畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:轎車雙橫臂式懸架設(shè)計(jì) 發(fā)任務(wù)書日期:12 月 30 日 任務(wù)書填寫要求1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫,經(jīng)學(xué)生所在專業(yè)的負(fù)責(zé)人審查、系(院)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書應(yīng)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開始前一周內(nèi)填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生。2.任務(wù)書內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫,不得涂改或潦草書寫;或者按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式(可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁上下載)打印,要求正文小 4 號(hào)宋體,1.5 倍行距,禁止打印在其它紙上剪貼。3.任務(wù)書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容,必須和學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)完成的情況相一致,若有變更,應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過所在專業(yè)及系(院)主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審批后方可重新填寫。4.任務(wù)書內(nèi)有關(guān)“學(xué)院” 、 “專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫,應(yīng)寫中文全稱,不能寫數(shù)字代碼。學(xué)生的“學(xué)號(hào)”要寫全號(hào),不能只寫最后 2 位或 1 位數(shù)字。 5.任務(wù)書內(nèi)“主要參考文獻(xiàn)”的填寫,應(yīng)按照《金陵科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)撰寫規(guī)范》的要求書寫。6.有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo) GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法》規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2002 年 4 月 2 日”或“2002-04-02” 。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書1.本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的:1.通過本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)使學(xué)生鞏固、深化和擴(kuò)展所學(xué)知識(shí),培養(yǎng)和鍛煉學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)和技術(shù)解決工程實(shí)際問題的能力。2.本設(shè)計(jì)通過根據(jù)某型轎車主要性能參數(shù),查閱相關(guān)資料、書籍,確定該車型雙橫臂式獨(dú)立懸架結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸參數(shù),設(shè)計(jì)其主要零部件,并進(jìn)行裝配,使學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)資料的調(diào)研、收集、整理和正確使用工具,掌握實(shí)驗(yàn)、測(cè)試等科學(xué)研究的基本方法;鍛煉學(xué)生運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法分析與解決工程實(shí)際問題的能力,樹立正確的設(shè)計(jì)思想。同時(shí)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立分析和處理專業(yè)問題的能力,使學(xué)生初步具有工程設(shè)計(jì)和從事科學(xué)研究的能力。為從事本專業(yè)工作打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。 2.本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求(包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等):主要內(nèi)容和要求:汽車懸架把車架(或車身)與車軸(或車輪)彈性地連接起來。其主要任務(wù)是傳遞作用在車輪和車架(或車身)之間的一切力和力矩;緩和路面?zhèn)鬟f給車架(或車身)的沖擊載荷,衰減承載系統(tǒng)的振動(dòng),保證汽車的行駛平順性;保證車輪在路面不平和載荷變化時(shí)有理想的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性,保證汽車操縱穩(wěn)定性,使汽車獲得高速行駛能力。懸架主要由彈性元件、導(dǎo)向裝置、減振器、緩沖塊和橫向穩(wěn)定器等組成。雙橫臂式懸架擁有上下兩個(gè)擺臂,橫向力由兩個(gè)擺臂同時(shí)吸收。減振器只承受簧上載荷,不承受側(cè)向力。這種獨(dú)立懸架被廣泛應(yīng)用在轎車前輪上。要求完成:確定雙橫臂式懸架結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸參數(shù);對(duì)導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行受力分析;設(shè)計(jì)減振彈簧、選定減振器;上下擺臂等主要零部件設(shè)計(jì)與強(qiáng)度計(jì)算;繪制零件圖及裝配圖。工作要求:結(jié)合實(shí)習(xí)及實(shí)驗(yàn)開展,完成設(shè)計(jì)。所需條件:相關(guān)測(cè)試工具及手段(儀器、儀表等) ;相關(guān)的手冊(cè)及文獻(xiàn)資料;實(shí)驗(yàn)車輛及設(shè)備;電腦及相關(guān) CAD 軟件并能上網(wǎng)收集資料。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書3.對(duì)本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題成果的要求〔包括圖表、實(shí)物等硬件要求〕:對(duì)本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題成果的要求為:1.在調(diào)研和實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)上,確定雙橫臂式懸架結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸參數(shù);對(duì)導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行受力分析;設(shè)計(jì)減振彈簧、選定減振器;上下擺臂等主要零部件設(shè)計(jì)與強(qiáng)度計(jì)算。2.符合要求的零件圖及裝配圖。3.符合規(guī)范的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份。4.翻譯一篇 1 萬印刷符以上與課題相關(guān)的專業(yè)外文資料。 4.主要參考文獻(xiàn): [1] 陳家瑞.汽車構(gòu)造(上下冊(cè)) (第 3 版)[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2009.[2] 余志生.汽車?yán)碚?第 5 版 )[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2009.[3] 王望予.汽車設(shè)計(jì)(第 4 版 )[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2004.[4] 喻凡,林逸.汽車系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2005.[5] 徐石安.汽車構(gòu)造——底盤工程[M]. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社, 2008.[6] 王國權(quán),龔國慶.汽車設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2010.[7] 劉濤.汽車設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社 .2008.[8] 《汽車工程手冊(cè)》編輯委員會(huì) .汽車工程手冊(cè)(設(shè)計(jì)篇)[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,2001.[9] 王霄峰.汽車底盤設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2010.[10] 黃金陵.汽車車身設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007.[11] 彭莫,刁增祥.汽車動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)計(jì)算匹配及評(píng)價(jià)[M]. 北京:北京理工大學(xué)出版社, 2009.[12] 濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)(第八版)[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2006.[13] 范欽珊,殷雅俊.材料力學(xué)(第 2 版)[M]. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社, 2008.[14] 劉平安.AutoCAD2011 中文版機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例教程[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2010.[15] 林清安.完全精通 Pro/ENGINEER 野火 5.0 中文版零件設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)入門[M]. 北京:電子工業(yè)出版社,2010.[16] 王登峰.CATIA V5 機(jī)械(汽車)產(chǎn)品 CAD/CAE/CAM 全精通教程[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,2007.[17] 周長城.車輛懸架設(shè)計(jì)及理論[M]. 北京:北京大學(xué)出版社, 2011. [18] 張兆良.雙橫臂懸架上、下擺臂輕量化設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 北京汽車, 2010,02 期. 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書5.本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃:2015-11-04 至 2015-12-312016-01-02 至 2016-03-052016-03-06 至 2016-03-202016-03-21 至 2016-04-202016-04-21 至 2016-05-062016-05-05 至 2016-05-26選題,查看任務(wù)書,收集整理課題相關(guān)參考資料;進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)研,完成開題報(bào)告,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)提綱;確定雙橫臂式懸架結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸參數(shù);對(duì)導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行受力分析;設(shè)計(jì)減振彈簧、選定減振器;上下擺臂等主要零部件設(shè)計(jì)與強(qiáng)度計(jì)算;繪制零件圖及裝配圖;提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)草稿,進(jìn)行中期檢查;完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書、設(shè)計(jì)圖紙等定稿交由指導(dǎo)老師審閱,指導(dǎo)老師審核通過后,提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)全套材料,準(zhǔn)備答辯; 根據(jù)學(xué)院及專業(yè)安排,進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯。所在專業(yè)審查意見:通過 負(fù)責(zé)人: 2016 年 1 月 22 日畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)開 題 報(bào) 告設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:轎車雙橫臂式懸架設(shè)計(jì) 開題報(bào)告填寫要求1.開題報(bào)告(含“文獻(xiàn)綜述” )作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。此報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下,由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作前期內(nèi)完成,經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)審查后生效;2.開題報(bào)告內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式打印,禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼,完成后應(yīng)及時(shí)交給指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見;3. “文獻(xiàn)綜述”應(yīng)按論文的框架成文,并直接書寫(或打印)在本開題報(bào)告第一欄目內(nèi),學(xué)生寫文獻(xiàn)綜述的參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)不少于 15 篇(不包括辭典、手冊(cè)) ;4.有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo) GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法》規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2004 年 4 月 26 日”或“2004-04-26” 。5、開題報(bào)告(文獻(xiàn)綜述)字體請(qǐng)按宋體、小四號(hào)書寫,行間距 1.5 倍。畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論文) 開 題 報(bào) 告 1.結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題情況,根據(jù)所查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料,每人撰寫不少于 1000 字左右的文獻(xiàn)綜述: 雙叉臂獨(dú)立懸架是常見的獨(dú)立懸架之一,在汽車領(lǐng)域有廣泛的應(yīng)用,具有穩(wěn)定的可靠性。其突出優(yōu)點(diǎn)是在于設(shè)計(jì)的靈活性,可以通過合理選擇空間導(dǎo)向桿系的接觸點(diǎn)的位置及控制臂的長度,使得懸架具有合理的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性。雙橫臂式獨(dú)立懸架按上、下橫臂是否等長,又分為等長雙橫臂式和不等長雙橫臂式兩種懸架。等長雙橫臂式懸架在車輪上下跳動(dòng)時(shí),能保持主銷傾角不變,但輪距變化大(與單橫臂式相類似) ,造成輪胎磨損嚴(yán)重,現(xiàn)已很少用。對(duì)于不等長雙橫臂式懸架,只要適當(dāng)選擇、優(yōu)化上下橫臂的長度,并通過合理的布置,就可以使輪距及前輪定位參數(shù)變化均在可接受的限定范圍內(nèi),這種結(jié)構(gòu)有利于減少輪胎磨損,提高汽車行駛平順性和方向穩(wěn)定性,保證汽車具有良好的行駛穩(wěn)定性。雙叉臂式獨(dú)立懸架有一個(gè)有趣的名字——雙愿骨式懸架(Double wish bone) 。據(jù)說這個(gè)有趣的名字來源于西方圣誕節(jié)上人們喜歡吃的一種火雞的骨頭,當(dāng)人們開始吃的時(shí)候要對(duì)火雞身上一根類似 V 字形的骨頭許愿,而這根骨頭就叫愿骨(Wish bone) 。因?yàn)樵陔p叉臂懸架結(jié)構(gòu)中有兩根“愿骨” ,故得名雙愿骨式懸架。 雙叉臂式懸架的誕生和麥弗遜式懸架有著緊密的血緣關(guān)系,它們的共同點(diǎn)為:下控制臂都由一根 V 字形或 A 字形的叉形控制臂構(gòu)成,液壓減震器充當(dāng)支柱支撐整個(gè)車身。不同處則在于雙叉臂式懸架多了一根連接支柱減震器的上控制臂,這樣一來有效增強(qiáng)了懸架整體的可靠性和穩(wěn)定性。雙叉臂式懸架由上下兩根不等長 V 字形或 A 字形控制臂以及支柱式液壓減震器構(gòu)成,通常上控制臂短于下控制臂。上控制臂的一端連接著支柱減震器,另一端連接著車身;下控制臂的一端連接著車輪,而另一端則連接著車身。上下控制臂還由一根連接桿相連,這根連桿同時(shí)也還與車輪相連接。在整個(gè)懸架構(gòu)造中,通過對(duì)多個(gè)支點(diǎn)的連接提高了上下控制臂以及整個(gè)懸架的整體性。如果是前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的車型,那么裝配在前輪上的雙叉臂懸架在上下控制臂之間除裝配有傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)外,還有轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu),這使得其結(jié)構(gòu)比不帶轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)的后輪要復(fù)雜得多。在轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)中,轉(zhuǎn)向主銷由轉(zhuǎn)向托盤與上下控制臂的連接位置和角度確定,轉(zhuǎn)向輪可繞主銷轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),同時(shí)也可隨下控制臂上下跳動(dòng)。在雙叉臂懸架中通常采用球頭連接來滿足前車輪的運(yùn)動(dòng)需要:上下控制臂與轉(zhuǎn)向主銷的連接部位既要支持前輪實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向又要控制車輪的上下抖動(dòng)。不過由于上下控制臂的長度差問題,這也對(duì)雙叉臂懸架的設(shè)計(jì)提出了嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)——如果上下控制臂的長度差過小,車輪抖動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)造成左右輪距偏大,加快輪胎外側(cè)磨損;反之,如果上下臂長度差過大,則會(huì)造成車輪轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)外傾角過大,使輪胎內(nèi)側(cè)磨損加快。因此,可以通過增加上下控制臂的長度來減小輪距的變化和控制外傾角的變化。另外,雙叉臂懸架的上下控制臂能起到抵消橫向作用力的功效,這使得支柱減震器不再承受橫向作用力,而只應(yīng)對(duì)車輪的上下抖動(dòng),因此在彎道上具有較好的方向穩(wěn)定性。本課題將先對(duì)轎車雙叉臂獨(dú)立懸架進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),然后利用 ANSYS 分析軟件對(duì)其進(jìn)行有限元分析,重力作用下的彎曲剛度分析,靜力作用下的強(qiáng)度分析,扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度分析,通過分析其數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果,得出結(jié)論,提出優(yōu)化方案。這樣可以大大縮短開發(fā)周期,提高設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量,降低開發(fā)成本。參考文獻(xiàn):[1] 陳家瑞.汽車構(gòu)造(上下冊(cè)) (第 3 版)[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2009.[2] 余志生.汽車?yán)碚?第 5 版 )[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2009.[3] 王望予.汽車設(shè)計(jì)(第 4 版 )[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2004.[4] 喻凡,林逸.汽車系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2005.[5] 徐石安.汽車構(gòu)造——底盤工程[M]. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社, 2008.[6] 王國權(quán),龔國慶.汽車設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2010.[7] 劉濤.汽車設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社 .2008.[8] 《汽車工程手冊(cè)》編輯委員會(huì) .汽車工程手冊(cè)(設(shè)計(jì)篇)[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,2001.[9] 王霄峰.汽車底盤設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2010.[10] 黃金陵.汽車車身設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007.[11] 彭莫,刁增祥.汽車動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)計(jì)算匹配及評(píng)價(jià)[M]. 北京:北京理工大學(xué)出版社, 2009.[12] 濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)(第八版)[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2006.[13] 范欽珊,殷雅俊.材料力學(xué)(第 2 版)[M]. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社, 2008.[14] 劉平安.AutoCAD2011 中文版機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例教程[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2010.[15] 林清安.完全精通 Pro/ENGINEER 野火 5.0 中文版零件設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)入門[M]. 北京:電子工業(yè)出版社,2010.[16] 王登峰.CATIA V5 機(jī)械(汽車)產(chǎn)品 CAD/CAE/CAM 全精通教程[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,2007.[17] 周長城.車輛懸架設(shè)計(jì)及理論[M]. 北京:北京大學(xué)出版社, 2011. [18] 張兆良.雙橫臂懸架上、下擺臂輕量化設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 北京汽車, 2010,02 期. 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論文) 開 題 報(bào) 告 2.本課題要研究或解決的問題和擬采用的研究手段(途徑): 研究內(nèi)容主要內(nèi)容:汽車懸架把車架(或車身)與車軸(或車輪)彈性地連接起來。其主要任務(wù)是傳遞作用在車輪和車架(或車身)之間的一切力和力矩;緩和路面?zhèn)鬟f給車架(或車身)的沖擊載荷,衰減承載系統(tǒng)的振動(dòng),保證汽車的行駛平順性;保證車輪在路面不平和載荷變化時(shí)有理想的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性,保證汽車操縱穩(wěn)定性,使汽車獲得高速行駛能力。懸架主要由彈性元件、導(dǎo)向裝置、減振器、緩沖塊和橫向穩(wěn)定器等組成。雙橫臂式懸架擁有上下兩個(gè)擺臂,橫向力由兩個(gè)擺臂同時(shí)吸收。減振器只承受簧上載荷,不承受側(cè)向力。這種獨(dú)立懸架被廣泛應(yīng)用在轎車前輪上。要求完成:確定雙橫臂式懸架結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸參數(shù);對(duì)導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行受力分析;設(shè)計(jì)減振彈簧、選定減振器;上下擺臂等主要零部件設(shè)計(jì)與強(qiáng)度計(jì)算;繪制零件圖及裝配圖。研究手段(1)查閱雙叉臂獨(dú)立懸架設(shè)計(jì)資料,深入了解相關(guān)知識(shí)和方法。(2)熟悉 Creo,ANSYS 等軟件。(3)查閱相關(guān)期刊、論文了解新的設(shè)計(jì)、分析方法。(4)在掌握充分資料的基礎(chǔ)上制定畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施計(jì)劃。(5)遇到問題及時(shí)與指導(dǎo)老師交流、請(qǐng)教。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論文) 開 題 報(bào) 告 指導(dǎo)教師意見:1.對(duì)“文獻(xiàn)綜述”的評(píng)語:學(xué)生能夠在收集查閱畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料的基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述,文獻(xiàn)綜述調(diào)理清晰、格式規(guī)范,符合文獻(xiàn)綜述的特點(diǎn)與要求。2.對(duì)本課題的深度、廣度及工作量的意見和對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)結(jié)果的預(yù)測(cè):本課題深度廣度適中,工作量符合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要求;經(jīng)過認(rèn)真充分的準(zhǔn)備工作,應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠如期完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作。3.是否同意開題:√ 同意 □ 不同意指導(dǎo)教師: 2016 年 03 月 13 日所在專業(yè)審查意見:同意 負(fù)責(zé)人: 2016 年 04 月 07 日畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文譯文題目: 轎車雙橫臂式懸架設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名: 專 業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化(車輛工程) 所在學(xué)院: 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師: 職 稱: 年 02 月 18 日Kinematic characterization and optimization of vehicle front-suspension design based on ADAMSAbstract:To improve the suspension performance and steering stability of light vehicles, we built a kinematic simulation modelof a whole independent double-wishbone suspension system by using ADAMS software, created random excitations of the testplatforms of respectively the left and the right wheels according to actual running conditions of a vehicle, and explored thechanging patterns of the kinematic characteristic parameters in the process of suspension motion. The irrationality of thesuspension guiding mechanism design was pointed out through simulation and analysis, and the existent problems of the guidingmechanism were optimized and calculated. The results show that all the front-wheel alignment parameters, including the camber,the toe, the caster and the inclination, only slightly change within corresponding allowable ranges in design before and afteroptimization. The optimization reduces the variation of the wheel-center distance from 47.01 mm to a change of 8.28 mm withinthe allowable range of ?10 mm to 10 mm, promising an improvement of the vehicle steering stability. The optimization alsoconfines the front-wheel sideways slippage to a much smaller change of 2.23 mm; this helps to greatly reduce the wear of tiresand assure the straight running stability of the vehicle.Key Words: vehicle suspension; vehicle steering; riding qualities; independent double-wishbone suspension; kinematiccharacteristic parameter; wheel-center distance; front-wheel sideways slippage1 intruductionThe function of a suspension system in a vehicle is totransmit all forces and moments exerted on the wheelsto the girder frame of the vehicle, smooth the impactpassing from the road surface to the vehicle body and damp the impact-caused vibration of the load carryingsystem. There are many different structures of vehiclesuspension, of which the independent double-wishbonesuspension is most extensively used. An independent double-wishbone suspension system is usually a groupof space RSSR (revolute joint ? spherical joint ?spherical joint ? revolute joint) four-bar linkage mechanisms. Its kinematic relations are complicated, itskinematic visualization is poor, and performanceanalysis is very difficult. Thus, rational settings of the position parameters of the guiding mechanism arecrucial to assuring good performance of the independ-ent double-wishbone suspension [1-2]. The kinematiccharacteristics of suspension directly influence theservice performance of the vehicle, especially steeringstability, ride comfort, turning ease, and tire life [3].In this paper, we used ADAMS software to build a kinematic analysis model of an independent double-wishbone suspension, and used the model to calculate and optimize the kinematic characteristic parameters ofthe suspension mechanism. The optimization results are elpful for improving the kinematic performance of uspension.2 Modeling independent double-wishbone suspension2.1 Setting kinematic characteristic parametersThe performance of a suspension system is reflected by the changes of wheel alignment parameters when the wheels jump. Those changes should be kept within rational ranges to assure the designed vehicle running performance [4]. Considering the symmetry of the left and right wheels of a vehicle, it is appropriate to study only the left or the right half of the suspension system to understand the entire mechanism, excluding the variation of WCD (wheel center distance). We established a model of the left half of an independentdouble-wishbone suspension system as shown in Fig. 1.The alignment parameters of the front wheel, variation of WCD, and FWSS (front-wheel sideways slippage) can be calculated as follows [5].The camber angle α , the angle between the vertical axis of the wheel and the vertical axis of the vehicle when viewed from the front or rear, is the complement of the angle of the projection of the line through the inner and outer points (E, and G) of the steering knuckle in Plane P 3 to Axis z in Fig. 1. It is given byThe toe angle θ identifies the exact direction the wheels are pointed compared to the centerline of the vehicle when viewed from directly above. It is given byThe caster angle γ identifies the forward or backward slope of the line drawn through the outer points (A and B) of respectively the upper and lower control arms when viewed directly from the side of the vehicle. It is calculated byThe inclination angle β is a lateral inclination,which is given byThe variation of WCD, , H ? is the difference of the transverse distance between the two front wheels (the grounding points K l and K r of respectively the left and right wheels) in jumping from the initial distance L:The front-wheel sideways slippage δ is the journey of the grounding point K l on the left front wheel from its initial position K l0 along Axis y, and is expressed as2.2 Kinematic simulation model on ADAMSWe focused only on the kinematics of the double-wish-bone independent suspension,not the dynamic characteristics, and applied the following simplification and hypotheses [6-7] to building a kinematic simulation model (Fig. 2) with coordinates of the major positions of the suspension guiding mechanism listed in Table11) Tires and all components of the suspension were considered rigid bodies.2) The coil spring and damp of the shock absorber were considered linear.3) Connections between components were all simplified to joints. Both the internal gap and the friction in each kinematic pair were ignored.4) The test platforms were the ground translational joints, with a straight drive equipped to simulate the excitation on the wheels by the ground. The simulation model included 18 parts, 6 fixed joints, 3 translational joints, 8 spherical joints, 4 revolute joints, 2 primitive in-plane joints and 2 straight-line drives. The model had 2 degrees of freedom.3 Kinematic simulation analysis of suspensionConsidering the maximum jump height of the front wheel, we positioned the drives on the translational joints between the ground and the test platform, and imposed random displacement excitations on the wheels to simulate the operating conditions of a vehicle running on an uneven road surface.The measured road-roughness data of the left and right wheels were converted into the relationship between time and road roughness at a certain vehicle speed. The spline function CUBSPL in ADAMS was used to fit and generate displacement-time history curves of excitation. The results are shown in Fig. 3.The simulation results of the suspension system before optimization are illustrated in Fig. 4The camber angle, the toe angle, the caster angle and the inclination angle change only slightly within the corresponding designed ranges with the wheel jumping distance. This indicates an under-steering behavior together with an automatic returnability, good steering stability and safety in a running process. However,WCD decreases from 1849.97 mm to 1 896.98 mm and FWSS from 16.48 mm to ?6.99 mm, showing remarkable variations of 47.01 mm and 23.47 mm, respectively. Changes so large in WCD and FWSS are adverse to the steering ease and straight-running stability, and cause quick wear, thus reducing tire life.For independent suspensions, the variation of WCD causes side deflection of tires and then impairs steering stability through the lateral force input. Especially when the right and the left rolling wheels deviate in the same direction, the WCD-caused lateral forces on the right and the left sides cannot be offset and thus make steering unstable. Therefore, WCD variation should be kept minimum, and is required in suspension design to be within the range from ?10 mm to 10 mm when wheels jump. It is obvious that the WCD of non-optimized structure of the suspension system goes beyond this range. The structure in Fig. 2 needs modifying to suppress FWSS and the change of WCD with the wheel jumping distance.4 Optimization of kinematic characteristic parametersADMAS software is a strong tool for parameter optimization and analysis. It creates a parameterization model by simulating with different values of model design variables, and then analyzes the parameter- ization based on the returned simulation results and the final optimization calculation of all parameters. During optimization, the program automatically adjusts design variables to obtain a minimum objective function [8-10]. To reduce tire wear and improve steering stability, thesummation of the absolute variation values of WCD and FWSS is defined as the following objective function.Herein,( )? is the displacement function in ADAMS,denoting the displacement on Axis y.Kinematic characteristic parameters are related to the position and dimensions of the suspension guiding mechanism. The coordinates of inner and outer points of UCA, LCA and the steering knuckle of the left and the right wheels can be calculated and taken as the design variables. To meet the design requirements of the suspension, the coordinates of design variables are constrained in a specific range defined aswhere i can be the inner or outer point of UCA, LCA or the steering knuckle of the left and the right wheels.When the values of the design variables are in their respective allowed ranges, ADAMS software automatically selects design variables such that the value of the objective function Eq.(7) is minimum. The comparison of kinematic characteristic parameters of suspension before and after optimization is shown in Fig. 4, and the optimization results are listed in Tables 2 and 3.The variations of all the 4 parameters of front-wheel alignment are small either before or after optimization, basically invariable. The variations of WCD and FWSS are still large. The WCD is from 1 858.46 mm to 1 866.74 mm, with a variation of 8.28 mm which is within the design limits of ?10 mm to 10 mm. An appropriate increase of WCD when wheels jump up is favorable to improve the vehicle steering stability. The FWSS reduces from a maximum of 16.48 mm before optimization to a maximum of 3.77 mm after optimi zation. The decrease of FWSS helps to greatly reduce tire wear and assure the straight running stability of the vehicle.5 ConclusionsThe whole kinematic simulation model of an independent double-wishbone suspension system built by using ADAMS software with the left and the right suspension parts under random excitations can improve the calculation precision by addressing the mutual impacts of kinematic characteristic parameters of the left and the right suspension parts under random excitations. The optimization can overcome the problem of the too large variation of WCD and overly large FWSS with the wheel jumping distance. The kinematic characteristic parameters of the suspension system reach an ideal range, demonstrating that the optimization protocol is feasible. From a practical perspective, the optimization is expected to reduce tire wear, and remarkably improve suspension performance and vehicle steering stability.車輛前的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性及優(yōu)化—基于 ADAMAS的懸架設(shè)計(jì)摘要:為了提高輕型汽車的懸架的性能和轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性,我們利用 ADAMAS 軟件建立了一個(gè)一個(gè)完整獨(dú)立的雙橫臂懸架系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真模型,創(chuàng)建了分別對(duì)左、右車輪試驗(yàn)平臺(tái)的隨機(jī)激勵(lì),根據(jù)車輛的實(shí)際運(yùn)行情況,在懸架運(yùn)動(dòng)過程探討運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)特征參數(shù)的變化規(guī)律。通過仿真和分析,指出了懸架導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的不合理性,指出了其存在的問題機(jī)制,并進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化和計(jì)算。結(jié)果表明,所有的前輪定位參數(shù),包括外傾角,腳趾,施法者和傾斜,都只有輕微的變化,在相應(yīng)的允許范圍內(nèi)優(yōu)化前后的設(shè)計(jì)。優(yōu)化減少變異的車輪中心的距離從 47.01 毫米到 8.28 毫米的變化在?10 毫米至 10 毫米的允許范圍內(nèi),保證車輛的轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性的改善。該優(yōu)化還限制了前輪側(cè)滑動(dòng)到一個(gè)更小的為 2.23 毫米變化,這有助于大大減少輪胎的磨損,并保證車輛的直行時(shí)的穩(wěn)定性。關(guān)鍵詞:車輛懸架;汽車轉(zhuǎn)向;駕駛平順性;雙橫臂獨(dú)立懸架;運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué);特征參數(shù);車輪中心距;前輪側(cè)向滑移1 引言車輛懸掛系統(tǒng)的作用是將車輛的所有力和力矩傳遞給車輛,使沖擊平順地從路面?zhèn)鬟f到車輛身上,并將沖擊載荷作用于載提系統(tǒng)。有許多不同的車輛懸架結(jié)構(gòu),其中獨(dú)立雙橫臂懸架是最廣泛使用的。一個(gè)獨(dú)立的雙橫臂懸架系統(tǒng)通常是一組 RSSR 空間的(旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭?球形接頭?球形關(guān)節(jié)? 旋轉(zhuǎn)接頭)四連桿機(jī)構(gòu)。它的運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)系復(fù)雜,運(yùn)動(dòng)可視化差,性能分析比較困難。因此,對(duì)指導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)位置參數(shù)的合理設(shè)置是保證性能良好的獨(dú)立不同的雙橫臂懸架 [1-2]至關(guān)重要。懸架的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性直接影響到車輛的使用性能,特別是轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性、乘坐舒適性、轉(zhuǎn)向舒適性、輪胎壽命 [ 3 ]。在本文中,我們使用 ADAMAS 軟件建立一個(gè)獨(dú)立的雙橫臂懸架運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析模型,并利用該模型計(jì)算和優(yōu)化前后懸架機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)特性參數(shù)。優(yōu)化結(jié)果有助于提高懸架的運(yùn)動(dòng)性能。2 獨(dú)立雙橫臂懸架的建模2.1 設(shè)定運(yùn)動(dòng)特性參數(shù)懸架系統(tǒng)的性能是由車輪的調(diào)整參數(shù)的變化,當(dāng)車輪跳躍。這些變化應(yīng)保持在合理的范圍內(nèi),以確保設(shè)計(jì)的車輛運(yùn)行性能 [ 4 ]??紤]到車輛的左右車輪的對(duì)稱性,很適合研究只有左或懸掛系統(tǒng)的了解整個(gè)機(jī)制的右半部分,不包括 WCD 的變化(車輪中心的距離) 。我們建立了一個(gè)獨(dú)立的雙橫臂懸架系統(tǒng)的左半模型如圖 1 所示。圖 1A:上控制臂外點(diǎn)(UCA) ;B:下控制臂外點(diǎn)(LCA) ;C:擺動(dòng)中心簡(jiǎn)化為前、后關(guān)節(jié)粘連;D:擺動(dòng)中心簡(jiǎn)化為前、后接頭的 LCA;E:轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)內(nèi)點(diǎn);F:轉(zhuǎn)向梯形分割點(diǎn);G:轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)(前輪中心)的外點(diǎn);H:轉(zhuǎn)向拉桿和拉桿接頭;K:前輪接地點(diǎn);M:減震器的上支點(diǎn);N:低支點(diǎn)的減震器對(duì)前輪定位參數(shù)、變化和 WCD,側(cè)向滑動(dòng)量(前輪側(cè)向滑移)可以計(jì)算如下 [ 5 ]。從前面或后面看時(shí),車輪的垂直軸和車輛的垂直軸線之間的角度是指在圖 1 中的平面內(nèi)、外點(diǎn)(電子、和 g)的軸線的投影角度的補(bǔ)充。它是由束角 θ 確定準(zhǔn)確的方向與車輛的中心線,當(dāng)從上方的輪子。它是由腳輪的腳輪確定了從車輛側(cè)面直接觀察到的上下控制臂的外點(diǎn)(1、2)的線的向前或向后傾斜。它由計(jì)算傾角是一種橫向傾角,由WCD,變異,?H 是兩前輪之間的橫向距離差(接地點(diǎn) K L 分別對(duì)左、右車輪 K R)從最初的距離 L 跳躍:前車輪側(cè)向滑移 δ 是接地點(diǎn) K 在其初始位置 K 10 沿 Y 軸的左前輪的旅程,并表示2.2 ADAMAS 運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真模型我們只集中對(duì)雙橫臂獨(dú)立懸架的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué),不是動(dòng)態(tài)特性,并應(yīng)用如下的簡(jiǎn)化和假設(shè) [6-7]建立運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真模型(圖 2)與懸掛機(jī)構(gòu)在表 1 中列出的指導(dǎo)主要位置坐標(biāo)。表 1圖 2 基于 ADAMAS 的獨(dú)立雙橫臂懸架的運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真模型1)輪胎和懸掛的所有組件都被認(rèn)為是剛體。2)被認(rèn)為是線性的減震器的彈簧和阻尼。3)部件之間的連接全部簡(jiǎn)化為關(guān)節(jié)。每個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)副的內(nèi)部間隙和摩擦被忽略。4)測(cè)試平臺(tái)是地面的平移關(guān)節(jié),用一個(gè)直的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置來模擬車輪上的激勵(lì)。仿真模型包括18 個(gè)部分,6 個(gè)固定接頭,3 個(gè)平移關(guān)節(jié),8 球形關(guān)節(jié),4 關(guān)節(jié),2 個(gè)原始平面節(jié)點(diǎn)和 2 個(gè)直線驅(qū)動(dòng)器。該模型有 2 個(gè)自由度。3 懸架模型的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)仿真分析考慮最大跳躍高度的前輪,我們定位在地面和測(cè)試平臺(tái)之間的平移關(guān)節(jié)的驅(qū)動(dòng)器,并施加隨機(jī)位移激勵(lì)的車輪來模擬車輛行駛在不平路面上的操作條件。測(cè)量路面的粗糙度數(shù)據(jù)的左,右車輪被轉(zhuǎn)換成時(shí)間和路面粗糙度在一定的車輛速度之間的關(guān)系。在亞當(dāng)斯的樣條函數(shù) cubspl 擬合生成激發(fā)的位移時(shí)程曲線。結(jié)果如圖 3 所示。優(yōu)化前的懸架系統(tǒng)的仿真結(jié)果如圖 4 所示圖 3圖 4在與輪躍距離相應(yīng)的設(shè)計(jì)范圍內(nèi),外傾角、趾角、施法角和傾斜角變化僅略。這表明在轉(zhuǎn)向特性結(jié)合自動(dòng)回正,轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性好,運(yùn)行過程中的安全。然而,WCD 從 1 降低849.97 毫米至 1 毫米和 896.98?側(cè)向滑動(dòng)量從 16.48 毫米到 6.99 毫米,47.01 毫米和 23.47毫米的顯著差異,分別為。變化如此之大是不利 WCD 和側(cè)向滑動(dòng)量轉(zhuǎn)向輕松和行駛穩(wěn)定性,并導(dǎo)致快速磨損,從而降低輪胎壽命獨(dú)立懸架,WCD 的變異引起輪胎側(cè)偏,然后影響轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性通過側(cè)向力輸入。尤其是當(dāng)左、右車輪在相同的方向上偏離,側(cè)向力造成左右不能抵消,從而使轉(zhuǎn)向不穩(wěn)定。因此,WCD 的變化應(yīng)保持最小,并需要在懸架的設(shè)計(jì)是在范圍從 10 毫米到 10 毫米時(shí),?車輪跳。很明顯,非 WCD 的懸架系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化,超出這個(gè)范圍。圖 2 中的結(jié)構(gòu)需要修改抑制側(cè)向滑動(dòng)量和 WCD 的輪跳距離的變化。4 運(yùn)動(dòng)特性參數(shù)的優(yōu)化ADAMAS 軟件的參數(shù)優(yōu)化和分析的有力工具。它創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)參數(shù)化模型與模型設(shè)計(jì)變量的不同值的模擬,并分析了參數(shù)對(duì)返回的模擬結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)化、各種參數(shù)的優(yōu)化計(jì)算。在優(yōu)化過程中,程序會(huì)自動(dòng)調(diào)整設(shè)計(jì)變量來獲得目標(biāo)函數(shù)的最小值 [8-10]。為了減少輪胎的磨損,提高轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性,WCD 和側(cè)向滑動(dòng)量的絕對(duì)變化值的總和被定義為以下目標(biāo)函數(shù)。在此, (D y)是 ADAMS 位移函數(shù),表示在 Y 軸的位移。運(yùn)動(dòng)特性參數(shù)與懸架導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)的位置和尺寸有關(guān)。UCA 的內(nèi)部和外部的點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo),LCA 和左、右車輪轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)可以計(jì)算和作為設(shè)計(jì)變量。為了滿足懸架的設(shè)計(jì)要求,設(shè)計(jì)變量的坐標(biāo)在一個(gè)特定的范圍內(nèi)被限制在一個(gè)特定的范圍內(nèi):在這我們可以得到內(nèi)部或外部的點(diǎn),LCA 或左、右車輪轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)。當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)變量的值都是在各自允許的范圍內(nèi),亞當(dāng)斯軟件會(huì)自動(dòng)選擇設(shè)計(jì)變量,目標(biāo)函數(shù)值的公式(7)是最小的。優(yōu)化前后懸架運(yùn)動(dòng)特性參數(shù)的比較,如圖 4 所示,其優(yōu)化結(jié)果在表 2 和 3。表 2表 3優(yōu)化前后的 4 個(gè)參數(shù)的變化都很小,基本不變。WCD 和側(cè)向滑動(dòng)量的變化仍大。WCD 是從 1858.46 毫米到 866.74 毫米,一個(gè)變異的 8.28 毫米內(nèi)的?10 毫米至 10 毫米的設(shè)計(jì)極限。適當(dāng)提高 WCD 當(dāng)車輪跳起來有利于提高車輛的操縱穩(wěn)定性。減少的側(cè)向滑動(dòng)量最大為 16.48 毫米,在優(yōu)化到最大 3.77 毫米后的優(yōu)化。側(cè)向滑動(dòng)量的減少有助于大大減少輪胎的磨損,保證車輛的行駛穩(wěn)定性。5 結(jié)論使用 ADAMS 軟件,建立一個(gè)獨(dú)立的雙橫臂懸架系統(tǒng)由左、右懸掛部件在隨機(jī)激勵(lì)下的整個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真模型,可以解決的左、右懸掛部件隨機(jī)激勵(lì)下的運(yùn)動(dòng)特征參數(shù)間的相互影響,提高計(jì)算精度。優(yōu)化可以解決 WCD 的太大的變化的問題,過大的側(cè)向滑動(dòng)量與車輪跳躍的距離。懸架系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性參數(shù)達(dá)到理想的范圍,表明優(yōu)化方案是可行的。從實(shí)用的角度出發(fā),優(yōu)化有望減少輪胎的磨損,顯著提高懸架性能和整車操縱穩(wěn)定性。參考文獻(xiàn)[1] Reimpell J, Stoll H, Betzler JW. 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