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第七講　主謂一致 第一課時　知識過關課 讀語篇，悟語法。反復朗讀下列短文。領悟畫線黑體部分。思考：主謂一致包括哪些原則？分別在什么情況下使用語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近原則？ My seatmate James, whose parents have__been__teaching[1] English in Guangzhou for ten years，es[2] from the United States, which is[3] one of the most developed countries in the world. He as well as his parents enjoys[4] living in Guangzhou because neither James nor his parents find[5] it difficult to adapt to the life in China. In their opinion, many a custom here is[6] easy to understand and ten years is[7] enough for them to get used to all the customs. I, together with James, extremely like[8] English but physics seems[9] rather difficult for us. Besides，both he and I are[10] very fond of reading story books, and the Arabian Nights is[11] one of the most interesting books that have__been__read[12] by us. Our class is[13] united as a big family. Now the class are[14] preparing for the ing sports meet, so large quantities of our recent time have__been__spent[15] on it. What we need is[16] a qualified coach because being trained properly is[17] of great importance. We each are all aware that each of us plays[18] an important role in our class. We have decided to hold a celebration if getting a good result but when and where we are going to hold it hasn’t__been__decided[19]. 1.語法一致原則，復數(shù)主語用復數(shù)謂語動詞。 2.語法一致原則，單數(shù)主語用單數(shù)謂語動詞。 3.意義一致原則，若主語形式上為復數(shù)，而意義上是單數(shù)，動詞要用單數(shù)。本句中的the United States雖然形式上是復數(shù)，但指的是一個國家，替代它的which作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 4.語法一致原則，“A as well as/together with/with B”結構在主語位置時，主語是A，因此，謂語動詞與A保持一致。 5.就近原則，由or，either...or，nor，neither...nor，not only...but also，not...but連接的并列主語，通常按照就近一致原則，謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式依照靠近它的主語而定。 6.語法一致原則，“many a(很多)/more than one(不只一個)＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 7.意義一致原則，表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、度量、容量、溫度等的復數(shù)名詞作主語時，通?？醋饕粋€整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 8.語法一致原則，主語后面接說明主語的修飾語together with，謂語動詞不受修飾成分的影響，仍保持同主語一致的關系。 9.意義一致原則，以－ics結尾表示學科的名詞作主語時，通常表示單數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 10.語法一致原則，當主語是both...and連接的并列結構，如果主語指的是兩個或兩個以上的人或物，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 11.意義一致原則，復數(shù)形式的專有名詞(表示國家、城市、機構、組織以及書籍、報紙、雜志等)作主語，通常作為整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 12.語法一致原則，one of＋復數(shù)名詞＋定語從句，之前有the only，the very，the just等限定詞時，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，如沒有這些限定詞和修飾語，定語從句的謂語動詞采用復數(shù)形式。 13.意義一致原則，集體名詞class如果作整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 14.意義一致原則，集體名詞class如果作個別成員看待，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。 15.當“(large)quantities of＋可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 16.當what引導主語從句，或由and連接兩個動詞不定式或動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應根據(jù)意義一致的原則來決定。 17.語法一致原則，非謂語動詞(動詞的－ing形式、不定式)作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。 18.當“each＋of＋名詞/代詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 19.語法一致原則，從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。 Ⅰ.單句填空(用所給詞的正確形式填空) 1.Either you or the headmaster is (be) to hand out the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting. 2.The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class，was__visiting (visit) a museum when the earthquake struck. 3.Two fifths of the land in that district is(be) covered with trees and grass. 4.Nowadays, a large number of women，especially those from the countryside，work (work) in the clothing industry. 5. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth are__being__washed ( wash ) away each year. 6.He is the only one of the students who has__been (be) a winner of scholarship for three years. 7.Every possible means has__been__used( use ) to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. 8.When and where to go for the on－salary holiday has__not__been__decided(not, decide) yet. 9.She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book have__reached(reach) 50 million. 10.Professor Smith, along with his assistants，is__working (work) on the project day and night to meet the deadline. 11.He was__pretending ( pretend ) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. 12.“Your father has at last decided to stop smoking.”Jane was__informed(inform). Ⅱ.單句改錯(下列每句中有一處錯誤，每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改，請指出并改正。) 1.Tom have been reading that book all the morning so he is tired now.have→has 2.As everybody knows, politics are now taught in all schools.are→is 3.Kate, one of my good friends, e from Guangzhou.e→es 4.As we all know, people speaks English all over the world.speaks→speak 5.The teacher, together with his students, are planting trees on the street.are→is 6.Not only the students but also the teacher wish for a holiday.wish→wishes 7.It is the parents and their son that wants to buy the bicycle.wants→want 8.Many a student have been sent to plant trees.have→has 9.Bill was standing at the side of the car, talking to two men who was helping him to repair it.第二個was→were 10.To read English aloud every morning do you a lot of good.do→does Ⅲ.語篇填空(閱讀下面短文，按照句子結構的語法性和上下文連貫的要求，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。) Our school library，along with many other buildings, is very different from other schools’. There 1.________ (be) two puter rooms，three art rooms, a meeting room and a reading room in the library building. The number of the books 2.________ (be) large, and maybe there are 100, 000 books in it. It is said that all the books cost our school 200, 000 dollars. Maybe 200, 000 dollars 3.________ (be) large to every student. In the era of knowledge explosion, the number of the students who 4.________ (have) a thirst for knowledge is increasing day by day. Nowadays, our library has been developed into a multifunctional building. There are 50 puters in it. Many a student 5.________ (like) to surf the Internet at weekends here，and now you can see that my classmates, Mike and John 6.________ (play)puter games there. When you turn to another room, you will find that a professor and writer 7.________ (deliver) a speech. Each boy and each girl 8.________ (focus) on his interesting speech. Every time there is a wonderful speech, the audience always 9.________ (cheer) up. You are entering our art exhibition. A teacher with his students is at the room.On the wall 10.________ (be) 100 pictures, which attract many students. An expert and teacher is explaining something important to us. 【語篇導讀】　本文主要介紹了學校圖書館的功能室以及學生周末在里面的活動情況。 1.are　[因there be...句型中be動詞常與離其最近的主語保持一致。] 2.is　[主語是the number of＋名詞的復數(shù)時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。] 3.is　[時間、金錢、距離、重量等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。] 4.have　[關系代詞who，that，which等在定語從句中作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應與句中先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。] 5.likes　[many a＋名詞作主語時，中心詞是單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。] 6.are playing　[兩個名詞由and連接作主語時，謂語動詞一般用復數(shù)。] 7.is delivering　[當and連接的兩個名詞是指同一人時，謂語動詞應該用單數(shù)形式。“a professor and writer”意思是“一個教授兼作家”。] 8.is focusing　[用and連接的單數(shù)主語，前面有each，every，no等修飾時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。] 9.cheer/cheers　[集體名詞group，class，family，army，audience等作主語時，如果強調(diào)集體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果強調(diào)個體，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。] 10.are　[在主謂倒裝的句子中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應與其后的主語保持一致。] 第二課時　高考研究課 主謂一致在語法填空中的考查點 規(guī)律方法 對于主謂一致這個語法點來說，了解和掌握各種一致的基本原則是關鍵，掌握了基本的用法之后就像套數(shù)學公式一樣代入即可。 真題驗證1 1.Fast food ________(be)full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017全國卷Ⅰ) 答案　is　[主語是fast food，是不可數(shù)名詞，所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，且此處講的是現(xiàn)狀，所以填is。] 2.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ________ (be) often acceptable.(2016全國卷Ⅱ) 答案　is　[動名詞短語作主語，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)；語境為客觀真理，故使用一般現(xiàn)在時。] 3.It is important to remember that success ________ (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often ________ (take) years to achieve.(2015湖南卷改編) 答案　is；takes　[不可數(shù)名詞success作主語，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)；語境為客觀真理，故使用一般現(xiàn)在時。] 4.We ________ (tell) that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, but for the week after.(廣東卷) 答案　were told　[第一人稱復數(shù)形式作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；由平行的謂語動詞hadn’t been reserved可知，tell應用過去時；由語境可知，謂語動詞tell和主語we之間構成被動關系。] 5.All we need ________ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.(湖南卷改編) 答案　is　[主語為不定代詞all，故謂語動詞使用單數(shù)；由語境可知應用一般現(xiàn)在時。] 6.The basketball coach, as well as his team，________ (interview) shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.(陜西卷改編) 答案　was interviewed　[主語中含有as well as，謂語動詞應該與The basketball coach一致；由語境可知謂語動詞應用過去時。] 7.The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ________ (be) saved for other purposes.(安徽卷改編) 答案　were　[主語the rest of which中，which代指前面的the raw materials，故謂語動詞使用復數(shù)；由平行的謂語動詞used，可知此處應用過去時。] 8.One－third of the country ________ (be) covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ________ (be) black people.(湖南卷改編) 答案　is；are　[第一分句中的主語為不可數(shù)名詞the country，故其謂語動詞應用單數(shù)；第二分句中的主語為可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)，故其謂語動詞使用復數(shù)；語境所陳述的為客觀事實，故兩處的謂語動詞都是用一般現(xiàn)在時。] 9.Either you or one of your students ________ (be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.(湖南卷改編) 答案　is　[主語部分由“either...or...”連接，故其后的謂語動詞應使用“就近原則”，即第三人單數(shù)形式；由meeting后定語從句的時態(tài)可知，主句的時態(tài)應用“be to do”，表示將來時。] 主謂一致在短文改錯中的考查點 規(guī)律方法 第一步：先找出主語； 第二步：根據(jù)主語的單復數(shù)形式判斷謂語動詞的形式； 第三步：根據(jù)整篇文章或上下文的語境判斷時態(tài)的正確形式。 真題驗證2 1.He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.(2016浙江卷)________ 答案　was→were　[主語為we，故謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式。] 2.My dream school look like a big garden.(2014全國卷Ⅱ)________ 答案　look→looks　[主語為my dream school，故謂語動詞應該使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。] 3.Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky — they looked like rain！(陜西卷)________ 答案　was→were　[主語為the arrows，故謂語動詞應該使用復數(shù)形式。] 4.The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.(2014遼寧卷)________ 答案　have→has　[主語為the early morning barking，故謂語動詞應該使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。] 5.Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.(2013陜西卷)________ 答案　were→was　[主語為a sudden pull，故謂語動詞應該使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。] 第三課時　寫作增分課 主謂一致在寫作中的增分點 一、使用語法一致原則確保所寫句子主謂一致 1.他，還有他的父母，喜歡看電視連續(xù)劇。(as well as, be fond of, TV series) He,__as__well__as__his__parents,__is__fond__of__watching__TV__series. 2.是你，而不是你的老師，應為你考試不及格負責。(it is, rather than, be to blame for, fail the exams) It__is__you,__rather__than__your__teacher，that/who__are__to__blame__for your__failing__the__exam. 3.我們班除了李磊和李華，還沒有人出過國。(nobody, but, have been abroad) Nobody__but__Li__Lei__and__Li__Hua__in__our__class__has__been__abroad__before. 4.游泳和踢足球是我最喜愛的運動。(favorite sport) Swimming__and__playing__football__are__my__favorite__sports. 5.正如我們所知道的，水和空氣對于生命來說是必不可少的。(as, be essential to, life) As__we__know,__water__and__air__are__essential__to__life. 二、使用意義一致原則確保所寫句子主謂一致 三年在歷史中是很短的一段時間，而在你人生中卻是很長的一段時間，因此你應當充分利用它。(in history, in your life, make the most of) Three__years__is__a__short__time__in__history__but__a__long__one__in__your__life,__so__you__should__make__the__most__of__it. 三、使用就近一致原則確保所寫句子主謂一致 1.圖畫上有一個男的、一個女的和兩個孩子。(there be) There__is__a__man,__a__woman__and__two__children__in__the__picture. 2.不但他的同學，而且他的老師，都為之吃驚。(not only, but also, be surprised at) Not__only__his__classmates__but__also__his__teacher__was__surprised__at__it. 3.不但我，還有我的同學，我的老師們，都不熟悉這種情形。(neither, nor, nor, be familiar with the situation) Neither__I,__nor__my__classmates,__nor__my__teachers__are__familiar__with__the__situation. 4.不是我，而是他，對美國文化很了解。(it is, not... but, know a lot about) It__is__not__I,__but__he,__who__knows__a__lot__about__American__culture.