工藝路線制訂中也是這樣做了的。同理,Φ39mm二孔與其外端面的垂直度(0.1mm)的技術(shù)要求在加工與測(cè)量時(shí)也應(yīng)遵循上述原則。但在已制訂的工藝路線中卻沒有這樣做:Φ39mm孔加工時(shí),以Φ55mm花鍵孔定位(這是正確的);而孔的外端面加工時(shí),也是以Φ55mm花鍵孔定位。這樣做,從裝夾上看似乎比較方便,但卻違反了基

22、準(zhǔn)重合的原則,造成了不必要的基準(zhǔn)不重合誤差。具體來說,當(dāng)Φ39mm二孔的外端面以花鍵孔為基準(zhǔn)加工時(shí),如果兩個(gè)端面與花鍵孔中心線已保證絕對(duì)平行的話(這是很難的),那么由于Φ39mm二孔中心線與花鍵孔仍有100:0.2的垂直度公差,則39mm孔與其外端面的垂直度誤差就會(huì)很大,甚至?xí)斐沙疃鴪?bào)廢。這就是由于基被不重合而造成的惡果。為了解決這個(gè)問題,原有的加工路線可仍大致保持不變,只是在Φ39mm二孔加工完了以后,再增加一道工序以Φ39mm孔為基準(zhǔn),磨Φ39mm二孔外端面。這樣做,可以修正由于基準(zhǔn)不重合造成的加工誤差,同時(shí)也照顧了原有的加工路線中裝夾較方便的特點(diǎn)。因此,最后的加工路線確定如下: 工

23、序一:車端面及外圓Φ62mm,Φ60mm,車螺紋M60X1mm。以兩個(gè)叉耳外輪廓及Φ65mm外圓為粗基準(zhǔn),選用C620—1臥式車床并加專用夾具; 工序二:鉆、擴(kuò)花鍵底孔Φ43mm,淴沉頭孔Φ55mm,以Φ62mm外圓為定位基準(zhǔn),選用c365L轉(zhuǎn)塔車床; 工序三:內(nèi)花鍵孔5X30倒角。選用c620-1車床加專用夾具; 工序四:鉆錐螺紋Rc1/8底孔。選用z525立式鉆床及專用鉆模。這里安排鉆Rcl/8底孔主要是為了下道工序拉花鍵孔時(shí)為消除回轉(zhuǎn)自由度面設(shè)置的一個(gè)定位基準(zhǔn)。本工序以花鍵內(nèi)底孔定位,并利用叉部外輪廓消除回轉(zhuǎn)自由度; 工序五:拉花鍵孔。利用花鍵內(nèi)底孔。Φ55mm端面及Rcl/8錐

24、螺紋底孔定位,選用L6120臥式拉床加工; 工序六:粗銑Φ39mm二孔端面,以花鍵孔及其端面為基準(zhǔn)。選用x63臥式銑床加工; 工序七:鉆、擴(kuò)Φ39mm二孔及倒角。以花鍵孔及端面定位,選用z535立式鉆床加工; 工序八:精鏜并細(xì)鏜Φ39mm二孔。 選用T740型臥式金剛鏜床及專用夾具加工,以花鍵內(nèi)孔及其端面定位; 工序九:磨Φ39mm二孔端面,保證尺寸,以Φ39mm孔及花鍵孔定位,選用M7l30平面磨床及專用夾具加工; 工序十:鉆叉部四個(gè)M8mm螺紋底孔并倒角。選用z525立式鉆床及專用夾具加工,以花鍵孔及Φ39mm孔定位; 工序十一:攻螺紋4-M8mm,Rc1/8; 工序十二:沖

25、箭頭; 工序十三:檢查。 *以上工藝過程詳見“機(jī)械加工工藝過程綜合卡片” 4.確定切削用量及基本工時(shí) 工序1:車削端面、外圓及螺紋。本工序采用計(jì)算法確定切削用量; 工序2:鉆、擴(kuò)花鍵底孔Φ43mm,及淴沉頭孔Φ55mm,選用機(jī)床C365L; 工序3:Φ43mm內(nèi)孔50*30倒角,選用臥式車床C620-1。由于最后的切削寬度很大,故按成形車削制定進(jìn)給量; 工序4:鉆錐螺紋Rc1/8底孔(Φ8.8mm); 工序5:拉花鍵孔; 工序6:粗銑Φ39mm二孔端面,保證尺寸; 工序7:鉆、擴(kuò)Φ39mm二孔及倒角; 工序8:精、細(xì)鏜Φ38.9mm二孔,選用機(jī)床:T740金剛鏜床;

26、 工序9:磨Φ39mm二孔端面,保證尺寸; 工序10:鉆螺紋底孔4-Φ6.7mm,并倒角120; 工序11:攻螺紋4—M8mm及Rc1/8。 * 需用到的典型夾具機(jī)構(gòu)    最后,將以上各工序切削用量、工時(shí)定額的計(jì)算結(jié)果,連同其它加工數(shù)據(jù),一并填入機(jī)械加工工藝過程綜合卡。 6.機(jī)械加工工藝過程綜合卡片(見附圖) 第四章夾具設(shè)計(jì) 1.問題的提出    本夾具主要用來粗銑Φ39mm二孔的兩個(gè)端面,這兩個(gè)端面對(duì)Φ39mm孔及花鍵孔都有一定的技術(shù)要求。但加工本道工序時(shí),Φ39mm孔尚未加工,而且這兩個(gè)端面在工序9還要進(jìn)行磨加工。因此,在本道

27、工序加工時(shí),主要應(yīng)考慮如何提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,面精度則不是主要問題。 2.夾具設(shè)計(jì) (1)定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇   由零件圖可知,Φ39mm二孔端面應(yīng)對(duì)花鍵孔中心線有平行度及對(duì)稱度要求,其設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)為花鍵孔中心線。為了使定位誤差為零,應(yīng)該選擇以花鍵孔定位的自動(dòng)定心夾具。但這種自動(dòng)定心夾具在結(jié)構(gòu)上將過于復(fù)雜,因此這里只選用以花鍵孔為主要定位基面。   為了提高加工效率,現(xiàn)決定用兩把鑲齒三面刃銑刀對(duì)兩個(gè)孔端面同時(shí)進(jìn)行加工。同時(shí),為了縮短輔助時(shí)間,準(zhǔn)備采用氣動(dòng)夾緊。 (2)切削力及夾緊力計(jì)算   刀具:高速鋼鑲齒三面刃銑刀, z=20          (見《切削手冊(cè)》表3.28)

28、   其中:Cr=65050,a=3.1mm,x=1.0,f=0.08mm,y=0.72,a=40mm(在加工面上側(cè)量的近似值)=O.86,d=225mm,q=O.86,w=0,z=20所以        當(dāng)用兩把刀銑削時(shí),F(xiàn)=2F=2912(N)   水平分力:Fe=1.1 F=3203(N)   垂直分力:Fv=0.3F=873(N)   在計(jì)算切削力時(shí),必須把安全系數(shù)考慮在內(nèi)。安全系數(shù)K=K1K2K3K4。 (參見常用設(shè)計(jì)資料)   其中:K1為基本安全系數(shù)1.5;      K2為加工性質(zhì)系數(shù)1.1;       K3為刀具鈍化系數(shù)1.1;       K4為斷續(xù)

29、切削系數(shù)1.1。   所以 F=KFH=1.51.11.11.13203=6395(N)   選用氣缸一斜楔夾緊機(jī)構(gòu),楔角=10,其結(jié)構(gòu)形式選用w型,則擴(kuò)力比i=3.42。   為克服水平切削力,實(shí)際夾緊力N應(yīng)為:          N(f1十f2)=KFH   所以       其中f1及f2為夾具定位面及夾緊面上的摩擦系數(shù),f1=f2=0.25。則         氣缸選用Φ100mm。當(dāng)壓縮空氣單位壓力p=0.5MPa時(shí),氣缸推力為3900N。由于己知新楔機(jī)構(gòu)的擴(kuò)力比i=3.42,故由氣缸產(chǎn)生的實(shí)際夾緊力為          Nq=3900i=39003.42=133

30、38(N)   此時(shí)Nq已大于所需的12790N的夾緊力,故本夾具可安全工作。 3.定位誤差分析 (1)定位元件尺寸及公差的確定。夾具的主要定位元件為一花鍵軸,該定位花鍵軸的尺寸與公差現(xiàn)規(guī)定為與本零件在工作時(shí)與其相配花鍵軸的尺寸與公差相同,即16x43H1150H85H10mm。 (2)零件圖樣規(guī)定Φ50mm花鍵孔鍵槽寬中心線與Φ39mm兩孔中心線轉(zhuǎn)角公差為2。由于Φ39mm孔中心線應(yīng)與其外端面垂直,故要求Φ39mm二孔端面之垂線應(yīng)與Φ50mm。花鍵孔鍵槽寬中心線轉(zhuǎn)角公差為2。此項(xiàng)技術(shù)要求主要應(yīng)由花鍵槽寬配合中的側(cè)向間隙保證。   已知花鍵孔鍵槽寬為5mm,夾具中定位花鍵軸鍵寬為5

31、mm,因此當(dāng)零件安裝在夾具中時(shí),鍵槽處的最大側(cè)向間隙為:          0.048-(-0.065)=0.113(mm)   由此而引起的零件最大轉(zhuǎn)角α為:          所以     α=0.258   即最大側(cè)隙能滿足零件的精度要求。 (3)計(jì)算Φ39mm二孔外端面銑加工后與花鍵孔中心線的最大平行度誤差。   零件花鍵孔與定位心軸外徑的最大間隙為:          0.048-(-0.083)=0.131(mm)   當(dāng)定位花鍵軸的長(zhǎng)度取l00mm時(shí),則由上述間隙引起的最大傾角為0.131/100。此即為由于定位問題而引起的孔端面對(duì)花鍵孔中心線的最大平行度誤差。

32、由于Φ39mm孔外端面以后還要進(jìn)行磨削加工,故上述平行度誤差值可以允許。 4.夾具設(shè)計(jì)及操作的簡(jiǎn)要說明    如前所述,在設(shè)計(jì)夾具時(shí),應(yīng)該注意提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。為此,應(yīng)首先著眼機(jī)動(dòng)夾緊而不采用手動(dòng)夾緊。因?yàn)檫@是提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的重要途徑。本道工序的銑床夾具就選擇了氣動(dòng)夾緊方式。本工序由于是粗加工,切削力較大,為了夾緊工件,勢(shì)必要增大氣缸直徑,而這樣將使整個(gè)夾具過于龐大。因此,應(yīng)首先設(shè)法降低切削力。目前采取的措施有三:一是提高毛坯的制造精度,使最大切削深度降低,以降低切削力;二是選擇一種比較理想的斜楔夾緊機(jī)構(gòu),盡量增加該夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的擴(kuò)力比,三是在可能的情況下,適當(dāng)提高壓縮空氣的工作壓力(由0.4M

33、Pa增至0.5MPa),以增加氣缸推力。結(jié)果,本夾具總的感覺還比較緊湊。夾具上裝有對(duì)刀塊,可使夾具在一批零件的加工之前很好地對(duì)刀(與塞尺配合使用);同時(shí),夾具體底面上的一對(duì)定位鍵可使整個(gè)夾具在機(jī)床工作臺(tái)上有一正確的安裝位置,以利于銑削加工。 5.銑床夾具的裝配圖及夾具體零件圖見附錄 致 謝 這篇畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文是我大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)生活的小結(jié),三年的大學(xué)生活將隨著論文的完成而告一段落。同時(shí)我也將開始新的工作和生活。 通過三年的在校的理論學(xué)習(xí)和近三個(gè)月的在崗實(shí)習(xí)。再加上對(duì)畢業(yè)論文的編寫,我不僅對(duì)所學(xué)的專業(yè)課程有了全面和系統(tǒng)的了解和掌握,也初步懂得了完成一項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)的步驟、方法,為以后的繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)積累了寶貴

34、的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 本課題是在指導(dǎo)老師季老師的親切關(guān)懷和悉心指導(dǎo)下完成的,季老師以淵博的學(xué)識(shí)和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度,為學(xué)生開闊了研究視野,豐富了專業(yè)知識(shí)。她謙遜無私的高尚品質(zhì)和樸實(shí)真誠(chéng)的做人準(zhǔn)則,一絲不茍的敬業(yè)精神,對(duì)學(xué)生將是永遠(yuǎn)的鞭策。在本課題的設(shè)計(jì)過程中,季老師在學(xué)習(xí)與生活中給予了熱情的幫助,付出了大量的心血,在此表示衷心的感謝。 同時(shí),感謝答辯組的評(píng)審老師們,感謝你們給我提出的寶貴意見和建議,你們的辛苦了! 另外,非常感謝在我論文完成期間關(guān)心和幫助過我的同學(xué)、朋友們,是你們讓我的工作更順暢。還有要感謝的是我的父母,雖說平時(shí)您沒有說什么,但您的行動(dòng)讓我知道在外不論是成功還是失敗,我都有一個(gè)避風(fēng)的

35、港灣。 最后,我要感謝我的母?!贤殬I(yè)大學(xué),是你給我了成長(zhǎng)的空間,是你給了我夢(mèng)想的舞臺(tái),是你給了我騰飛的翅膀,在此預(yù)祝母校在今后的越辦越好! Common difference and surface roughness The modern technology is more and more strict to the components sizeprecision request. Moreover, at present many components have spread ineach place d

36、ifferent factory production, therefore must makes thestrict stipulation to these components sizes and the production,guaranteed they have the interchangeability. Causes it for the components sign note size to change in a stipulationsector, guaranteed they have the interchangeable technology to beca

37、lled the common difference technology. Allows each size certainly tohave in the stipulation scope changes the momentum, is called thecommon difference. For example, a components size may express for200.5, its common difference (size changes momentum) is 1.00mm. In does not affect the components per

38、formance in the situation, mustgive the size as far as possible big common difference, by falls theproduction cost to is lowest. The production cost reduces along withthe common difference elevates. Some three expressions size common difference way: Unidirectional,bidirectional and limit way. When

39、uses the positive and negativecommon difference, adds to the common difference is been called thebasic size the theory size to come up. When only allows the size tohave (or changes in a big way to the basic size sole direction, orchanges slightly) when change, is the unilateral tolerance. May(change

40、 in the size when the basic size two directions big or changesslightly) all may change, the common difference is bidirectional. Thecommon difference also may use the limit form to produce, theexpression components contour is biggest and most light-sized. Some and common difference related terminolo

41、gy and definition asfollows: Common difference: Upper limit and lower limit bad value stipulatedwhich for some size. Basic size: The theory size, is calculates the extreme dimension andthe deviation outset size. Deviation The hole size or the axis size subtracts the basic sizeobtained bad value.The

42、components biggest extreme dimension subtracts itsbasic size obtained bad value. The components smallest extreme dimension subtracts itsbasic size obtained bad value. Actual size: After processing components actual size. Coordination: Two assemble in between together components degree. May divide in

43、to the coordination three kinds: Gapcoordination, excessively full coordination, transition fit. Gap coordination: Two assemble in between the together fitting has thegap the coordination. Excessively full coordination: Two assemble in between the togethercomponents has the full coordinate - axis t

44、o be bigger than the hole,needs to make an effort the coordination which or the pressure carrieson, has is similar to two components welds in together effect. Transition fit: In two assembles in between the together components orexists excessively full, or has the gap the coordinate - axis to beallo

45、wed to be smaller than or to be bigger than the hole, but still instipulation common difference. Selective assembly: Through manually tries to match chooses and theunit method. Through this method, may assemble common differencebigger components which makes under a lower cost. It may take the highma

46、nufacture precision and is easy between the components onecompromise method which assembles. Uses the smallest hole size to take the computation commondifference and the processing remainder basic size. When uses thestandard the drill bit, the engine bed carries on theprecision processing to the hol

47、e,the system is extremelyeffective. Uses the smallest hole the size to take the basic size isbecause the hole size may change in a big way through themachine-finishing, but cannot reduce. May defer to when the unusual high accuracy the standard sizeprovides, uses the basic shaft system is suitable.

48、 When computationcommon difference and remainder, uses the axis most large diameter totake the basic size. This is because the axis may turn a smaller sizethrough the processing, but the basic size cannot increase. International common difference (IT) rank: A series of along withbasic size change, a

49、lso provides the even precision in the stipulationrank the common difference. Altogether has 18 IT rank: IT01, IT0,IT1... IT16. Common difference mark: The mark has produced the commondifference and the coordinate specification, the basic size is anumeral, behind and expresses the IT rank numeral wi

50、th the expressionbasic deviation letter. They decide the tolerance zone together thesize and the position. The capital letter represents the hole thebasic deviation, the lowercase letter represents the axis the basicdeviation. Because the superficial appearance (namely fineness) canaffect the compon

51、ents the performance, therefore must preciselyperform to its size to stipulate, the superficial appearance is on thesuperficial difference, including roughness, waviness, processingtexture direction and flaw. Roughness: Useful causes slightest which the work piece surface brightand clean processing

52、craft creates surface irregularity. The surfaceroughness highly uses micron and the microinch carries on the survey. Waviness: Is surpasses roughness width the boundary big gap deviation,uses inch and a millimeter survey. May regard as roughness tosuperimpose on waviness surface surface irregularity

53、. Processing texture direction: The superficial design directionwhich by which uses the processing method produces. Flaw: Not frequently appears or the surface defect which can appear inthe very big sector talent, it including the crack, the blowhole, thetiny crack, delimits the mark and so on. The

54、 flaw influence usually isneglected in roughness levelling. The project pattern is makes the machine part the basis. Therefore, isengaged in the manufacturing industry the staff all want the correctunderstanding to apply to the entire production process patternmeaning. Must face this kind of fact i

55、n enterprise work engineer, namely anytwo machine part all cannot make the quite same not less than. He knewin the design must consider the repetition lives the small sizedifference which mid-production produces, in the pattern superscriptnote appropriate common difference, limits the size change in

56、 thepermission scope. After the processing components outline must belocated the common difference stipulation in the region. Uses thesuitable common difference to be allowed to guarantee the product thefunction and the service life aspect all can achieve the anticipatedgoal. Each design personnel

57、extremely are all clear, if the components allprocess the manufacture by a smaller common difference, then theproduct cost can rapidly increase. Therefore, engineers unceasinglyobtain the advice, must use as far as possible the big commondifference. However, sometimes possibly appears between each k

58、ind ofcommon difference reciprocity which needs to the function request notto conduct the full research the situation. In this kind of situation,in order to guarantee components when assembly does not give rise to aquestion or problem, not not appropriately designs the personnelusually to stipulate

59、the common difference too strictly. Is oppositeearnestly to, is thorough carries on to the common difference analyzessaid that, this obviously is a price expensive substitution way. If the product is produced by a lower price and the satisfiedmurderous intention request, stipulated the suitable proc

60、essing commondifference is the most important work. The common difference size isby designs, it which the personnel determined is decided by many withthe design related condition as well as in the past when the designsimilar product obtains experience (if has this aspect experience). Ifstipulated th

61、e common difference too is small, when uses present theprocessing equipment processing work piece cannot achieve the designrequest, needs to design carries on the change. In the project pattern the place can cause many ischaotic and the economic loss. When drafts the common difference,designs the pe

62、rsonnel to have fully to realize, must completelyachieve its design goal, in the pattern must contain the informationwhich needs. Thus, in the pattern must produce the completeinformation, and as far as possible simple was bright. In pattern eachpart all should be able to understand by everybody. In

63、 the patternexpressed the meaning regarding all uses it the personnel (design,purchase, cutting tool design, production, examination, assembly andservice department) said all should be only. The common difference may select the different sign note method in thepattern. In the unidirectional system,

64、a limit deviation is zero,another limit deviation is the size permission completely changes themomentum. In the bidirectional system in the size sign note, uses theintermediate size and changes the momentum in its positive andnegative two directions to express. When when all sizes all occupy the mat

65、erial which the permissioncomponents includes for most limiting condition, called thiscomponents are at the biggest entity condition (MMC). Regarding anaxis or external dimensions, its basic size for the biggest extremedimension, it changes when the tolerance zone, only can causeminification. Regard

66、ing a hole or the internal size, its basic sizefor the smallest extreme dimension, in the tolerance zone change, onlycan cause the size to increase. Each design personnel extremely are all clear, if the components allprocess the manufacture by a smaller common difference, then theproduct cost can rapidly increase. Therefore, engineers unceasinglyobtain the advice, must use as far as possible the big commondifference. However, sometimes possibly appears between e

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