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（自然與環(huán)境） 導(dǎo)讀：中國(guó)瀕臨滅絕的大熊貓如今因氣候變化而陷入失去它們的主食的危險(xiǎn)之中。趕快行動(dòng)起來保護(hù)他們吧！ Pandas face bamboo shortage threat ①Already threatened by a slow breeding rate and rapid habitat loss, Chinas endangered giant pandas now also risk losing their main food, bamboo, to climate change, claim scientists. A study in Chinas northwestern Qinling Mountains, home to around 270 pandas—about a fifth of the worlds wild population—predicts a big bamboo decline this century as the globe warms. "The pandas may face a shortage of food unless they can find alternative food resources; the giant panda is a picky eater." Ninety-nine per cent of its diet ②consists of bamboo—being destroyed ③up to 38 kilograms per day. Bamboo itself also has a slow reproductive rate, flowering only every 30 to 35 years, which means it would be slow to adapt to a change in local climate. Based on the data gathered for this study, researchers predict that three bamboo species which ④make up almost the entire diet of the Qinling pandas will all but disappear in a warmer climate. "Results suggest that almost the entire panda habitat in the region may disappear because of climate change ⑤by the end of the 21st century," the studys authors write. Already, deforestation is threatening the survival of about half of all bamboo species worldwide. The researchers say bamboo distribution has historically changed ⑥in response to changes in the climate. In the modern era, though, even if other areas were to bee climatically more suited for bamboo growth, these would be ⑦far away. The findings should be used for planning ahead to protect areas that have a better climatic chance of providing enough food sources or begin creating natural bridges to allow pandas an escape from bamboo famine. 大熊貓面臨著食物短缺的威脅 科學(xué)家們聲稱，由于一直以來受到低繁殖率和棲息地快速流失的威脅，中國(guó)瀕臨滅絕的大熊貓如今又因氣候變化而陷入失去它們的主食——竹子的危險(xiǎn)之中。 大約270只大熊貓棲息于中國(guó)西北部的秦嶺山脈地區(qū)，這占世界野生大熊貓總數(shù)的五分之一。據(jù)這一地區(qū)的調(diào)查研究推測(cè)，隨著全球變暖本世紀(jì)竹子的產(chǎn)量將平穩(wěn)下滑。 “除非大熊貓能夠找到另外一種食物資源來代替竹子，否則它們將很可能面臨食物短缺的困境。大熊貓可是個(gè)挑剔的食客?！? 大熊貓的食物中99%都是竹子，它們平均每天吃掉的竹子達(dá)到38千克。竹子本身再生率低，每30年至35年為一個(gè)生長(zhǎng)周期，這也就意味著竹子適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂蜃兓倪^程很慢。 根據(jù)這個(gè)調(diào)查得出的數(shù)據(jù)，調(diào)查者預(yù)測(cè)隨著氣候越來越暖，三種竹子將瀕臨滅絕。而這三種竹子正是幾乎秦嶺地區(qū)的大熊貓的全部食物源。 調(diào)查研究的發(fā)起者們寫道：調(diào)查結(jié)果表明到21世紀(jì)末秦嶺地區(qū)基本上所有大熊貓的棲息地將很可能消失。 濫伐森林正在在并且已經(jīng)威脅著世界上將近一半種類的竹子的生存。 調(diào)查者說到自古以來竹子的分布狀況都隨著氣候的變化而波動(dòng)。不過在現(xiàn)代，即使其他地區(qū)從氣候因素上來講更適合竹子的生長(zhǎng)，但是這些地區(qū)與目前大熊貓保護(hù)區(qū)相隔太遠(yuǎn)，沒有重合區(qū)。 這些調(diào)查結(jié)果應(yīng)該用于主動(dòng)保護(hù)計(jì)劃中，保護(hù)那些有更好的氣候條件提供充足的食物資源的地區(qū)，或者為大熊貓搭建起快速擺脫饑荒的自然通道。 重點(diǎn)單詞: 1. breeding [bri?d??] n. 繁殖，飼養(yǎng) 2. picky [p?k?] adj. 挑剔的；吹毛求疵的 3. deforestation [,di,f?r?ste??n] n. 采伐森林；森林開伐 4. famine [fm?n] n. 饑荒；饑餓，奇缺 重點(diǎn)短語 / 亮點(diǎn)句式： threatened by a slow breeding rate and rapid habitat loss為過去分詞短語作原因狀語。bamboo作their main food的同位語。如： Inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder. 在他的話的鼓舞下，我們決心更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。 Tom, my uncle, will e here tomorrow. 我的叔叔——湯姆明天來這里。 2. consists of 包含，包括。如： The course consists of ten core modules and five optional modules. 這門課程包括十個(gè)必修單元和五個(gè)選修單元。 3. up to多達(dá)；該由……決定；勝任；直到。如： The hotel can acmodate up to 500 guests. 這家旅館可供500位旅客住宿。 Her clothes are always right up to the minute. 她的衣服總是式樣最新的。 Its up to you to decide whether to go or to stay. 是去是留該由你決定。 He is not up to this work. 他不勝任這項(xiàng)工作。 4. make up 彌補(bǔ)；和解；編造；整理；化妝；拼湊成。如： I tried to make up for my loss.我力圖補(bǔ)償我的損失。 Lets make up.讓我們言歸于好吧。 The boy made up a story, it is not true. 這個(gè)故事不是真的,是那個(gè)男孩編造出來的。 Leave this notice hanging on your door, asking the servant to make up your room. 留張便條掛在你房門上, 請(qǐng)服務(wù)員把你的房間整理一下。 I dont like to see women making up in public. 我不喜歡看見女人在公開場(chǎng)合化妝打扮。 Farm workers make up only a small section of the population. 農(nóng)民只占人口的一小部分。 5. by the end of 到……為止。如： All reports must be sent in by the end of this week. 所有的報(bào)告必須在本星期以前交齊。 6. in response to 回應(yīng)。如： In response to their hospitality, we wrote a thank-you note. 為回報(bào)他們的熱情，我們寫了一封感謝信。 7. far away 遙遠(yuǎn)。如： We can talk to those who live far away by telephone. 我們可以用電話和住在遠(yuǎn)處的人說話。 名句背誦： A man can fail many times, but he isnt a failure until he begins to blame somebody else. (J. Burroughs) 一個(gè)人可以失敗很多次，但是只要他沒有開始責(zé)怪旁人，他還不是一個(gè)失敗者。(巴勒斯) 【話題解讀】 “自然與環(huán)境”是高中新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)話題之一，亦是高考英語?？荚掝}。本話題包括動(dòng)植物保護(hù)、生態(tài)保護(hù)、環(huán)境污染和保護(hù)等方面。這些話題與學(xué)生的生活 息息相關(guān)，聯(lián)系密切。通過對(duì)這些話題的學(xué)習(xí)以及高考英語對(duì)這些話題的考查，可以讓學(xué)生 多注意身邊的人和事、關(guān)注社會(huì)環(huán)境、樹立環(huán)保意識(shí)、學(xué)會(huì)與大自然和諧相處。 是高考英語熱點(diǎn)話題，通常以閱讀理解、完形填空和書面表達(dá) 的形式考查。 【關(guān)鍵詞匯、短語、句式】 1.全球的關(guān)注 global concern 2.越來越糟 get worse and worse/ get from bad to worse/ get more and more serious 3.環(huán)境的破壞 the destruction of our environment 4.改善環(huán)境刻不容緩 It’s high time that we did sth to improve the environment 5.提高..的意識(shí) raise awareness that /of sth 6.承擔(dān)保護(hù)環(huán)境的責(zé)任 bear the responsibility to protect our environment 7.呼吁某人做某事 call on / call for/ appeal to sb to do sth 8.時(shí)間不等人 the clock is ticking 9.努力做某事 make all efforts/ endeavor /make one’s utmost effort / go all out/try all means to do sth 10.采取行動(dòng)/措施去 take action /take measures to do 11.改善目前的狀況 improve the present situation 12.關(guān)注 pay attention to doing/show concern for sth 13.傷害/損害.. cause harm/damage to 14.不惜任何代價(jià) at all cost 15.只要 so/as long as 16.承擔(dān)做某事的責(zé)任 take the responsibility of doing sth 17.以犧牲..作為代價(jià) at the cost/ expense of our environment 18.保護(hù)環(huán)境 Protect the environment 19.環(huán)境污染 Environmental pollution 20.釋放有毒氣體 Give off/release poisonous gas 21.受到嚴(yán)重污染 Be seriously polluted 22.對(duì)…有害 Do harm to / be harmful to 23.(不)注意環(huán)保 Pay (no) attention to 24.滅絕 die out 25.多植樹 Plant more trees 26.把垃圾分類Sort the rubbish 27.回收垃圾Recycle the rubbish 28.受益良多Benefit a lot 29.保持生態(tài)平衡Keep the balance of nature 30.防止人們污染河流Prevent people from polluting the rivers 31.為了提高生活質(zhì)量，環(huán)境保護(hù)變得越來越重要 In order to improve the quality of our life, it bees more and more important to… 32.隨著科技的進(jìn)步，環(huán)境污染越來越嚴(yán)重 With the development of science and technology, more and more pollution is produced 33. 我們應(yīng)該立刻采取措施與污染作斗爭(zhēng) We should take immediate action / steps to fight against… 34.唯有這種方式我們才能享受新鮮空氣，活得健康 Only in this way can we enjoy fresh air and live a healthy life. 【寫作必備句型】 1.To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves. 愛護(hù)環(huán)境就是愛護(hù)我們自己 2.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation 我急切呼吁應(yīng)該采取措施改變現(xiàn)狀 3.We are sure that well win the battle. 我們堅(jiān)信我們能贏得戰(zhàn)斗 4. Keep our mountains green,the wate clean,and the sky blue. 使我們山更綠，水更清，天更藍(lán) 5.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help. 沒有及時(shí)的幫助我們的地球就屈指可數(shù)了. 6.（Sth.）are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them. 如果我們繼續(xù)睜一只眼閉一只眼的話，......一定會(huì)有惡劣的后果 7.近來環(huán)保已經(jīng)引起了全球的關(guān)注。 Environmental protection has caused global concern recently. 8.我們應(yīng)該馬上采取措施來保護(hù)我們的環(huán)境免受污染。 It’s high time we took immediate measures to protect our earth from being polluted. 9.每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該提高保護(hù)地球的意識(shí)。 Everybody should raise the awareness that it’s our duty to protect our mother earth. 10.你不難發(fā)現(xiàn)每個(gè)人都在傷害地球，然而他們可能自己都沒有意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。 You cannot difficultly see that everybody actually is causing damage to the mother earth, which , however, they may not be realizing. I．閱讀理解 閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 A（2018北京） Plastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋場(chǎng)), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a mercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊狀物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a plex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂ Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But pared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(腸道微生物)? Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. ＂ 1. What can we learn about the worms in the study? A. They take plastics as their everyday food. B. They are newly evolved creatures. C. They can consume plastics. D. They wind up in landfills. 2. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to . A. identify other means of the breakdown B. find out the source of the enzyme C. confirm the research findings D. increase the breakdown speed 3. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might . A. help to raise worms B. help make plastic bags C. be used to clean the oceans D. be produced in factories in future 4. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain a study method on worms. B. To introduce the diet of a special worm. C. To present a way to break down plastics. D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance. B Their cheery song brightens many a winter’s day. But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much. Robins are singing all night — as well as during the day, British-based researchers say. David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds’ biological clocks, leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep. Dr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns, said lack of sleep could put the birds’ health at risk. His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab, it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day. And the more birds are exposed to light, the more active they are at night. He told people at a conference, "There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing. Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of energy." And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. Dr Dominoni said, "In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious problem. I have people ing to me saying ‘You are the bird expert. Can you help us kill these gulls?’. During the breeding (繁殖) season, between April and June, they are very active at night and very noisy and people can’t sleep." Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution, other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise. However, some birds thrive (興旺) in noisy environments. A study from California Polytechnic State University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery. It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators (天敵) fleeing to quieter areas. 1.According to Dr Dominoni’s study, what causes robins to sing so much? A. The breeding season. B. The light in modern life. C. The dangerous environment. D. The noise from heavy machinery. 2.What is the researchers’ concern over the increase of birds’ song output? A. The environment might be polluted. B. The birds’ health might be damaged. C. The industry cost might be increased. D. The people’s hearing might be affected. 3.What does the underlined word "nocturnal" in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night. C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day. 4.Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments? A. Because there are fewer dangers. B. Because there is more food to eat. C. Because there is less light pollution. D. Because there are more places to take shelter. C More than one in 10 of the UK’s wildlife species is threatened with extinction (滅絕) and the number of the nation’s most endangered creatures has fallen by two-thirds since 1970. The abundance of all wildlife has also fallen, with one in six animals, birds, fish and plants having been lost, a State of Nature report found. Together with historical deforestation (毀林) and industrialization, these trends have left the UK "among the most nature-exhausted countries in the world", with most of the country having gone past the stage at which "ecosystems may no longer reliably meet society’s needs". The prehensive scientific report, gathered by more than 50 conservation organizations, spells out the destructive impact of modern farming and climate change on habitats from farmland and hills to rivers and the coast. "The fall in wildlife wasn’t just all back in 70s and 80s, it’s still happening now," said Mark Eaton, at RSPB and the lead author of the report. "We’re getting more efficient in our farming. In a way it’s something to be celebrated — how good our farming science and technology is, but it does squeeze nature out." Eaton said there were good examples of wildlife and habitat recovery, but such projects were too few to turn the tide, with public funding for nature’s diversity having fallen by 32% from 2008 to 2015. "The ability to do it is within our grasp; it’s just about resources and the willingness. The natural world is in serious trouble and it needs our help as never before. We continue to lose the precious wildlife that enriches our lives and is essential to the health and well-being of those who live in the UK. But the State of Nature 2016 report gives us cause for hope too. Landscapes are being restored, special places defended, struggling species being saved and brought back. But we need to build significantly on this progress if we’re to provide a bright future for nature and for people." Overall, the new report found that 56% of species declined between 1970 and 2013, and 53% between 2002 and 2013. While the rest of the species were increasing, we’re seeing a lot of disorder, some species going up really fast and some going down equally fast. It doesn’t look like a healthy, natural situation. If that carries on, you end up with just 50% left. 1.How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed? A. By listing figures. B. By giving examples. C. By analyzing causes. D. By making parisons. 2.What does the underlined part mean? A. Modern farming must return to nature. B. Modern farming makes full use of nature. C. Modern farming can enrich nature’s diversity. D. Modern farming may disturb nature’s balance. 3.What does the last but one paragraph mainly suggest? A. Endangered wildlife must be well protected. B. People should unite to fight for a bright future. C. The situation is still severe despite some progress. D. More money is needed for environmental protection. 4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To tell the British how to save wildlife species. B. To explain why more wildlife species face extinction. C. To stress the importance of protecting wildlife species. D. To introduce the current situation of Britain’s wildlife species. D For centuries people have hunted animals for food and pleasure. The invention of the gun made it so easy for humans to hunt that some animals were lolled by the thousands and even became extinct(絕種的).This brings up some serious problems since breaks in the food chain upset the balance of nature. Large animals like tigers are being killed by the hundreds every year in India. The Royal Bengal tiger is the only type that exists in India and their number is greatly reduced every year because of poaching(偷獵).The present number is about 2,000,all of which live in tiger reserves. Two hundred years ago the population was 23,000 or more. During the British rule of India, many of the so-called English gentlemen killed tigers for pleasure and to show their bravery. This seems stupid because killing an innocent(無辜的)creature with a gun is not a brave deed. Today the tiger skin is very popular. Rich people and fashion designers have no idea what they are doing. petition between the rich to show off makes them blind to the serious effects. People persuade villagers to kill tigers to get money, and they do it because they are poor and need to feed their families. We must educate them, and the government should give them proper jobs to help solve this problem. The people to blame are those who buy animal products like ivories, furs, tiger bones for medicine and handbags made of animal skins. They must be put behind bars to stop this kind of trade. The earth is home for everyone on it. The trees, animals, birds, and fish of all kinds belong here as much as we do. Only we have the power to change their fate. 1.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A. The balance of nature has long been broken by human beings. B. It is a tradition for people to hunt animals for food and fun. C. The gun is the leading cause of the extinction of many animals. D. Overhunting can lead to a series of problems in nature. 2.According to the writer, the English gentlemen who played hunting games were . A. brave B. cruel C. confident D. careless 3.What does the underlined word "them" in Paragraph 4 refer to? A. Rich people. B. Fashion designers. C. Poor villagers. D. Government officials. 4.What is the writers opinion on poaching? A. No buying, no lolling. B. Keep wildlife in the wild. C. Cage the cruelty, not animals. D. Shoot animals with cameras rather than guns. A 【文章大意】本文為說明文。文章介紹了一種吃塑料的蟲子大蠟螟，它胃中的酶能夠降解塑料，這為解決塑料污染提供了新的途徑。 1.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. 可知，研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，蠕蟲分解日常食物的能力讓它們可以分解塑料，也就是說它們可以消費(fèi)塑料。故選C。 3.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. ＂可以推斷出，Bertocchini希望這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)將來能在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中使用，而不是僅僅依靠蠕蟲來分解塑料。故選D。 4.C 【解析】寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. 可知，有一種新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根據(jù)最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. ＂可知，Bertocchini希望將這種方法推廣到工業(yè)中。由此可以推知寫作意圖為介紹一種分解塑料的方法。故選C。 B 【話題解讀】這是一篇研究類文章。夜間燈光及嘈雜的城市環(huán)境導(dǎo)致知更鳥整夜長(zhǎng)鳴，這不僅導(dǎo)致消耗它們的能量，而且對(duì)它們的健康有害。 1.B 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"light from street lamps, takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds’ biological clocks, leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep"可知答案為B。 2.B 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的"But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much"及第四段中的最后一句可知答案為B。 C 【文章大意】現(xiàn)在，英國(guó)的野生生物正在面臨嚴(yán)峻的形勢(shì)，有超過十分之一的野生生物物種瀕臨滅絕。雖然在野生生物和棲息地恢復(fù)上已取得一定的進(jìn)步，但是這些是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。 1.A 【解析】考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容尤其是"one in 10""two-thirds since 1970""one in six"可知，第一段主要是通過列數(shù)據(jù)的形式展開的。故選A。 2.D 【解析】考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的"the destructive impact of modern farming and climate change ... the coast"和畫線部分前面的"We’re getting more efficient in our farming. In a way it’s something to be celebrated — how good our farming science and technology is， but"可知，雖然農(nóng)業(yè)科技的發(fā)展使得現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的效率變高了，但它可能會(huì)打破自然的平衡，危害生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡和野生生物的生存。故選D。 3.C 【解析】考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段Eaton所說的話尤