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1、第六講第六講 非謂語動詞非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是歷年高考考查的重點，試題多從基本結構和基本用法入手，結合具體的語境進行考查。以后高考還將繼續(xù)對該項內容進行考查，而且試題將繼續(xù)呈現(xiàn)“情景化”和“設問角度多樣化”的特點。考查的角度將繼續(xù)以非謂語動詞作定語、賓語、狀語、補足語等為重點。.動詞不定式一、動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 及物與不及物 語態(tài) 時態(tài)類別及物動詞不及物動詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)動詞不定式一般式(與謂語動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生)to maketo be madeto go進行式(在謂語動作發(fā)生時正在進行)to be makingto be going及物與不及物 語態(tài) 時態(tài)類別及物動詞不

2、及物動詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)動詞不定式完成式(發(fā)生在謂語動作之前)to have madeto have been madeto have gone完成進行式(發(fā)生在謂語動作之前并且一直持續(xù)到謂語動作發(fā)生時，仍在進行)to have been makingto have been going二、動詞不定式的句法功能要點典句示例動詞不定式主語常用it作形式主語， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)It is necessary for us to learn a second language.Its very hard to learn an art.表語表示主語的“職業(yè)，職責和性質”等My goal is

3、to be a scientist.Her work is to clean the room every day.要點典句示例動詞不定式賓語不定式作賓語時，往往跟在某些及物動詞后面。常見的有：afford，agree，ask，decide，desire，pretend，plan，intend，refuse，wish等The boy pretended to have fallen asleep.They refused to take him back.不定式在介詞but，except，besides后面時，如果介詞之前有動詞do的某種形式，則后接不帶to的不定式，否則帶to。此外，cann

4、ot choose but和cannot help but，cannot but等后面的不定式也省略toWe could do nothing but wait.We have no choice but to wait.We cant choose but wait.要點典句示例動詞不定式賓語不定式作動詞的賓語，其后跟補足語時，常用it作形式賓語，而把不定式后置I make it a rule to do tai chi every morning.tell，show，understand，know，explain，teach，advise，discuss等動詞可跟“疑問詞不定式”作賓語?！?/p>

5、疑問詞不定式”也可作主語、表語，相當于名詞性從句He showed us how to do the work.What to do hasnt been decided.要點典句示例動詞不定式定語不定式作定語時，須放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面作后置定語，不定式和所修飾的詞之間有動賓關系，如果不定式是不及物動詞，后面就要有相應的介詞I have a meeting to attend.He has a nice pen to write with.不定式可用在名詞、代詞、序數(shù)詞(the first，the last等)、the only和形容詞最高級等后面作后置定語，不定式與被修飾的詞有邏輯上的

6、主謂關系She is always the first to come to school.說明所修飾的名詞的內容，與該詞存在同位關系。常用于chance，opportunity，time，money，decision，refusal，wish，right等詞后I must keep the promise to pay within a month.動詞不定式賓語補足語不定式常用在下列動詞后作賓補，如：advise，allow，permit，ask，beg，request，enable，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，teach，tell，co

7、mmand，order，urge，instruct，cause，invite，want，wish，persuade，recommend，warn，oblige等Its hard to persuade Dad to give up smoking.動詞不定式作動詞feel，hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，observe等感官動詞以及have，let，make等使役動詞后面的賓語補足語時，不定式符號to要省略。但如果這些句子變成被動結構時，必須帶toI heard my neighbour lock the door.I will have all my frie

8、nds come over this weekend.My neighbour was heard to lock the door.不詞不定式狀語動詞不定式作狀語時，表示目的、結果、原因等She did all she could to save him.(目的狀語)They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.(結果狀語)My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.(結果狀語)目的狀語還可以用in order to或so as to來表示，但so as to不能置于句首，

9、only to do，so.as to do和such.as to do中的不定式均作結果狀語In order to pass the exam，he worked hard.He was so angry as to be unable to speak.特別提醒：1.不定式的否定形式的構成：動詞不定式的否定形式是在不定式的符號“to”前直接加上not，有時為了強調也可以用否定詞never來否定。Its wrong of you not to go to school on time.2.動詞不定式的復合結構?！癴or名詞(代詞)不定式”可構成復合結構，它在句中可用作：主語、表語、賓語、定語

10、、狀語等。For a child to do that job is just inconceivable.讓一個孩子做這項工作那真是不可思議。kind，silly，bad，honest，stupid，clever等表示人物特性的形容詞后接這種結構時，不用介詞for，而用of。例如：Its very kind of you to do so.3.不定式to后的內容省略。有時為了避免重復，可以用to來代替，這種情況常出現(xiàn)在expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，care，forget，want，try之后；或出現(xiàn)在be glad/happy，would like/love等后面

11、。如果在省略的不定式結構中含有be，have，have been，則這些詞要保留。I havent been to Hong Kong，but I wish to.Susan is not what she used to be.4.當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可用主動語態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較：Have you got anything to send？你有什么東西要寄嗎？(不定式to send的動作執(zhí)行者是“你”)Have you got anything to be sent？你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎？(不定式to be

12、sent的動作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”)5.不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構成主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式。Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon with？(A knife cuts the watermelon.)6.在there be結構中，當說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時，不定式用主動形式；如果說話人強調的事情本身必須被完成，則用被動形式。There is a lot of work to do.(Someone has to do the work.)There is a lot of work to be done.(T

13、he work has to be done.)7.在“be性質形容詞不定式”結構中，不定式用主動形式表示被動含義。常見的形容詞有：easy，hard，difficult，interesting，heavy，pleasant，good，fit，comfortable，safe，dangerous，impossible等。This book is difficult to understand.這本書很難讀懂。This kind of fish is nice to eat.這種魚很好吃。.動詞ing形式一、動詞ing形式的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 形式主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)意義典句示例一般式doingbeing

14、done表示動作和謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生I approved of his taking part in the project.完成式having done having been done表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前Having finished the lessons，all the students went back home.二、動詞ing形式的句法功能成分主要用法典句示例主語常用于以下句型：It isno use/gooddoing sth.It was no use sending him to a hospital.表語說明主語的特征及具體內容，一般表示比較抽象的習慣性動作H

15、is job is building houses.賓語只能跟動詞ing(動名詞)作賓語的動詞或動詞短語：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider(考慮)，delay，dislike，enjoy，fancy，escape，excuse，finish，forgive，imagine，mind，miss(錯過)，practise，risk，suggest，be /get used to，cant help，cant stand(無法忍受)，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote.to

16、，stick to，object to，get down to，spend time doing sth.，have difficulty(in)doing sth.等We must practise speaking English every morning.I never enjoy making friends with such a proud girl.You must not give up studying.成分主要用法典句示例同位語補充說明前面名詞(代詞)的內容His job，building a house，is almost done.定語相當于一個定語從句，強調經常性狀

17、態(tài)或動作的進行。單個詞要前置，短語要后置The boy lying on the ground(The boy who was lying on the ground)was a student.He was an inspiring leader.賓語補足語1.賓語與動詞ing形式有主謂關系2.動詞ing形式所表示的動作正在進行或反復重復及持續(xù)I saw the horse running there.成分主要用法典句示例狀語1.一般式(doing)與句中主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系，與句中謂語動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生2.完成式(having done)與句中主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系，先于謂語動

18、作發(fā)生3.可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、結果、方式或伴隨情況Having cleaned the rooms，we began to weed the garden.(時間)Being ill，he couldnt go to school.(原因)Working diligently，you will certainly succeed.(條件)My car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay.(結果)Traveling by train，we visited a number of cities.(方式)Mary sat

19、by the window of the classroom，reading a book.(伴隨)特別提醒：1.動詞ing形式的否定形式是在其前加not。一般式：not doing 完成式：not having done。2.動詞ing形式的復合結構，名詞所有格或物主代詞后加動詞ing(動名詞)，即構成動詞ing形式(動名詞)的復合結構，即：sbs/his/your/my doing sth.這種復合結構在句中多用作主語或賓語。Sophias having seen them did not surprise us.索菲亞看見了他們，并不使我們感到驚訝。(作主語)Excuse my inte

20、rrupting you.請原諒我打斷你的話。(作賓語)3.動詞ing形式的復合結構充當主語時，只能用sb.s doing sth.；而充當賓語時，sb.s/sb.doing sth.兩者都能使用。All of us understood Mikes/Mike/him/his not being admitted to Shandong University.Xiao Wangs coming late made his teacher very angry.4.動詞ing形式的一些常見結構：(1)generally/frankly/personally speaking，judging fr

21、om/by，considering，speaking of等沒有形式的變化，即不需要考慮邏輯主語。(2)Its no use/no good doing sth.做是沒有用的。(3)There is no point in doing sth.做某事無意義。(4)There is no possibility of doing sth.不可能做某事。.動詞ed形式成分主要用法典句示例表語動詞ed形式(過去分詞)作表語一般用來表示感受或狀態(tài)(連系動詞動詞ed形式/過去分詞)The window was broken.定語相當于一個定語從句，表示被動或完成，單個分詞前置，分詞短語作定語時后置He

22、is an experienced teacher.The book published in March sells well.成分主要用法典句示例賓語補足語及物動詞的ed形式作賓補，與賓語有邏輯上的被動關系，且表完成。不及物動詞的ed形式作賓補表狀態(tài)、情況。下列動詞常帶賓補：1.表示感覺和心理狀況的動詞：think，hear，feel，see，watch，find等2.使役動詞：have，get，let，make，leave等3.表示希望和要求等的動詞：wish，want，like，order等I saw the horse tied to a tree.He found the cup

23、broken.I have never heard this song sung in English.He made it known to everyone that he was right.成分主要用法典句示例狀語動詞ed形式的一般式(done)同動詞的ing形式的完成被動式(having been done)均與句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系，且先于謂語動作發(fā)生。動詞ed形式(過去分詞)和動詞的ing形式作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致，且和句中主語構成邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系，否則不能使用它們作狀語。但獨立成分如：generally speaking，judging fro

24、m，considering除外。動詞的ed形式作狀語時可表示時間、原因、讓步、條件、伴隨等。Given(Having been given)a wrong number，I couldnt contact him over phone.(原因)Being blind，how could they see an elephant？(原因)Given a chance，we can surprise the world.(條件)When asked about his family，he made no answer.(時間)Seriously injured，he had to be taken

25、 to hospital.(原因)Though warned of the danger，he still skated on the thin ice.(讓步)Given more time，I can do it better.(條件)The professor came into the classroom，followed by some students.(伴隨)特別提醒：1.不及物動詞的ed形式一般只表示“完成”，沒有被動意義例如：developed areasareas that have developed2.及物動詞的ed形式既可表示被動又可表示完成Seen from the

26、 top of the building，the park is more beautiful.Bitten by a dog，she is afraid to go out at night.獨立主格結構獨立主格結構，就是分詞或不定式有其自己的獨立主語，可以不與主句的主語保持一致。獨立主格結構沒有主語和謂語，所以在語法上不是句子。此結構在句子中起原因、方式、時間、條件、伴隨情況狀語從句的作用。獨立主格結構應與句子的主體部分分隔開來。其功能和用法見下表：表現(xiàn)形式意義典句示例名詞/代詞動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞) 動詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)表主動或正在進行，動詞ed形式(過去分詞)表被動或已經完成

27、Weather permitting，well go out for a walk.Homework finished，the boy went out to play.不定式表將來，計劃安排要做的事The exam to be held tomorrow，I cant go to the cinema tonight.形容詞/副詞表示名詞或代詞所處的狀態(tài)Our lessons(being)over，we went to play football.介詞短語表位置The girl is walking in the field，packet on back.名詞表狀態(tài)或情況His book a

28、 best seller，he is very happy.表現(xiàn)形式意義典句示例with名詞/代詞現(xiàn)在分詞表主動或進行They pretended to be working all night with their lights burning.過去分詞表被動或完成She had to walk home with her bike stolen.不定式表將來I cant go out to play with so much homework to do.(主動表被動)形容詞表狀態(tài)He used to sleep with windows open.副詞表狀態(tài)He went up to s

29、leep with lights on.介詞短語表位置The children came running toward us，with flowers in their hands.特別提醒：1.with結構不是句子，它在句中作狀語或定語2.with結構中一定不用謂語動詞形式3.with結構中的副詞是指那些無形容詞形式的副詞，如：on，down，in，out，up，away等4.表示否定意義時，可用without5.將with復合結構中的介詞with去掉，則成為獨立主格結構，該結構只能作狀語，不能作定語6.如果主句的主語是with后不定式動作的發(fā)出者時，不定式用主動形式表示被動意義.非謂語動詞

30、辨析功能動詞ing動詞ed動詞不定式主語動詞ing形式多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，強調的是事情本身。Collecting stamps can enlarge ones knowledge.集郵可以擴大一個人的知識面。不定式則表示具體的某一次行為或將來的動作，強調的是動作本身，不過有時二者之間的區(qū)別很小。To teach the three children is my job this afternoon.功能動詞ing動詞ed動詞不定式賓語常接動詞ing(動名詞)作賓語的動詞(短語)：advise(建議)，admit(承認)，appreciate(感激)，avoid(避免)，cant

31、 help(禁不住)，consider(考慮)，delay(推遲)，enjoy(欣賞)，escape(逃脫)，finish(完成)，imagine(想象)，keep(on)(繼續(xù))，mind(介意)，practice(練習)，suggest(建議)，miss(錯過)，feel like(意欲)，devote.to(把獻給)，get used to(習慣于)，look forward to(期望)，object to(反對)，set about(開始)，put off(推遲)等。The doctor advised taking more exercise.醫(yī)生建議多鍛煉。I suggested

32、 doing it in a different way.我建議用不同的方法做這件事。可用動名詞，也可用不定式作賓語，但意義區(qū)別明顯的動詞如下：可用動名詞，也可用不定式作賓語，但意義區(qū)別不大的動詞如下：afford(負擔得起)，agree(同意)，decide(決定)，determine(決定)，expect(期望)，hope(希望)，manage(設法)，refuse(拒絕)，want(想)，wish(希望)，offer(提供)，pretend(假裝)，promise(許諾)，choose(選擇)，fail(失敗)，long(渴望)等。begin(開始)，continue(繼續(xù))，like(

33、喜歡)，love(喜愛)，prefer(寧愿)，start(開始)，hate(討厭)等。下列動詞(短語)后接動名詞或不定式時，意義差別較大。功能動詞ing動詞ed表語動詞的ing形式作表語時，表示主語的內容和具有的特征。His hobby is collecting stamps.The problem is quite puzzling.動詞ed形式在連系動詞后作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)，含有被動的意思。All the doors are locked.(ed形式作表語，表示狀態(tài))The cup is broken.定語falling leaves正在下落的樹葉，develo

34、ping countries發(fā)展中國家She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.She went on board the train，which was leaving for Shanghai.There are two roads before us：one leading to the beach，the other to the park.There are two roads before us：one which leads to the beach，the other to the park.動詞ed(短語)作定語與它所修

35、飾的名詞在邏輯上有被動關系，表示該動作的被動或完成。fallen leaves落葉，developed countries發(fā)達的國家The developed countries also need help from any other country in the world.“Things lost never come again！”I couldnt help talking to myself.功能動詞ing動詞ed動詞不定式賓補動詞的ing形式作賓語補足語表示動作正在進行或反復重復及持續(xù)。He saw a girl getting on the car.(She was gett

36、ing on the car.)動詞ed形式作賓語補足語表被動和完成。Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.(表被動)不定式作賓語補足語表示動作發(fā)生了，即動作的全過程結束了。He saw a girl get on the car and drive off.(She got on the car and drove off.)狀語動詞ing表主動或進行，可作時間、原因、條件、結果、方式、伴隨、讓步等狀語。Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park eve

37、n more beautiful.(see與主語we之間存在主動關系)動詞ed表被動或完成，同動詞ing一樣可作多種狀語。Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.(see與主語the park之間存在動賓關系)不定式作狀語一般常作目的、結果和原因狀語。不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語的區(qū)別：不定式作結果狀語往往表示意想不到的或不愿看到的結果，而現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語則表示自然而然的結果。His parents died，leaving him an orphan.He hurried to the booking

38、office only to be told all the tickets ha d been sold out.(“onlyto do”表示出乎意料的結果，tell和主語he之間存在動賓關系，因而應用不定式的被動結構)特別提醒：高考頻繁考查的能接非謂語動詞作賓補的動詞1.感官動詞see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，notice等詞的賓語補足語有四種形式，以see為例：(1)see賓語do看見做了(2)see賓語doing看見正在做(3)see賓語being done看見正在被做(4)see賓語done看見被做I heard her sing a

39、n English song just now.剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。(主動，完成)I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天經過她房間時，我聽見她在唱英文歌。(主動，正在進行)I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天經過她房間時，我聽見一個小女孩正在唱英文歌。(被動，正在進行)Id like to see the plan carried ou

40、t.我想看到這個計劃被執(zhí)行。(被動，沒有一定的時間性)注意：不及物動詞的過去分詞作賓補表完成或狀態(tài)。如：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.我低頭看了一眼我的脖子，發(fā)現(xiàn)我的項鏈不見了。(不及物動詞，狀態(tài))I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.發(fā)現(xiàn)我的家鄉(xiāng)變化如此之大我感到很吃驚。(不及物動詞，完成)2.使役動詞let后加復合賓語時，有兩種情況：(1)let賓語do讓做(2)let賓語be done讓被做Dont let your child play with

41、matches.別讓你的孩子玩火柴。My fathers just had his operation and the doctor wont let me see him yet.我父親剛動過手術，醫(yī)生還不允許我去看他。Let the work be done immediately.工作要馬上去做。3.leave后接非謂語動詞作賓語補足語時，意為“使處于某種狀態(tài)”。如：Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.你讓機器一直開著是不對的。(主動，正在進行)The guests left most of the dishes untouched

42、，because they didnt taste delicious.大部分的菜客人們沒有動，因為它們不可口。(被動，完成)He left，leaving me to do all the rest work.他走了，留下我一個人去做剩余的所有工作。(主動，將來)We hurriedly ended our meeting，leaving many problems to be settled.我們匆匆忙忙地結束了會議，留下了很多問題等待解決。(被動，將來)4.have，get后可以接動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞三種形式作賓語補足語，have，get表示“使、讓、叫”之意。(1)have

43、sth.doneget sth.done使/讓某事由別人去做(叫/讓某人做某事)。如：Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得(請人)修一下我的自行車。此外，have sth.done還表示“使遭受”之意。如：Tom had his leg broken while playing football.湯姆踢足球時，摔斷了腿。Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.史密斯先生在度假期間，他家被盜了。（2）如：The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉讓士兵們開始朝前線進發(fā)。注意：have sb.doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。如：I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.我不允許你和你父親那樣講話。如：Mother had me go/got me to go to the shop and buy some salt.媽媽讓我去商店買些食鹽。