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1、Attributive clausesWHAT IS ATTRIBUTIVE?A lovely girlSomething new the boy in white 1. The girl _ is sitting in the chair is a good singer.2. The skirt _ Mary bought two years ago is old.3. Is this the novel _ you introduced to me?4. Where is the boy _ broke the window?5. Luckily none of the people_I

2、 know were killed in the earthquake.who/thatwhich/thatthat/whichwho/thatwho/whomAttributive Clause（定語(yǔ)從句）（定語(yǔ)從句）概念概念在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句.被修飾的名詞或代詞叫被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞先行詞。He is an English teacher who likes singing songs.定語(yǔ)從句先行詞引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞 :whowhomthatwhichwhose關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞:wherewhe

3、nwhy注意：注意： 1 1 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中都要關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中都要 充當(dāng)充當(dāng)句子成分句子成分。 2 2 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略，當(dāng)時(shí)可省略，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)且介詞不在關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)且介詞不在關(guān)系代詞之前的，關(guān)系代詞也可省略。之前的，關(guān)系代詞也可省略。 3 3 定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和先行詞保持一定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和先行詞保持一致。致。 4 4 定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性和非限制性兩種。定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性和非限制性兩種。 5 5 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞不可以省略。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞不可以省略。關(guān)系詞

4、先行詞所指關(guān)系詞在句中作用關(guān)系代詞that人/物主、賓、表which物主、賓、who人主、賓whom人賓whose人/物定as人/物/事情主、賓、表關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)why原因原因狀語(yǔ) 關(guān)系詞的作用：關(guān)系詞的作用： 1 1、連接作用、連接作用 把主句和從句連接起來(lái)把主句和從句連接起來(lái) 2、替代作用、替代作用 在從句中代替在它前面在從句中代替在它前面 的先行詞的先行詞 3、成分作用、成分作用 在從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分在從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分例例 1. The man _ gave you the talk yesterday is our teacher.that/who

5、指人: that/who (主語(yǔ))例2: The boy_ the nurse is looking after is my friend.(who/whom/that)指人: who/whom/that(賓語(yǔ),可省略)例3: The car_ is red was damaged yesterday.that/which指物: that/which (主語(yǔ))例4: The question_ I dont understand is about grammar.(that/which)指物: that/which (賓語(yǔ),可省略)Titanic is the ship _sank after

6、 hitting an iceberg.which/that_Ye Xin is a nurse died in the fight against SARS. a nurse/ die in the fight against SARSwho/that It used to be a small town. It is no longer a small town.=It is no longer the small town that it used to be.(作表語(yǔ)）作表語(yǔ)）Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be.

7、 = Our hometown is not the same as it used to be. = Our hometown is different from what it used to be。 = Our hometown is not what it used to be. Which woman is a teacher?The woman who lives next door is a teacher.1 The woman is a teacher.2 The woman lives next door.1. The boys are from Grade one. Th

8、e boys are playing basketball. The boys are from Grade One.who/that are playing basketballThe boys who/that are from Grade one are playing basketball.2. The nurse is kind. The nurse looks after my sister. The nurse is kind.who/that looks after my sister3. We watched the play “ Teahouse”. The play wa

9、s written by Lao She.We watched the play “teahouse” which/that was written by Lao She.4.The young man is a famous writer. You saw the young man yesterday. The young man is a famous writer. whom/who/that you saw yesterday5.This is the house. Lu Xun once lived in the house. This is the house which/tha

10、t Lu Xun once lived in.6. Where is the girl? You talked with her last Sunday.Where is the girl who/whom/that you talked with last Sunday? 關(guān)系代詞的用法：關(guān)系代詞的用法：一、由一、由who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。who用作主語(yǔ)，用作主語(yǔ)，whom用作賓語(yǔ)，用作賓語(yǔ)，whose用作定語(yǔ)。用作定語(yǔ)。whose + n. = the + n.+ of + whom / which This is the man who helpe

11、d me. The doctor whom you are looking for is in the Room2E MrMr King, King, whosewhose legs were badly hurt, legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.was quickly taken to hospital.Mr King was quickly taken to hospital.Her legs were badly hurt.HerWe shall make a decision about Ms King,We s

12、hall make a decision about Ms King,whosewhose story I have told you. story I have told you.We shall make a decision about Ms King.I have told you her story.herWhich house is mineWhich house is mine? ?房頂是棕色的房子是我的。The house is mine.whose roof is brownMy houseI know the doctor.His daughter studies abro

13、ad.I know the doctor whose daughter studies abroad.Have you seen my book?The books cover is red.Have you seen my book whose cover is red.whosewhose 在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，表示引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，表示引導(dǎo)詞與與 whose whose 后的名詞為所屬關(guān)系。后的名詞為所屬關(guān)系。 whosewhose多指人，也可指物，指物時(shí)可與多指人，也可指物，指物時(shí)可與 of whichof which互換使用。指人時(shí)可用互換使用。指人時(shí)可用of whom.of

14、whom.This is the book This is the book whosewhose cover is blue.cover is blue.This is the book the cover This is the book the cover of whichof which is blue. is blue. Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? Do you know the man the name of whom is Wang Yu ? Mary lives in the house whose roof is re

15、d. Mary lives in the house the roof of which is red.Yesterday she talked with one woman _ husband died in that accident. A. which B. whose C. of which D. thatB Who 特殊情況特殊情況 先行詞是先行詞是all, everyone, one, ones, anyone且且做主語(yǔ)時(shí)用做主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. One who has nothing to f

16、ear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Everybody who were willing to see the film signed their names here. 先行詞是先行詞是those時(shí)，時(shí)， 用用who. Those who want to see the film sign up here. 注意：注意： whom, which 作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞一般可放作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞一般可放在關(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在原來(lái)的位置上；但是在關(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在原來(lái)的位置上；但是在含有在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞固定詞組介詞的動(dòng)詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放在原中

17、，介詞只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。來(lái)的位置上。 This is the person whom you are looking for.= This is the person for whom you are looking. 1. Have you ever read the book _ _ there are many pictures? 2. The man _ _ he had a talk yesterday is a doctor. 3. The gentleman _ _ you just spoke is our headmaster. 4. This is the new bi

18、cycle _ _ I spent five hundred dollars. 5. Here are the table tennis players, some _ _ are our old friends. The school has 2600 students, two thirds _ _ are girls.in which三、由三、由thatthat引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。that在從句中可以指在從句中可以指人或物人或物，在從句中做主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在從句中做主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ).但不能放在介詞后面作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。但不能放在介詞后面作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。This is th

19、e school in that you will study. ( )This is the school in which you will study. ()This is the school (which/that) you will study in. ()注意注意 在下面幾種情況下必須用在下面幾種情況下必須用that引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句。 先行詞是不定代詞先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything something, nothing, anythi

20、ng 等。等。 All that we have to do is to practise every day. Something that we heard was of great truth. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞、先行詞被序數(shù)詞、the last或形容詞的最高級(jí)或形容詞的最高級(jí)所修飾。所修飾。 The first thing that I learned will never be forgotten. This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. 先行詞被先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, l

21、ittle, no, some等修飾。等修飾。 I have read all the books that you gave me. 先行詞被先行詞被the only, the very 修飾。修飾。 This is the very pen that I am looking for. He is the only person that I want to talk to. 先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。 They talked of things and persons that they remembered. 當(dāng)句中已有當(dāng)句中已有who who 或或whichwhic

22、h時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)。時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)。Who is the man that is talking to John? 如有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)已經(jīng)用了如有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)已經(jīng)用了whichwhich，則另一個(gè)用，則另一個(gè)用that.that.Edison built a factory which produced things that had never been seen.6. 當(dāng)先行詞為當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞可以有三種情況可以有三種情況: that, in which 或不填?；虿惶睢?I dont like the way you talked

23、to your mother.（choose the one that is not proper for this blank） A. that B. which C. in which D. /B7. 7. 在在 Its time Its time 句型中，后面的從句也可以看成是定語(yǔ)從句型中，后面的從句也可以看成是定語(yǔ)從句，通常有下面幾種句型。句，通常有下面幾種句型。 It is (high / about) time that 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去式過(guò)去式 It is 序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞 time that 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ) (現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)) ( ) It is high time

24、 that I _to do the physics homework.A. go B. wentC. shall go D. have gone ( ) It is the first time _ he has been here.A. thatB. whenC. at whichD. whichBA8one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/which/that +復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ) the (only) one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/which/that +單數(shù)單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)She is one of the students who _ praised at the m

25、eeting yesterday. A. was B. were C. isD. areHe is the only one of the students who _a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. areC. have beenD. has beenBD關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：1、由where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句在修飾一個(gè)表示地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí),常用where引導(dǎo)。A book office is a place where tickets are sold.Where 在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)介

26、詞短語(yǔ)。在本句中相當(dāng)于in which，所以此句可以改為：A book office is a place in which tickets are sold.因此定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系副詞where= 介詞介詞 +which .2、定語(yǔ)從句在修飾一個(gè)表示時(shí)間時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)，常用when 引導(dǎo)。I still remember the year when we studied together.When在從句中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”I still remember the year (which/that) we studied in together.I still rememb

27、er the year in which we studied together.This is the house where he lives.= This is the house _he lives.= This is the house _he lives in.in which(which/that)3、由、由why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系副詞why 的先行詞只有reason , 在從句中表示原因狀語(yǔ)。Do you know the reason why I left early?Why 在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)，其作用相當(dāng)于for which .Do you know th

28、e reason _I left early?但如果關(guān)系詞在從句中不是作狀語(yǔ)，而是作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)仍用that/which .The reason _ he gave us was unacceptable.for whichthat/which關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用。在定語(yǔ)從句中到底選用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞要看在定語(yǔ)從句中到底選用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞要看它們?cè)趶木渲兴洚?dāng)?shù)木渥映煞謥?lái)決定，有時(shí)同一它們?cè)趶木渲兴洚?dāng)?shù)木渥映煞謥?lái)決定，有時(shí)同一個(gè)先行詞往往關(guān)系詞卻不同。個(gè)先行詞往往關(guān)系詞卻不同。1.This is the factory which / that produc

29、es TV sets. This is the factory where my father once worked. (in which)2.Ill never forget the day that / which we spent together in the countryside. Ill never forget the day when his house was broken into. (on which) 介詞介詞+關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句多用于正式文體中，這樣的關(guān)系代詞主要是which, whom , whose .This i

30、s the house in which my grandfather once lived .The film of which Im speaking is to be shown next week .This is the man from whom I learn the news.注意：注意： 這類句子中的介詞也可以放在從句的末尾，這時(shí)這類句子中的介詞也可以放在從句的末尾，這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞可省略。關(guān)系代詞可省略。 This is the person (whom) you are going to work with .如何選用結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞根據(jù)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配on which I

31、 spent five Yuan .for which I paid five Yuan This is the book from which I learnt a lotin which there are few new words about which Tom often talks 根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣the day on which I joined the league.I still remember the days during which I lived in the country. the years in which I stayed there.四、四、as引導(dǎo)

32、的定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句: as用作關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)用作關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成從句，并在從句中做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成the same as, such as等結(jié)構(gòu)。等結(jié)構(gòu)。 I want to have such a dictionary as he has. I shall do it in the same way as you did. I like the same book as you do. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)。在從句中做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)。在從句中做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明整個(gè)句子，可以

33、放在主句之前、語(yǔ)，這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明整個(gè)句子，可以放在主句之前、之中和之后。之中和之后。 The experiment is very important, as indeed it is. As is known to all, he studies very hard. As we all know, China is a developing country.常用于這種類似插入語(yǔ)的句式有常用于這種類似插入語(yǔ)的句式有as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is known to all, as it is, as is ofte

34、n the case, as is reported in the newspaper注意：注意：which 和和 as 的區(qū)別是：的區(qū)別是：which不能放在句首，而不能放在句首，而as則可以；則可以；在句中時(shí)，在句中時(shí)，as有有“正如正如”、“就像就像”之意，之意，而而which 沒(méi)有。沒(méi)有。下列每句均有一處錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)找出并改正。下列每句均有一處錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)找出并改正。 1They talked for half an hour of the things and persons who they would deal with a few days later 2Who is the man

35、who was praised at the meeting？ 3Is this the farm where you visited the other day？ 4Is this factory which you visited last week？ 5I want to buy the same dictionary that you have _that_that_that_as鞏固練習(xí)：鞏固練習(xí)：1. Finally the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.A.Which B. whatC. whateve

36、r D. that2. He told me all _ he knew.A.whichB. whatC. that D. how3. He was very rude to the Customs officer, _ of course made things even worse.A.who B. whomC. whatD. which4. Is the river _ through that town very large?A.which flowsB. flowsC. that flowingD. whose flows5. The most important thing_ we

37、 should pay attention to is the first thing _I have said. A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; that 6. The songs _ she sang in the concert yesterday sounded _A. /, beautifullyB. that ,wonderfullyC. which , wellD./, nice7. The result of the experiment was very good, _we hadnt expect

38、ed.A. when B. that C. whichD. what8. You may keep any _ you find Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhom9. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person_ she could turn for help.A.to whom B. whoC. from whomD. that10. The Great Wall is the last place _Mr. smith is going to visit before he leaves Beijing.A. whereB

39、. which C. / D. what11.They study in a small classroom _ floor is broken Awhose Bwhich Cwhere Dthat12. Next Sunday is the only day _ he can spare to join us Athat Bwhich Cwhen Don which13. He isnt the man _ he used to be Athat Bwhom Cwho Dwhich14. Please pass me the dictionary _ cover is black Awhic

40、h Bwhich of Cits Dwhose15.Through practice we can learn a lot _ can not_ from books Awhich；be learned Bthat；learn Cwhich；learn Dthat；be learned4Is this factory which you visited last week？This is factory which you visited last week.This factory is which you visited last week.This is the factory whic

41、h you visited last week.Is this the factory which you visited last week?This factory is the one which you visited last week.Is this factory the one which you visited last week? which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 I have lost my pen, which I like very much. She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole fam

42、ily considered a great honor. She is always late for class, which makes the teacher angry.限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞關(guān)系密切（刪去影響和先行詞關(guān)系密切（刪去影響整個(gè)意思表達(dá)）整個(gè)意思表達(dá)）和先行詞關(guān)系不密切（一種補(bǔ)和先行詞關(guān)系不密切（一種補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，刪去不影響全句意思充說(shuō)明，刪去不影響全句意思的表達(dá)）的表達(dá)）不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)一般用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)一般用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)可用關(guān)系代詞可用關(guān)系代詞thatthat不

43、可用關(guān)系代詞不可用關(guān)系代詞thatthat關(guān)系代詞可省略（但在從句中關(guān)系代詞可省略（但在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）作賓語(yǔ)）關(guān)系代詞不可以省略關(guān)系代詞不可以省略只可修飾先行詞，不可以修飾只可修飾先行詞，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分主句或主句的一部分除修飾先行詞還可以修飾整個(gè)除修飾先行詞還可以修飾整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分主句或主句的一部分暗示被修飾的先行詞不是唯一暗示被修飾的先行詞不是唯一的的表示被修飾的先行詞是唯一的表示被修飾的先行詞是唯一的翻譯時(shí)先翻譯從句在翻譯主句翻譯時(shí)先翻譯從句在翻譯主句 翻譯時(shí)先譯主句再譯從句翻譯時(shí)先譯主句再譯從句 People who take physical exercise l

44、ive longer. 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得長(zhǎng)些。(若把從句去掉句子就失去意義) His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓，下星期回來(lái)。(若把從句去句子意義仍然完整) I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個(gè)) I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)姐姐，她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。(只有一個(gè)姐姐) Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開(kāi)車很快，這是很危險(xiǎn)的

45、。(which指drive too fast) He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。(which指整個(gè)主句) Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我們的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行詞為專有名詞，要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾) Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父親很有錢(qián)，希望她出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。(先行詞為表獨(dú)一無(wú)二意義的普通名詞，要用非限

46、制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾)1. I have lost the pen which I like very much.（暗示不（暗示不止一個(gè)）止一個(gè)） I have lost the pen, which I like very much.（暗示只（暗示只有一支鋼筆）有一支鋼筆）2. I have two sisters, who are both students. I have two sisters, both of whom are students.4. This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teachers desk.5. His father who is in Beijing will return to Yancheng next week.() His father ,who is in Beijing ,will return to Yancheng next week.()