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1、論文題目： On the female images behind,“toughmen”in The Old Man and the Sea Contents Abstract i Key words i 內(nèi)容摘要 ii 關(guān)鍵詞 ii Ⅰ. Introduction 1 Ⅱ. An Analysis of Feminism in The Old Man and the Sea 3 2.1 The Hidden Heroic Role of Women 3 2.2 Daring Spirit for Facing the Difficulty 4 2.3 Amazing P

2、erseverance in the Long Fighting 6 Ⅲ. Optimism in Female Character in The Old Man and the Sea 7 3.1 Confidence and Braveness 8 3.2 Love of Nature 9 3.3 Hope for the Life 10 Ⅳ. Personality Contradiction in Female Perspective 12 4.1 Overt Aggression 12 4.2 Fishing for Life 12 4.3 Failure in th

3、e Real World 13 Ⅴ. A New Feminist Perspective on the Tough Guy Spirit 15 5.1 Starting Point of Tough Guy Spirit 15 5.2 Sources of Loneliness 17 Ⅵ. Conclusion 20 Bibliography 21 Acknowledgments 22 Abstract:The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway, who was one of the most f

4、amous writers in America and even all over the world. This novel has been attractive to many readers and critics even now. There is no doubt that many reasons may contribute to the success of the novel. But the main reason is the impressive and eternal artistic figure, Santiago, a representative of

5、Code Hero. Hemingway created the classical image of code hero successfully. So many of researchers mainly focus on the code hero spirit of Santiago. However, there are also some optimistic and contradictory characters in Santiago. Apart from analyzing the code hero spirit of Santiago, this thesis al

6、so intends to analyze the optimism in Santiago’s personality and the contradiction of the characters of Santiago. This is the integrated image of Santiago. By analyzing these characters of Santiago, the readers can understand the image of Santiago deeply and completely. This thesis will analyze the

7、 characteristics of Santiago from the aspects as below: the Code Hero of Santiago, the Optimism in Santiago’s Personality, the Contradiction of the Characters of Santiago. The first chapter will introduce Hemingway and The Old Man and the Sea briefly. The second chapter introduces the spirit of Code

8、 Hero by analyzing the process of the old man catching Marlin and fighting with the sharks. The third chapter focuses on the optimistic characters of Santiago from Santiago’s attitude towards bird and lion. The fourth chapter discusses Santiago’s overt aggression, fishing for life and failure. This

9、reflects the complexity of Santiago’s characters. The last part is the conclusion. This thesis advocates the unremitting and perseverant spirit from the analysis of the image of Santiago. Therefore, The Old Man and the Sea is one of the most influential and far-reaching novels of the literary treasu

10、re of the world. Key words: Code Hero; Character; Optimism; Contradiction 內(nèi)容摘要:《老人與海》的作者是歐內(nèi)斯特·海明威。他是美國(guó)甚至全世界最著名的作家之一。這部小說(shuō)至今仍然吸引了大量的讀者和評(píng)論家。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，有許多的原因促成了這部小說(shuō)的成功。但是，最主要的當(dāng)然是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)令人印象深刻的永恒的藝術(shù)形象，桑地亞哥，硬漢的集大成者。海明威成功塑造了一個(gè)典型硬漢形象，因此，很多研究者主要關(guān)注的是桑地亞哥的硬漢精神。然而，在桑地亞哥身上還有一些樂(lè)觀的和矛盾的性格。除了分析桑地亞哥的硬漢精神，本文也會(huì)分析桑地

11、亞哥樂(lè)觀的性格和矛盾的性格。這才是完整的桑地亞哥形象。通過(guò)分析桑地亞哥的這些性格，讀者能夠更加深入和完整地理解桑地亞哥這個(gè)人物形象。 本文將從以下幾個(gè)方面分析桑地亞哥的人物性格：硬漢桑地亞哥、桑地亞哥性格的樂(lè)觀性和性格的矛盾性。第一章將簡(jiǎn)潔地介紹海明威和《老人與?！贰５诙峦ㄟ^(guò)介紹老人捕獲馬林魚和與鯊魚斗爭(zhēng)的過(guò)程分析其硬漢精神。第三章從桑地亞哥對(duì)待小鳥、獅子的態(tài)度關(guān)注桑地亞哥性格的樂(lè)觀性。第四章討論桑地亞哥的攻擊性、捕魚和失敗。這反映了桑地亞哥性格的復(fù)雜性。文章的最后部分是總論。本文正是從分析《老人與海》中桑地亞哥形象倡導(dǎo)不懈、鍥而不舍的精神。也正因?yàn)槿绱?，《老人與海》是世界文學(xué)寶庫(kù)中影響最

12、大、也最深遠(yuǎn)的小說(shuō)之一。 關(guān)鍵字：硬漢；性格；樂(lè)觀；矛盾 iii Ⅰ Introduction Ernest Hemingway is a outstanding American novelist, who is considered as one of the most influential and brilliant writers all over the world. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, USA, on July 21, 1899 and died in Ke

13、tchum, Idaho, on July 2, 1961. Hemingway was the second of six children, and his parents had the decent occupations with stable income. His father was a successful physician who enjoyed outside activities. His mother was a musician who loved literature. It can be said that he grew up in a wealthy mi

14、ddle-class family in the Unite States. His parents had a great impact on Hemingway’s hobbies. Hemingway was fond of outdoor sports and art and appreciated fishing and hunting. He often went fishing and hunting with his father, which shaped his attitude towards life. Hemingway had a happy childhood.

15、In his school time, he wrote for the school paper and literary books, and he was also considered as a good student with excellent grades. He didn’t enter university when he graduated from high school. He chose to be a reporter for The Kansas City Star. This is the beginning of his writing career. Th

16、en, Hemingway drove ambulance in Italy during the World War I. However, he was seriously wounded which made him feel disappointed with the world and the fate of the human being for the war. All of these experiences became the foundation of his writing career. Hemingway went to Florida and started f

17、ishing in 1928. After four years, Hemingway moved to Havana for a two month fishing expedition and began marlin fishing. This experience finally provided material for The Old Man and the Sea. Hemingway has written a lot of famous works in his whole life. Among his books, The Old Man and the Sea is E

18、rnest Hemingway’s best work. The Old Man and the Sea was published in 1952, which was a great success. Hemingway earned the Pulitzer Fiction Prize in 1952 and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. This novel is a short simple story about an old fisherman named Santiago who fished in the sea on

19、ly by himself. Although Santiago obtained nothing for eighty-four days, but he did not give up. Through his efforts, he hooked a big marlin eventually, the largest he had ever seen before. The fish was powerful while Santiago was weak. For forty-eight hours the big marlin towed him and his boat out

20、to sea. Santiago bore the whole weight of the big marlin. He endured much pain. However, after heroic efforts, he finally drew the weakened marlin to the surface and caught it. While the old fisherman sailed back to home, the sharks attacked his fish all night. Despite his heroic defense, he only to

21、ok the giant skeleton of the big marlin back to shore. Although the old fisherman lost his harvest for fight, but his struggle had brought him respect. The Old Man and the Sea is so famous all over the world that it has aroused critical attention at home and abroad. More criticism has been done on t

22、his novel. Foreign critics, for example, Delbert. E. Wylder said that the last novel of Hemingway was The Old Man and the Sea, this novel which Hemingway would regard as a new form. Santiago is again a code hero with a different face. He is regarded as a modern adaptation of the Saint. Other foreign

23、 critics think Santiago as Saint or Christ figure. Chinese critics think the sadness of Hemingway’s works reflect the deep-rooted pessimism. Meanwhile, the critics in China also focus on the code hero spirit. Santiago was created by Hemingway successfully as the protagonist of The Old Man and the S

24、ea. For Santiago, the majority of critics almost focus on his tough-guy spirit, the sense of being lost, and the character’s despair. Few of them have touched other aspects of Santiago, such as the optimism in Santiago’s personality and the contradiction of the characters of Santiago. This thesis in

25、tends to analyze Santiago’s image in multiple interpretations. In this thesis, the introduction provides a brief presentation to Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea and the current studies on this novel. The second chapter handles Santiago’ code hero spirit by analyzing the process of fishing. The t

26、hird chapter focuses on the optimism in Santiago’s personality. The fourth chapter analyzes the contradiction of the characters of Santiago. The conclusive part gives a summary of the whole passage, revealing the important significance of the study on analysis of the characters of Santiago in The Ol

27、d Man and the Sea. Ⅱ An Analysis of Feminism in The Old Man and the Sea Hemingway succeeded in combining his legendary experience and writing creation. In Hemingway’s works, Code Hero is a usual theme. He created one after another typical heroes of Hemingway. His heroes have the common feat

28、ures. All of these heroes are faced with many difficulties or even death in their lives, they are fighting with obstacles bravely instead of escaping from the real world or losing their heart and dignity. And they share the same attitude towards the unfortunate fate: when the fate brings too many to

29、rture and pain to them, they will never give up but keep on fighting to the end. Eventually, they win spiritually. In code hero’s creed, they are in the world full of violence and evil, they can survive only by fighting back, so they should be ready to fight at any time. These heroes in Hemingway’s

30、creations show their grace under great pressure. They are enduring, brave, and full of hope towards life. They are also regarded as the winner of the failure. However, they are losers in the real world because they haven’t achieved their goals due to bad luck or some other reasons. In some way, they

31、 are winners because they never give up fighting for life. Moreover, great pressure and disaster can’t defeat them but stimulate them to fight even more courageously and firmly. Hemingway defines the code hero as a man who is honorary, courageous and endurable in a brutal world. Santiago, the main c

32、haracter in The Old Man and the Sea, is an old fisherman who is fishing in the sea only by himself. The old fisherman becomes the representative of Hemingway’s code hero. This novel can show the image of a code hero through him completely and clearly. 2.1 The Hidden Heroic Role of Women The descri

33、ption of environment plays a very significant role in plotting a novel. It helps to express the figure’s features more completely for the readers. Santiago is an old fisherman living in the seaside. Fishing is his lifelong career, so the sea is a very important place to him. The old fisherman’s hero

34、ic behavior mostly happened on the sea. The sea is usually a perfect place for a conflict. Hemingway makes his hero in a vast, lonely and mysterious environment to perform his braveness in this novel, which perfectly shows what he wants to express. The sea not only can test the old fisherman’s will,

35、 courage and endurance, but also form a sharp comparison. The sea is huge and powerful while the old fisherman is small and lonely. The main plot of the novel The Old Man and the Sea is an old fisherman’s fishing process on the sea. The detailed heroic behavior of the old fisherman can be analyzed t

36、hrough this process clearly. The old fisherman was very brave. he forgot his age and ignored the harsh maritime geography environment and the fierce bird and shark’s attack at any time. After two days and nights of the paddle, he reached the deep-sea. The good quality of the code hero was persistent

37、 and brave. At last Santiago hooked an eighteen-foot Marlin, the largest he had ever met. The fish was so huge, and it was too powerful for Santiago who fished alone without having the help of anyone, so he chose to fight with the big Marlin. To keep on fighting with the big Marlin after two days an

38、d nights, the big Marlin was killed by Santiago eventually. A real code hero refused to be discouraged. The old fisherman was in bad luck indeed. While the exhausted Santiago sailed back to home, the sharks appeared the surface to attack his Marlin. Even though the exhausted Santiago felt extremely

39、tried, he still fought with the sharks by using his only weapon tiller. When he reached shore only the bald backbone of the marlin was left , but the giant skeleton was regarded as a badge of the old fisherman’s victory. The pain and disaster is not fear to him at all. Santiago’s heroic behavior in

40、the sea can reflect his braveness and courage in face of unfortunate fate. He can accept all hardships calmly. Santiago’s heroic behavior reveals that life is like a cruel and lonely battle in the sea, which is doomed to be lost. There are so many obstacles and even disasters in our life journey. Th

41、e true hero chooses to struggle bravely until the last moment instead of escaping. No one can escape from the real world. So the man should be brave however terrible the situation is. Santiago is the representative figure of the real hero. He is supposed to accept and respect the real world and stru

42、ggle with it calmly and firmly to the end. The meaning of life lies neither in success, nor in failure, instead in his attitude toward loss. 2.2 Daring Spirit for Facing the Difficulty Santiago’s daring spirit can be revealed better by analyzing his living environment and inner world. No matter wh

43、at the difficulty it is, Santiago is always brave, calm and optimistic. He is ready for any difficulty in life, which embodies the typical image of code hero. Through the description of the living environment, Santiago’s living environment is very simple and terrible. There was only a bed, a table,

44、a chair and a place to cook on the dirty floor in his small shack. But, the old fisherman lives in it without any complaining. What makes life worse, his wife died several years ago. Santiago is a lonely man who has few friends in his life except for a little boy. He still has a noble faith towards

45、life. From the description of his living conditions, he has no other wealth in addition to a fishing boat and a small shack. This is the standard of the typical American code heroes—they have nothing except strong body and daring spirit. Santiago did not catch one fish for eighty-four days. And the

46、majority people know what it means to be a fisherman. But sadly, the only little boy who companied with him left him alone in the vast sea. However, the old fisherman did not feel afraid, he tried to strangle the throat of unfortunate fate, and never let himself make submission. Confronting with all

47、 kinds of hardships in life, spirit means a lot. The old fisherman bravely struggles with it. At the very beginning of the novel The Old Man and the Sea, the old fisherman endures the pain to fight with the big marlin and sharks. He challenges his old age and physical limit. These portrays aim to de

48、scribe the old fisherman’s daring spirit. The readers are shocked by the old fisherman’s brave action and daring spirit. The old fisherman represents the struggle against dilemma and refuses to fail. This is a true portrayal of the spirit of courage. By a seemingly simple process of the old fisherma

49、n’s fishing, whatever difficulty he faces with, the old fisherman dares to adopt any obstacle, and insists on his principles of life: a man can be destroyed physically but can not be defeated mentally. Although the man is aged and is not well-armed at all, and bad luck, poor living conditions and te

50、rrible physical health also trouble the old fisherman. He still uses his spirit, brief, and will as weapons to fight. So, he is a winner in spirit. The old fisherman is aged and weak in physiology while he is strong and powerful in spirit. The old fisherman’s attitude towards poverty, loneliness, an

51、d challenge reflects daring spirit and rich inner world. Through analyzing this part, the real code hero is daring to fight with the cruel world and unfair fate as the soldier. 2.3 Amazing Perseverance in the Long Fighting Throughout the whole work, the author shows a brave and wise old fisherman

52、and an unyielding fighter to us. As a practiced and skilled fisherman, Santiago this time had to admit that he is a loser. But he did not give up, and insisted to continue fishing in the sea. On the eighty-fifth day, the old fisherman caught an unprecedented big marlin. Though the old fisherman enco

53、untered with difficulties in the process of fishing, but he did not give up. This is not because the big marlin was the first fish he caught for nearly three months, or he never saw such a big fish. More important, it is because the old fisherman’s personality is as hard as iron. The old fisherman’s

54、 will is firm, and he did not relax the rope even when he had a rest. Finally the big marlin was killed by the old fisherman and lashed alongside of the boat. But while the old fisherman sailed back to shore, he was attacked by the sharks. After heroic fighting, he came back shore with the giant ske

55、leton of the big marlin in the end. Sometime the old fisherman even thought himself was defeated. But he did not compromise in the long fighting with different fish, this point can be reflected in his dream. The novel says that when people talked about his experience and visited the huge fish skelet

56、on, the old fisherman fell asleep, dreaming of the lion. In this novel, the lion is not only the king of beasts, but also the old fisherman’s spiritual ballast. From the old fisherman’s dreaming of lion, he did not give up and he still had perseverance and courage in the sea for fishing. He can over

57、come more challenge. The reader even can imagine that the old fisherman will go to sea again after the rest, and he will continue to fight for life until he dies. He may die due to sickness or poverty, or never return from the sea, but he will never give up and compromise. Ⅲ Optimism in F

58、emale Character in The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea is one of the greatest work of the Hemingway, it is considered as the anthem of human spirit. In this novel, Hemingway wants to tell readers his philosophy of life by the creation of Santiago this image. Through the description of S

59、antiago’s heroic behavior and the pain he endures in the process of fighting with different kinds of fishes, Hemingway tells readers what he really wants to express clearly and completely. There are so many difficulties and challenges which are inevitable in our life. Life is not plain sailing and e

60、veryone will go through peaks and troughs. The moment of failure is painful and depressing. The real hero should face hardships and misfortune in life with dignity, braveness and perseverance. Only in this way can they survive in the brutal and cruel real society. The real man should be brave, confi

61、dent and optimistic when confronting with disaster and miserable fate. Meanwhile, the real hero should be full of hope for life. The human beings should possess these good features. Santiago has all the above-mentioned good features, and he is a good interpretation of all code heroes Hemingway has

62、created. The real code hero has his own attitude towards loss, pain and even death. Death, in a chain of the life journey, can not be avoided for human beings, and the fate is doomed to lose. The real man should face this directly and bravely and cherish the life that they have. He does not care abo

63、ut too much the results. Santiago certainly does reflect these. His physical limits and old age show the stronger will and nobler dignity. Why is Santiago the representative of the code hero created by Hemingway? And what are differences between Santiago and the other heroes Hemingway has created? B

64、ecause Santiago is very old but he has greater emotional depth, richer inner world. He is sympathetic and warm, so he is morally superior. Even though he is in bad luck, eighty-four days without catching fish, he still goes to sea for fishing actively every day. So Santiago is an optimistic person.

65、This part focuses on the optimistic personality of Santiago in the novel The Old Man and the Sea. 3.1 Confidence and Braveness In Hemingway’s novels, the figures created by him are always brave, confident and endurable. Santiago is no exception. They have the similarity: the fate always brings too

66、 much torture to them. There is no question that the torture is a challenge to them, all of them can bear all kinds of sufferings and endure them silently without complaining at all. They are not afraid to face hardships. In Hemingway’s views, the whole world is just like ringside, and every one is in this field. The only way to survive is to fight back. So, he is ready to pick up the boxing gloves to wear for fighting. Of course, he will stick to the last day of life. On that day, he has to fig