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1、 寫作作為中考英語試題的主觀測試題之一，是對學(xué)生 英語語言綜合運(yùn)用能力的考查，在試題中占有相當(dāng)大的比重。然而，考生的寫作部分得分率偏低。寫作能力的培養(yǎng)與提高歷來是英語教學(xué)中的難點(diǎn)之一，尤其對于普通中學(xué)的中差生和教師來說，在寫作方面方面投入了大量的精力，但收效卻不盡如人意。在這里，我對近三年婁底市的中考寫作試題做了一個(gè)簡單地分析，并和大家一起探討如何在初三備考中提高學(xué)生的寫作能力。 （2008年婁底）通讀下列對話，然后根據(jù)上下文補(bǔ)齊對話內(nèi)容（10分） （M=Maria；S=Sam） M: Hello, Sam? S: Maria? Hi! (61)_ M: Im in England! Im c

2、alling to say “Happy New Year!” to you. S: (62) _ M: So, Hows it going there? S: Great! Hows it going with you? M: Pretty good. (63) _ S: Im having a party. My classmates and friends are here. M: Oh, that sounds like fun. Whats the weather like in your place? S: (64) _ Hows the weather there? M: Col

3、d. Cold and humid(潮濕的). And raining. S: Sounds bad Then good-bye! M: (65) _ (2009 婁底) 通讀下面的對話，然后根據(jù)上下文補(bǔ)全對話內(nèi)容。 A: Hi, David! 1 ? B: Hi, Sarah! I am going to see Anna. She is in hospital. A: 2 ? B: She had a traffic accident on her way to school and was hurt. A: 3 . Is there anything serious? B: Yes, t

4、here is something wrong with her head. A: Oh, my God! 4 . B: I hope so, too. A: 5 ? B: Sure. Lets go! (2010 婁底) 通讀下面的對話，然后根據(jù)上下文補(bǔ)全對話內(nèi)容。(L=Lin Tao Z=Zhang Ping) Z: Hey, Lin Tao, where are you going for vacation? L: _. Z: Really? What are you doing there? L: Im visiting the World Expo(世博會(huì)). _, Zhang Pi

5、ng. Z:Im going there, too. And I want to be a volunteer. L: Youre really cool! Have you ever been to Shanghai? Z:_. It will be my first time in Shanghai. L: Me, either. Lets go there together, shall we? Z: Sure. _? L: Hmm. Next month, ok? Z: Ok, great! See you next time. L: _. 補(bǔ)全對話的設(shè)題主要有三類： 1、日常交際用語

6、及其應(yīng)答 這類題主要考查學(xué)生對日常生活中經(jīng)常運(yùn)用的會(huì)話習(xí)語及其應(yīng)答的掌握 情況，如打電話、購物、看病、感謝、抱怨、談?wù)撎鞖?、問題、禁止、警告 等。這種題有較為固定的語言模式，如08年的試題。 2、具體情景語境題 根據(jù)對話的具體情景語境提供的各種信息進(jìn)行全面的分析、比較和邏輯推 理，確定空缺語句。這種題的應(yīng)答沒有固定的語言模式，要視對話的具體情 景語境確定空缺語句，如2010年的試題。 3、綜合設(shè)題 綜合設(shè)題就是將日常會(huì)話用語與具體情景語境相結(jié)合， 如09年的試題。 解補(bǔ)全對話題可采取以下三個(gè)步聚： 一、首先閱讀全篇對話，了解對話大意，在掌握了對話主題與大意的基 礎(chǔ)上著手做題較為快捷準(zhǔn)確。 二、

7、根據(jù)情景語境，邊讀邊做題。 三、重讀全篇對話，確定補(bǔ)全后的對話是否通順連貫，語法是否正確。 解題時(shí)應(yīng)正確使用會(huì)話用語，日常會(huì)話用語有一定的語言模式，應(yīng)熟練掌 握；理清詢問或答語：若為詢問句，則應(yīng)注意詢問句與其上下句的關(guān)系；若為 疑問句，還要搞清楚何種疑問句，是一般疑問句，還是特殊疑問句，或選擇疑 問句。弄清了疑問句的種類，好對癥下藥，給出中肯的答語；注意上下句式關(guān) 系：上下句子間有多種關(guān)系、有因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，舉例、證明、分類、比較 對比、等關(guān)系。對話句之間的關(guān)系搞清楚了，就容易根據(jù)這一特定語境確定答案。 現(xiàn)在我們以09年的中考補(bǔ)全對話題為例進(jìn)行分析：幻燈片 3 本組對話為綜合設(shè)題。首先通讀

8、全文，其大意為：B在去醫(yī)院看Anna的路上 看到A, A問Anna出什么事情了，B說Anna在去學(xué)校的路上出了交通事故并受了傷。 A問B, Anna傷得是否嚴(yán)重，B說Anna的頭受了點(diǎn)傷，A在此表示祝愿并想和B一起 去醫(yī)院看她。第1題、第2題根據(jù)答語可填出;第1題B要去看Anna,所以可以推出第 1題的答案為： What are you going to do?；第2題，B說Anna出了交通事故， 故知第2題應(yīng)該問， Whats wrong with her?第3題為日常會(huì)話用語，B說到 Anna出了交通事故可以推斷出3題是表遺憾的語句，故答案為 I am sorry to hear that

9、；第4題為日常會(huì)話用語，Anna 頭部受傷，所以第4題是表示祝愿的句 子即，I hope she will be fine soon.；第5題表示請求，由后面的描述可得 答案為，Can I go to see her with you?對話完成后再讀，該對話語法正確， 語義通順，合乎表達(dá)習(xí)慣。 一、在教學(xué)過程中鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生多背誦一些日常用語大全。一、在教學(xué)過程中鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生多背誦一些日常用語大全。 日常用語之日常用語之“購物購物”大全大全1What can I do for you? 需要我?guī)兔?？需要我?guī)兔幔?Can I help you? 你買什么？你買什么？3Id like to buy 我想

10、買我想買 I want to buy 我想買我想買 Im looking for 我想買我想買4What size do you want? 你想買哪個(gè)型號的？你想買哪個(gè)型號的？ What color do you want? 你想買什么顏色的？你想買什么顏色的？5Do you like this one? 你喜歡這個(gè)嗎？你喜歡這個(gè)嗎？ What about this one? 你喜歡這個(gè)嗎？你喜歡這個(gè)嗎？6Which one would you like best? 你最喜歡哪一個(gè)？你最喜歡哪一個(gè)？7Im afraid its much too expensive. 我想這個(gè)太貴了。我想這個(gè)

11、太貴了。 8Anything else? 還有別的嗎？ 9Is that all? 沒有什么再買的了吧？ 10Ill take it. 我買了。 Ill have it. 我買了。 11Can I try it on? Yes, please. 我能試穿一下嗎？可以。 Can I try them on? Yes, please. 我能試穿一下嗎？可以。 12How much / many do you want? 你想買多少？ 13How much is it / are they? 這個(gè)(些)多少錢？ 14Here is the money. 給你錢。 15How much do they

12、 cost? 多少錢？ 16Its nice. 它看上去很漂亮。 日常用語之“看病”大全 病人： 1I dont feel very well. 我感覺不舒服。 2Im not feeling well. 我感覺不舒服。 3My hurts. 我某部位痛。 4This place hurts. 這個(gè)地方疼。 5Ive got (a cough) 我有點(diǎn)咳嗽。 6I dont feel like + doing. 我不想 7Is there anything serious? 是不是很嚴(yán)重？ .檢查身體： 1Open your mouth and say Ah. 張嘴說“啊”。 2I want

13、to take your temperature. 我想量一下體溫。 3Have you taken your temperature? 你量體溫了嗎？ 4Let me listen to your heart. 我聽一下你心臟。 .安慰病人： 1There is nothing much wrong with you. 沒有什么大問題。 2You (He, She) will be all right soon. 你不久就會(huì)好。 3Dont worry. 別著急 .采取措施： 1Take this medicine times a day. 一天吃 次藥。 2Drink enough (pl

14、enty of) water and have a good rest. 多喝水，好好休息。 3Youd better stay in bed till 你最好臥床直到 4Youd better take him (her) to the nurse, and shell give (him) her some pills.你最好帶她去護(hù)士那里，她會(huì)給他一些藥片。 5Try this medicine, take it after breakfast. 試一下這個(gè)藥，飯后吃。 日常用語之“問路”大全問路方：1. Excuse me, Wheres? 2. How can I get to?3.

15、 Can / Could you tell me the way to the ., please?4. Could you tell me how to get to the ?5.Which bus can take me to the ?6. Which number do I need?7. Is it far from here?8. Thank you.指路方：1. Its over there on the left/right.2. Its next to / in front of /behind the/ between and.3. Its at the end of t

16、he street.4. Walk /Go along /down the road /the street, and take the second turning on the left/right.5. Its about 100 meters along on the right.6. Youd better take a bus.7. Go down this street until you reach the second traffic lights.8. At the end of the road youll see the. It will take you about

17、half an hour.9. Go across the bridge.10. Go along this road to the end.11. Turn left/ right at the second crossing.12. Take the No. 3 bus and it will take you there.13. The no.3 bus will take you there.14. Youd better take the No.3 bus to the hospital.15. You cant miss it. / Youll find it. / Youll s

18、ee it on the left.16. Its about 15 minutes walk. 日常用語之“打電話”大全撥電話方：1. Could / May / Can I speak to , please?2. Whos that (speaking)?3. This is (speaking).4. Could you ask him / her to call me back5. Im calling you to tell you to.6. Can I leave a message?7. Thats very kind of you. 接電話方： 1. Hello. 6098

19、724. 2. This is (speaking). 3. Whos that? 4. Yes, it is. 5. Hold on, please. / One moment, please. 6. Im sorry /afraid hes not in at the moment/ right now. 7. Can I take a message? 8. Whats your telephone number? 第二、每堂課前的五分鐘，隨意指定一個(gè)話題讓學(xué)生進(jìn) 行情景對話練習(xí)，既鞏固了知識(shí)又增加了學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。 （2008年婁底）書面表達(dá)（10分） 假如你是袁虹，你的澳大利亞筆友Tin

20、a想要你介紹家鄉(xiāng)婁底的情況，請根據(jù)下面表格中提供的英文信息，用50-60個(gè)詞，發(fā)一個(gè)Email給她。開頭和結(jié)尾已寫出，不計(jì)入字?jǐn)?shù)。 Location(位置位置)in the center of Hunan ProvinceCharacteristics(特征特征)200,000 people, streets wide with green tall treesClimate(氣候氣候)hot in summer, not rather cold in winterTour(旅游旅游)many places of interests: Meijiang Scenic Spot, Boyue C

21、ave, Meishan Imperial Palace and the Native Place of Zeng Guofan （2009 2009 婁底）婁底） Zhou Hui Zhou Hui 和和 Ge BinGe Bin是是“一幫一一幫一”活活動(dòng)中結(jié)成的一對學(xué)習(xí)伙伴。動(dòng)中結(jié)成的一對學(xué)習(xí)伙伴。 Zhou HuiZhou Hui在在Ge BinGe Bin的幫助下有的幫助下有了明顯的進(jìn)步。請根據(jù)下表信息寫一篇了明顯的進(jìn)步。請根據(jù)下表信息寫一篇6060字左右的短文字左右的短文（開頭已寫出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)）（開頭已寫出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)） Zhou Hui In the past didnt l

22、isten carefully in his class like to play computer games every day Now study hard get on well with his classmates Ge Bin Make Zhou Hui be interested in his study Help Zhou Hui with his study (2010 婁底)當(dāng)前農(nóng)村有大量的留守兒童（left-behind children), 他們的父母常年在外務(wù)工,導(dǎo)致他們在學(xué)習(xí)和生活等方面存在很多困難。如何讓留守兒童在缺少父母照顧的情況下仍能正常學(xué)習(xí)和生活？請你根據(jù)

23、下表中的提示寫一篇關(guān)于留守兒童的短文。governmentCare about the problemSet up boarding schools(寄宿學(xué)校)teachersTake good care ofSpend more timeLeft-behind childrenLearn to look after themselvesStudy harder 2008、2009、2010年婁底中考英語書面表達(dá)采用半開放 式的形式，2008年采用了說明文文體(介紹家鄉(xiāng)婁底的情 況)；2009年采用了記述文文體（“一幫一”學(xué)習(xí)伙伴）;2010 年采用了議論文的文體（留守兒童問題）。盡管文體不同

24、但 基本要求大同小異：考生既要完成所給要點(diǎn)，又要根據(jù)要求 做適當(dāng)?shù)淖杂砂l(fā)揮。 而縱觀中考英語的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了一些硬 性指標(biāo)(例如字?jǐn)?shù)多少、單詞拼寫、書寫工整程度)，閱卷官 給分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要集中在以下幾個(gè)軟性指標(biāo)：1、內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)是 否齊全；2、詞匯、句式是否準(zhǔn)確；3、邏輯關(guān)系詞使用是否 到位。 我們不妨先看一些考生寫的句子： 1.寬廣的街道兩旁有很多的綠樹。Streets have many green tall trees. 2.Zhou Hui有了明顯的進(jìn)步。Zhou Hui make progress. 3. 3.婁底位于湖南的中部。Loudi in the center of H

25、unan Province. 由此可見考生的寫作中存在如下問題：英漢語法混亂，漢語式英語嚴(yán)重；基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)掌握差，句子成分不全；動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)不準(zhǔn)確，甚至句子缺少謂語；整個(gè)句子只是詞語的堆砌，無法表詞達(dá)意；表達(dá)單調(diào)、機(jī)械，缺乏高級詞匯，不會(huì)使用復(fù)雜句式。所有這些問題都提醒我們寫正確句子、高級句子的重要性和迫切性。 1、 “巧婦難為無米之炊”，寫作是一種語言的輸出形式，沒有輸入，哪有輸出？大 腦里沒有儲(chǔ)存一定量的優(yōu)秀單詞、詞組和句子，寫出來的就只會(huì)是詞語的堆積，不僅 毫無美感，而且錯(cuò)誤百出，更不能表詞達(dá)意，只有積累了大量的語言素材，寫作才有 可能寫好。所以，大量背誦英文文字材料是一種看似笨拙，實(shí)

26、則最為有效的方法之 一，尤其對于基礎(chǔ)較差的學(xué)生來說，背誦是務(wù)實(shí)語言基礎(chǔ)，練好基本功必備的第一步。 這里面要強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)，我們在后期指導(dǎo)學(xué)生寫作時(shí)，不要忽略我們手中的重要資源-課 文，要圍繞課文綜合練習(xí)提高學(xué)生寫作水平，要讓學(xué)生熟讀課文去培養(yǎng)語感。 2、優(yōu)化批改和講評的過程。在批改中，關(guān)注學(xué)生寫作過程中的情感體驗(yàn)、態(tài)度價(jià) 值觀，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生運(yùn)用高級詞匯，適當(dāng)使用過渡詞。講評時(shí)可以把學(xué)生的典型錯(cuò)誤列出 來，進(jìn)行有針對性地講評和讓學(xué)生們?nèi)ケ容^。 3、要訓(xùn)練同一內(nèi)容的不同表達(dá)方式，同一題材作文的一題多寫，豐富學(xué)生的語言 結(jié)構(gòu)和語言表達(dá)方式。選詞要多樣化。用詞單一會(huì)使語言枯燥無味、蒼白無力；而選 詞多樣化可以增

27、強(qiáng)語言的表現(xiàn)力，使文章的表達(dá)更豐富。我們從各種報(bào)刊收集一些例 句對學(xué)生進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)和訓(xùn)練。 4、教會(huì)學(xué)生答題步驟和技巧 1）答題有步驟 審題。審題的訓(xùn)練對于每個(gè)學(xué)生都不陌生，我要說的是審題一定要做到五個(gè)方面： 一審主題（寫什么），二審體裁（記敘、說明、議論、夾敘夾議），三審時(shí)態(tài)（時(shí)態(tài)中 兩個(gè)扣一分，三個(gè)降一檔），四審人稱（別犯低級錯(cuò)誤），五審內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)（一定要在試 卷中畫出，免得寫的時(shí)候忘記，導(dǎo)致跑題） 打草稿。中考一定要打草稿，兩大優(yōu)勢 a.中考時(shí)落筆錯(cuò)誤是難免的，涂改就會(huì)扣卷面分，打草稿就可以避免這個(gè)情況了。 b.正式寫作是對草稿的再梳理，語言的再錘煉。 再次，擴(kuò)展要點(diǎn)，豐富要點(diǎn),將句子補(bǔ)充完整

28、。教師可借助多媒體，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生擴(kuò) 展要點(diǎn)，首先給要點(diǎn)加上主語和修飾語，然后豐富要點(diǎn), 把要點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展成句子，將句子補(bǔ) 充完整，適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂玫寡b句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、復(fù)合句，使句子向高級升華，打好草稿。尤其對 難以確定的表達(dá)一定要進(jìn)行推敲。 全面檢查、修改拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號錯(cuò)誤，修改人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤， 修改句子結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯錯(cuò)誤?？紤]語篇結(jié)構(gòu)、考慮句式的變化和詞匯的豐富。 最后，書寫工整。 2）得分抓關(guān)鍵 鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生特別是基礎(chǔ)較好的學(xué)生寫作時(shí)要盡量使用多樣詞匯和短語，選擇有 變化的句型結(jié)構(gòu)，長短句交替使用，學(xué)會(huì)活用句型。 短句子的使用使文章簡潔明快，如使用一些固定句型、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)、 省略表達(dá)等。如： e.g. Once

29、 begin, you must go on. To be a good student, you must study hard. 名言警句的引用可使文章添彩。 e.g. 1. Every coin has two sides. 每個(gè)硬幣都有兩面，比喻事物的兩面性。 2. The winter is coming and the spring is not far. 冬天已經(jīng)臨近了,春天還 會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎? 3. Failure is the mother of success. 失敗是成功之母。 4. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 5. Actions speak l

30、ouder than words. 事實(shí)勝于雄辯。 6. A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一塹，長一智。 7.Time and tide wait for no man. 時(shí)不我待。 8. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。 準(zhǔn)確使用過渡詞，使文章行文連貫。如： 表達(dá)先后順序時(shí)，可用to start with, next, then, finally(適合于四點(diǎn)的情況) 。 on the one hand, on the other hand （適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況） 表達(dá)對比時(shí)，可用 but

31、 ,while ,however. 表列舉時(shí)，可用 for example ,take sth for example. 表觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，可用 in my opinion, in one word ,in other words ,as far as I know. 表結(jié)果時(shí)，可用 so , therefore , as a result ,in this way 3）結(jié)構(gòu)要清晰注重結(jié)尾句，好的結(jié)尾句可以為文章增色不少。例如08年的 中考作文題，介紹你的家鄉(xiāng)婁底，可以在文章的結(jié)尾用含義較深的話點(diǎn)明主題, 深化主題,起到“畫龍點(diǎn)睛”的效果：I love my hometown, and I am pr

32、oud of it. 4）發(fā)揮要適當(dāng)根據(jù)目前中考的趨勢，書面表達(dá)中多為學(xué)生的自主發(fā)揮提供 了一定空間，但發(fā)揮不能本末倒置，不能畫蛇添足，做無意義的發(fā)揮。 5）正確是根本 一、 環(huán)保 1. Its our duty to protect our environment. 2. It is very important to take care of our environment. 3. We should not throw litter onto the ground. 4. We should not spit in a public place/cut down the trees. 5

33、. We should plant more flowers and trees. 6. We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin. 7. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 二、旅游 1. Last Sunday (Saturday,) ,it was sunny (rainy, windy) 2. I got up very early (late

34、). After breakfast I went to with my friends by bike, bus， 3. We enjoyed ourselves。 4. We forgot the time. We didnt come back until 5 oclock。 5. We all felt very tired, but we were happy。 6. I thought I would never forget this trip。 7. Last summer, my parents and I went to Beijing for our holidays。

35、8. We visited a lot of places of interest。 9. We had a good time there。 三、 比賽 1. Last Sunday, Class One had a football match with Class Two。 2. All of us went to watch it。 3. The match was very exciting。 4. In fact, I have never seen such an exciting match before。 5. The score was 5-3. Our team scor

36、ed three goals in the last fifteen minutes。 6. Class One won this match. Class Two lost。 7. Class One played well. They deserved to win。 8. Their PE teacher was very pleased with their performance。 四、 健康 1. It is very important to keep healthy. 2. How can we keep healthy? 3. We cant go to sleep too

37、late. We cant get up too late. 4. We should eat the food healthily. 5. We should do more exercise. 6. Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head. 7. I didnt feel like eating anything. 8. I decided to see the doctor. 9. In the doctors office, the doctor looks over me carefully. 10. He said :

38、Nothing serious. And he told me to take a rest and drink more water. 五、 學(xué)科 1. My favorite subject is English. 2. More than three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. 3. It is used by travelers and business people all over the world. 4. China has joined the WTO and the Olympic G

39、ames will be held in China. English becomes more and more useful. 5. So English is very important and I like English very much. 6. We have a lot of fun in the English class. 7. Our English teacher often makes us happy in the English class. 8. I hope I can go abroad one day, and then I can speak to f

40、oreigners in English. 9. I like English and try my best to learn it. 六、 節(jié)日 1. In China the most important holiday is the Spring Festival。 2. It comes in January or February。 3. On the Spring Festival Eve people have a big dinner. They have a lot of nice food to eat。 4. During the Spring Festival peo

41、ple have a lot of interesting things to do。 5. People visit their relatives and friends。 6. They greet each other with a hug and say, Happy New Year。 7. As China is a big country, people in different places celebrate this holiday in different ways。 七、 寫人 1. His name is Jack。 2. He was born in London

42、 in 1982。 3. He is 1.68 meters tall and weighs 52 kilos。 4. He is 20 years old。 5. He comes from England。 6. He is a good ping-pong player。 7. He is medium build。 8. He has short hair。 9. He is outgoing. Every one likes to talk with him. He gets on well with us。 10. He teaches English very well。 11.

43、 He works very hard. He works in No.5 Middle School。 12. He loves watching football games after work。 13. He often helps me with my English。 14. At the age of six, he began to play table tennis。 八、 生活 1. Jim got up very early. 2. Jim cleaned the room and do the housework. 3. Jim went to shop and did some shopping. 4. Jim did some cooking. 5. Jim fed the cat. 6. Jim sweeps the floor. 7. He washes the dishes. 8. It is a busy day. He is very tired. But he feels happy.