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第31課 賓語從句與定語從句 課堂突破 賓語從句 概念 在復合句中，用來充當賓語的句子叫作賓語從句。在謂語動詞、介詞、動詞不定式等后面都可以接賓語從句，要想真正掌握賓語從句的用法，必須把握三個關(guān)鍵點：引導詞、語序、時態(tài)。 賓語從句的引導詞 連接賓語從句的連詞有that, whether與if。另外還有連接代詞what, which, who, whom及連接副詞when, where, how, why。 1. 賓語從句是陳述句時，用連接詞that引導，that在從句中只起引導作用，不作句子成分，沒有詞義，在口語中常常省略。如：He knew （that） he should study hard. 他知道他應該努力學習。 2. 賓語從句是一般疑問句時，用if或whether引導，if和whether意為“是否”。如：He asked me if/whether he could come in. 他問我他能否進來。 3. 賓語從句是特殊疑問句時，特殊疑問句中的疑問詞就是引導詞。如：Can you tell me which class you are in? 你能告訴我你在哪個班嗎？ 賓語從句的語序 賓語從句是疑問句時，要用陳述語序。 1. 如果是由助動詞do, does, did構(gòu)成的疑問句，在轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語從句時，要去掉這些助動詞，從句中的謂語動詞要根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)做出相應的變化。如：“Does he sing well?” the teacher asked him.→The teacher asked him whether/if he sang well. 2. 如果是由be, have, will, can等助動詞、連系動詞、情態(tài)動詞構(gòu)成的問句，在變?yōu)橘e語從句時，需要把這類詞還原到句中原來謂語的位置上，同時根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)做相應的變化。如：She asked me, “Will you be free tomorrow?”→She asked me if I would be free tomorrow. 賓語從句的時態(tài) 1. 在含有賓語從句的主從復合句中，當主句的謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)時，賓語從句中謂語動詞一般也要用過去的某種時態(tài)。如： ①He asked when they would go to the party. 他問他們什么時候?qū)⑷⒓泳蹠? ②Miss Green said she had been to Beijing before. 格林小姐說她以前去過北京。 2. 在含有賓語從句的主從復合句中，當主句的時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時等時態(tài)時，賓語從句的時態(tài)不受主句限制，可根據(jù)情況選用合適的時態(tài)。如： ①Do you know when we’ll have a football match? 你知道我們什么時候舉行足球賽嗎？ ②You know he has gone to Shanghai. 你知道他已經(jīng)去上海了。 3. 當賓語從句表述的是客觀事實、科學真理、現(xiàn)在習慣動作以及格言等時，其時態(tài)不受主句限制，都用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 老師告訴我們光比聲音傳播的速度要快。 注：Could you tell me...?/Would you tell me...?等句式并不是表示過去時態(tài)，而是表示客氣請求的語氣，所以賓語從句不一定用過去時態(tài)，應用相應的某種時態(tài)。 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移 當主句的主語是第一人稱I或we，且謂語動詞是think, believe, suppose, expect等時，賓語從句的否定式常常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上，即“否定前移”。如： ①I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還沒有完成工作。 ②I don’t think he can speak English. 我認為他不會講英語。 注：這種否定轉(zhuǎn)移的賓語從句變?yōu)榉匆庖蓡柧鋾r，疑問部分的主語、謂語要與從句保持一致。如：I don’t think he is right, is he? 我認為他不對，是嗎？ 【活學活用】 A）根據(jù)漢語提示完成句子。 1. —I’d like to visit Kate tomorrow. Do you know____________________（她住哪里）? —Sorry, I don’t know her address, either. B）根據(jù)句意或用所給詞的適當形式填空。 2. The teacher is standing here. Do you know when she__________ （come）? 3. （xx杭州中考）Nobody knows__________ it will finish its journey. It might be longer than expected. 4. Until now they haven’t decided__________ they should build the railway or not. 5. What a nice paper fish!Can you show us__________ you make it? 定語從句 概念 在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫作定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。 用法 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中都要充當句子成分。當關(guān)系代詞充當動詞的賓語時可省略；當關(guān)系代詞充當介詞的賓語且介詞不在關(guān)系代詞之前的，關(guān)系代詞也可省略。如： The person （whom） you just spoke to is Mr. Li. 剛剛跟你說話的人是李先生。 定語從句中的謂語動詞的單復數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。如： The girl who is standing there is my sister. 站在那邊的那個女孩是我妹妹。 引導詞 1. who引導的定語從句：who在從句中作主語或賓語，修飾的是人。如： I love singers who write their own music. 我喜歡自己創(chuàng)作樂曲的歌手。 2. whose引導的定語從句：whose在從句中作定語，可以指人，也可以指物。如： Do you know the girl whose father is a teacher? 你認識那位她父親是老師的女孩嗎？ 3. which引導的定語從句：which在從句中作主語或作謂語動詞和介詞的賓語，只能指無生命的東西。如： The story （which） he told was very interesting. 他講的故事很有趣。 4. that引導的定語從句：that在從句中可以指人或物，在從句中作主語或作謂語動詞的賓語，但不能放在介詞后面作介詞的賓語。如：I love movies that are funny. 我喜歡滑稽的電影。 幾種必須用that引導定語從句的情況 1. 先行詞是不定代詞something, nothing, anything 等。如： I want to do something （that） I enjoy. 我想做點我喜歡的事。 2. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞、the last或形容詞的最高級所修飾。如： The first thing that I learned will never be forgotten． 我永遠不會忘記我學的第一件事。 3. 先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, much, no, some等修飾。如： I have read all the books that you gave me． 我已經(jīng)讀完了你給我的所有書。 4. 先行詞被the only， the very 修飾。如：This is the very pen that I am looking for． 這就是我在找的鋼筆。 5. 先行詞既有人又有物時。如： They talked of things and persons that they remembered． 他們聊了他們記得的人和事。 6. 當句中已有who 或which時，為避免重復。如： Who is the man that is talking to John? 跟約翰說話的那個人是誰？ 7. 如有兩個定語從句，其中一個已經(jīng)用了which，則另一個用that。如：Edison built a factory which produced things that had never been seen． 愛迪生建了一座工廠來生產(chǎn)一些從來沒有見過的東西。 表示人時，只可用who引導定語從句的場合 1. 指人時，當先行詞為everybody, anybody, everyone, anyone等時要用who，而不用that。如：Is there anyone who can answer this question? 有人會回答這個問題嗎？ 2. 指人時，當先行詞為that, this, those或these等時要用who。如：Those who hadn’t bought the tickets for the train crowded in the waiting hall. 那些還沒買著火車票的人擠在候車廳里。 關(guān)系副詞引導定語從句的具體用法 關(guān)系副詞主要有表示時間的when，表示地點的where，表示原因的why。如： ①October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國成立的日子。 ②This is the hotel where we stayed last year. 這是我們?nèi)ツ曜∵^的旅館。 ③The reason why I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Saturday. 我寫信給你的理由是想告訴你關(guān)于周六聚會的事。 【活學活用】 用適當?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空。 1. I will never forget the day__________ we spent in the old town. 2. I will never forget the day__________ we met for the first time. 3. “Underground” is the only word in the English language__________ begins and ends with the letters “und”. 4. Rose doesn’t know what she or her friends can do to help the little boy__________parents have left hometown for making money. 5. This is one of the most wonderful books__________ I have ever read. 6. Do you know the man__________ is talking to Miss Wu? 當堂檢測 一、用所給動詞的適當形式填空。 1. The day we looked forward to__________ （come） at last. 2. If you don’t like the drink you__________（order）, just leave it and try a different one. 3. Tom asked if the earth__________（go） around the sun. 4. I hear that Tom__________（be） here for a week. 5. All the books I have__________（list） here. 二、用適當?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空。 1. （xx杭州中考）Many more people could afford the books__________ were produced on a printing press. 2. Is this the place__________ your father once lived? 3. I’ll never forget the days__________ I joined the League. 4. He likes to read books__________ are written by foreign writers. 5. Those__________ want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7:00 tomorrow. 三、選詞填空。（xx湖州市南潯區(qū)中考模擬） 選擇方框內(nèi)的單詞完成下列句子，使句子通順、正確。每詞限用一次。 A. truly B. customers C. among D. imagine E. international F. either 1. On weekends, the supermarket is usually full of . 2. March 8 is__________ Women’s Day. We can do something for our mother. 3. You can__________ how regretful he was after doing such a silly thing. 4. I__________ feel sorry about your great loss of your grandmother. 5. Mr. White__________ watches TV or reads a newspaper in the evening. 6. Nanxun is__________ the most beautiful ancient towns in China. 四、任務型閱讀。（xx新昌中考模擬） 閱讀下面文章，然后從文后所給的A—D四個選項中選擇正確的選項（其中有一項是多余選項），將其序號填入1—3小題，并回答4和5兩小題。 For a Chinese kid, publishing（出版） a book in English is quite a big challenge. But Yang Nianhui, a 15-year-old student from Beijing, has done so. 1__________ , The Vampires of Lorania. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press has published it. It is their first time to publish a high school student’s work independently. In Yang’s 60,000-word novel, she describes a vampire kingdom called Lorania. A brave girl named Rose and a Chinese boy fight with bad guys to keep Lorania peaceful. 2__________ . It tells readers, “A hero is one who chooses to stay and fight for what is right, even if he is afraid.” Yang studies at the High School Affiliated with Renmin University of China. She has spent five years working on the book. As a big fan of English, Yang enjoys reading original novels and watching TV series in English. She is especially interested in fantasy novels. When she was in Grade 5, she read The Chronicles of Narnia by US author C. S. Lewis. 3__________ . With little experience, she did run into some problems, like how to design the story. “I read many other fantasy novels like Twilight and The Lord of the Rings to learn some things. And I kept changing and improving my draft again and again,” she said. Yang is happy about publishing her first book. “It gives me a chance to express my ideas,” she said. She has already started writing a sequel（續(xù)集） to her book. A. It discusses the meaning of heroism from the view of a teenager B. She wanted to learn how to tell the story C. It encouraged her to write her own novel D. She wrote an English-language fantasy novel 4. How long did it take Yang Nianhui to complete the book? __________________________________________________ 5. Do you like writing? Why or why not? （不少于5個單詞） __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________  參考答案 課堂突破 賓語從句 1. where she lives 2. came 3. when 4. whether 5. how 定語從句 1. that/which 2. when 3. that 4. whose 5. that 6. who/that 當堂檢測 一、1. came 【解析】句意為“我們期待的日子終于到來了”。we looked forward to是定語從句，修飾the day。 2. ordered 3. goes 4. has been 5. are listed 【解析】句意為“我擁有的所有書都被列在這兒了”。I have是定語從句，修飾books。 二、1. that/which 2. where 3. when 4. that/which 5. who 三、1—5. BEDAF 6. C 四、1—3. DAC 4. Five years./It took her five years to complete it. 5. Yes, I do. Because it gives me a chance to express my ideas.