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2019-2020年高考英語二輪復習 題型技法指導專題五 閱讀理解 真題試做 A （xx陜西高考，A） What brings a nation together？Of the four choices—shared values，language，history，and religion，its shared values.In our latest poll（民意調(diào)查），seven out of 16 countries chose values as the greatest factor（因素）bringing a nation together，and six preferred language.Both choices scored high in the poll，suggesting that our values and how we express them are closely linked.Still，history was not forgotten in some countries，particularly in Mexico and Russia.Even Canada and the United States chose national histories as the secondmost important factor uniting their people.The biggest surprise？Not one country picked religion as its top choice. Respect your elders In most countries，the oldest generation considered values more important to a nation than did those who are under 45 years old. Do you speak Canadian? Language scored lower in Canada than in all other countries polled，perhaps because the country speaks two official languages，F(xiàn)rench and English. Church and state Most people polled do not connect their religious beliefs to their national pride.Religion ranked last in 13 countries—with France scoring it at 1%，the lowest of all. 1．According to the poll，what was the most important factor in bringing a nation together? A．Language.　　　　　　　B．Values. C．History. D．Religion. 2．In which country did language score the lowest in their national pride? A．Canada. B．Mexico. C．France. D．America. 3．According to the charts，shared values and language were considered equally important in ______. A．Australia B．Brazil C．China D．India B （xx陜西高考，B） Three Boys and a Dad Brad closed the door slowly as Sue left home to visit her mother.Expecting a whole day to relax，he was thinking whether to read the newspaper or watch his favourite TV talk show on his first day off in months.“This will be like a walk in the park，”hed told his wife.“Ill look after the kids，and you can go visit your mom.” Things started well，but just after eight oclock，his three little“good kids”—Mike，Randy，and Alex—came down the stairs in their night clothes and shouted“breakfast，daddy.”When food had not appeared within thirty seconds，Randy began using his spoon on Alexs head as if it were a drum.Alex started to shout loudly in time to the beat（節(jié)拍）．Mike chanted“Wheres my toast，wheres my toast”in the background.Brad realised his newspaper would have to wait for a few seconds. Life became worse after breakfast.Mike wore Randys underwear on his head.Randy locked himself in the bathroom，while Alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants.Nobody could find clean socks，although they were before their very eyes.Someone named“Not Me”had spilled a whole glass of orange juice into the basket of clean clothes.Brad knew the talk show had already started. By ten oclock，things were out of control.Alex was wondering why the fish in the jar refused his bread and butter.Mike was trying to show off his talent by decorating the kitchen wall with his colour pencils.Randy，thankfully，appeared to be reading quietly in the family room，but closer examination showed that he was eating apple jam straight from the bottle with his hands.Brad realised that the talk show was over and reading would be impossible. At exactly 11：17，Brad called the daycare centre（日托所）．“I suddenly have to go into work and my wifes away.Can I bring the boys over in a few minutes？”The answer was obviously “yes”because Brad was smiling. 4．When his wife left home，Brad expected to ______. A．go out for a walk in the park B．watch TV talk show with his children C．enjoy his first day off work D．read the newspaper to his children 5．Which of the following did Randy do? A．Drawing on the wall. B．Eating apple jam. C．Feeding the fish. D．Reading in a room. 6．Why did Brad ask the daycare centre for help? A．Because he wanted to clean up his house. B．Because he suddenly had to go to his office. C．Because he found it hard to manage his boys. D．Because he had to take his wife back home. 7．This text is developed ______. A．by space B．by parison C．by process D．by time C （xx陜西高考，C） Eating too much fatty food，exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease.But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately：the air you breathe. Previous studies have linked high exposure（暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problems，but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke（中風）within as little as a few hours after exposure.In one review of the research，scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants（污染物）were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure.A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U．S.Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）considers to be of“moderate”（良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure. The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest pared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure.However，it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices.So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also bee necessary to protect public health. 8．The text mainly discusses the relationship between ______. A．heart problems and air quality B．heart problems and exercising C．heart problems and smoking D．heart problems and fatty food 9．The underlined word“modest”in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______. A．relatively high B．extremely low C．relatively low D．extremely high 10．What can we learn from the text? A．Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart. B．The EPA conducted many studies on air quality. C．Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking. D．Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made. 11．The authors purpose of writing the text is most likely to ______. A．inform B．persuade C．describe D．entertain D （xx陜西高考，D） Spring is ing，and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobspetition is tough，so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices.Whatever we are wearing，our family and friends may accept us，but the workplace may not. A high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for panies to discourage visible tattoos（紋身）nose rings，or certain dress styles.It is true you cant judge a book by its cover，yet people do“cover”themselves in order to convey（傳遞）certain messages.What we wear，including tattoos and nose rings，is an expression of who we are.Just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances，so do panies.Dress standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons，but the main concern is often about what customers accept. Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom，but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money.Most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees（雇員），because those people represent the panies to their customers. As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers.There are plenty of wellqualified candidates，so it is not wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers.Even though I am openminded，I cant expect all our customers are. There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer.No pany should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply because he or she is unwilling to respect its standards，as long as its standards are legal. 12．Which of the following is the newspaper editors opinion according to Paragraph 2? A．Peoples appearances carry messages about themselves. B．Customers choices influence dress standards in panies. C．Candidates with tattoos or nose rings should be fairly treated. D．Strange dress styles should not be encouraged in the workplace. 13．What can be inferred from the text? A．Candidates have to wear what panies prefer for an interview. B．What to wear is not a matter of personal choice for panies. C．panies sometimes have to change to respect their candidates. D．Hiring managers make the best impression on their candidates. 14．Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A．Employees Matter B．Personal Choices Matter C．Appearances Matter D．Hiring Managers Matter 15．The authors attitude towards strange dress styles in the workplace may best be described as ______. A．enthusiastic B．negative C．positive D．sympathetic 考向分析 分析近幾年高考試題，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀理解題呈現(xiàn)如下特點： 1．選材真實，題材、體裁多樣 材料大多為時文，與社會日常生活息息相關，情景真實、明確，具有濃厚的時代氣息。這種關注實際生活的選材特點已呈現(xiàn)出明顯的增強趨勢。 題材多樣化，信息豐富，包括日常生活、科普、社會、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟、新聞、史地、人物傳記等等；體裁包括記敘文、說明文、議論文和應用文等。 xx～xx年高考陜西卷閱讀理解文體與題材統(tǒng)計： xx 文體 應用文 報道 記敘文 議論文 題材 人腦疑問 紐約救落水兒童 生活在1900年的房子的感受 電子垃圾信息 xx 文體 廣告 人物傳記 記敘文 議論文 題材 介紹訂票及優(yōu)惠情況 居里夫的大女兒Irene 夢想和努力 轉(zhuǎn)基因 xx 文體 廣告 記敘文 說明文 議論文 題材 民族凝聚力因素調(diào)查 父親與三個孩子 呼吸空氣對人健康的影響 著裝問題 2．閱讀量大、信息豐富 考查閱讀能力的一個重要方面是閱讀速度，較大的閱讀量和信息量對考生的閱讀技能是一種有效的檢測方法。 近幾年高考試題都保持了較大的詞匯量，所涉及的內(nèi)容廣泛而深刻，對于詞匯能力的考查也繼續(xù)保持了較高的要求，為考生提供了施展閱讀才能的機會和十分開闊的思維空間。 3．語篇結(jié)構(gòu)復雜 閱讀材料在保留了其原有的語言風格基礎上，加大了語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的難度。作者在闡述問題時使用了多種語篇的手段和修辭方法，文章的展開不全是平鋪直敘，而是間有倒敘、插敘等多種方式。行文的跳躍程度較大，陳述次序富于變化，隱含信息較多，再加上閱讀材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣詞造句趨于地道，因此，許多文段讀起來感到“生澀”，有時讀懂了文字，但不一定能夠立刻領悟語篇的意思，常常要反復閱讀幾次才能讀懂。 4．語言難度較大 具體表現(xiàn)在語句的長度、措辭的靈活性、一定量的生詞以及替代和省略手段的運用上。 簡單句、復合句、虛擬語氣、結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的長句、倒裝句、省略句以及插入語等語言現(xiàn)象隨處可見，而且多種時態(tài)混用。詞匯運用要求更高，活用詞比比皆是，一詞多義、熟詞生義現(xiàn)象更是頻繁出現(xiàn)。 5．題型設置合理 設題手法更加靈活，設題方式呈多樣化的趨勢，不僅考查對文中特定信息的理解和把握，還涉及文章的主旨要義、作者的態(tài)度意圖等深層理解題。xx～xx年陜西閱讀理解題型以細節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主。 總的來說，xx年高考閱讀理解試題維系了以往一貫的命題風格，難度也和以往保持一致，生詞數(shù)量控制合理。文章在選材上繼續(xù)保持知識性和趣味性相結(jié)合，信息量大，題材與體裁廣泛的特點。 答題步驟 1．快速瀏覽，掌握大意。 快速瀏覽，抓住文章中心大意以及文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。瀏覽時不要急于做題，而要注意抓住主要信息，迅速把握文章大意和中心思想，了解文章全貌。同時通覽題目，研究題目要求及選項，弄清問題所指。有的問題是針對文章中的一句話設計的，有的是針對一段話所陳述的事實設計的，有的是針對整篇文章設計的。對所提問題做到心中有數(shù)，為下一步閱讀做好針對性的準備。 2．細讀全文，找準信息。 抓住文章大意、明確解題的目標后，帶著問題仔細閱讀文章。敏銳捕捉隱含在文中的有關信息詞和信息句，推敲其中的關鍵詞語，結(jié)合上下文把握語句的含義，排除文中不存在、片面或不合邏輯的選項，作出正確選擇。做題時要本著先易后難的原則，對于比較明顯的，有把握的題可立刻作出選擇；對于難題，要在文章中仔細查閱，認真琢磨，找出確鑿的依據(jù)，運用邏輯推理，準確選出符合要求的最佳答案。 3．復讀檢查，驗證答案。 答案選出之后，快速閱讀原文，重點放在與題目有關的詞語、句子和段落上，核查答案，力求答案準確無誤。尤其是感覺把握不大、選擇時有些困難的題目，要對照原文與選項，看看是否一致，是否合乎情理、合乎邏輯。 技法指導 歷年的高考閱讀理解試題，基本上可分為四類題目：細節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題、詞義猜測題。 1．細節(jié)理解題 ①細節(jié)理解題常見的命題方式有以下幾種： （1）Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage? （2）Which of the following（sentences/statements）is NOT true according to the passage? （3）According to the passage，all of the following are true except/but ______. （4）The author mentions all of the following except ______. （5）In the passage，the author states that ______. （6）According to the passage，when（where，why，how，who，etc.）．.. （7）Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. （8）Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of...? （9）Which of the drawings below gives an idea of...? ②細節(jié)理解題解題策略 ▲直接信息題 細心審題，直接就題找答案。解答此類試題時，不必通篇細看原文，而應采取“帶著問題找答案”的方法，先從問題中抓住關鍵性詞語（題眼），然后以此為線索，運用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關的段落或語句，仔細品味，對照比較，確定答案。如： （xx北京高考，A篇） The Basics of Math — Made Clear Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics，as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas.These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra（代數(shù)）and beyond. The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.They also look into exponents（指數(shù)），the order of operations，and square roots.In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations，students discover why these operations work，how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics，and how these operations can be used practically. ... 56．What does the course Basic Math mainly cover? A．Algebra. B．College Mathematics. C．Arithmetic. D．Mathematics Education. 剖析：根據(jù)第二段第一句“The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.”可知，Basic Math課程主要涵蓋代數(shù)的基礎知識。C項正確。 ▲間接信息題 變通理解，間接轉(zhuǎn)述找答案。細節(jié)理解題通常采用詞語和句型轉(zhuǎn)換的形式來取代原文中的表述，在出這類題時習慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來迷惑考生，即對原句細微處做改動，截取原文詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)進行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點說成B的觀點等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是關鍵。如： （xx課標全國高考，C篇） We all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene，setting up trees at the edge of a winding path.Very soon，bright lights were turned on and the big moviecamera was wheeled into position.The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby.Since it was hot in the studio，it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path.A big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him，and soon the trees were covered in “snow”．Two more fans were turned on，and a “strong wind” blew through the trees.The picture looked so real that it made us feel cold. 65．What made the author feel cold? A．The heavy snowfall. B．The manmade scene. C．The low temperature. D．The film being shown. 剖析：根據(jù)該段最后可知，拍攝電影時，要通過大電扇人為制造出漫天飛雪、寒風呼嘯的場景，非常逼真，以至于使人感到寒冷。由此可知B項正確。 ▲事實細節(jié)排序題 此類試題的考查形式是在選項中列舉一些具體的事實，然后對上面的事實進行排序。要求考生根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的先后順序、時間順序以及句子之間的邏輯關系，找出事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展的正確順序?？忌梢韵日页鲎钤绲囊粋€時間和事件，把它作為事件發(fā)生的具體點，再找出最后一個發(fā)生的，即采用“首尾”定位法，采用排除法將范圍縮小，從而快速地選出正確答案。 ▲數(shù)字計算題 數(shù)字計算題也是近幾年高考中?？嫉膬?nèi)容。此類試題是在文章中直接表現(xiàn)出來細節(jié)事實，有的要經(jīng)過具體的計算才能夠得出正確的答案。具體的計算題一般涉及時間、年齡、價錢、數(shù)量、距離等的計算。文章中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字，它們對解題產(chǎn)生一定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過對比、分析、計算等就能夠得出正確答案。如： （xx四川高考，B篇） The offer is of two kinds：￡20 per room，per night，valid（有效的）during stay period of 02/04/2012—31/05/xx and then again 01/09/xx—31/10/xx；￡35 per room，per night，valid during stay period of 01/06/xx—31/08/xx. 46．How much should be paid for a twonight stay in October xx at a chosen B&B? A．￡70.　　　　　　B．￡40. C．￡35. D．￡30. 剖析：根據(jù)該段第一句知，在2012年9月1日至10月31日期間，一晚上20英鎊，兩晚上應是40英鎊，所以B項正確。 ▲圖表細節(jié)題 這類題旨在考查學生的形象思維能力，根據(jù)材料進行空間想象的能力。圖形識別題，通常有地圖、人體實物、統(tǒng)計表等三種形式：簡易地圖——考查考生方位感；人體實物圖——考查考生根據(jù)文字敘述進行形象再造能力；儀器儀表統(tǒng)計圖——考查考生基本的讀圖、讀數(shù)、讀表能力。圖表題一般會涉及文章內(nèi)容的核心，解對此類題會大大提升對整篇文章的理解。解題時，針對圖表差異的地方，查找原文相應細節(jié)。對該細節(jié)進行正確合理的理解，不曲解。這是解此類題的核心。 2．推理判斷題 ①推理判斷題常見的命題方式有以下幾種： （1）We can know from the passage that ______. （2）We can infer from the（first/last）passage that ______. （3）The passage/author implies/suggests that ______. （4）It can be concluded from the passage that ______. （5）The underlined sentence indicates that ______. （6）From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ______. （7）The author seems to be in favor of/against ______. （8）The authors purpose of writing this passage is ______. （9）The author may probably agree with/support ______. （10）Whats the authors attitude/view/point ______？ （11）How does the author feel about ______？ （12）In the authors opinion，______. ②推理判斷題解題策略 ▲寫作意圖推測題 此類題型要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，推測作者的寫作意圖及應用某種寫作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或意見。這種題型不僅要求考生能理解文章的內(nèi)容，而且還要具備對作者所闡述的問題及寫作手法進行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。如： （xx遼寧高考，C篇） If Confucius（孔子）were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake，there would be a lot of candles.Hed need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out. 64．The opening paragraph is mainly intended to ______. A．provide some key facts about Confucius B．a(chǎn)ttract the readers interest in the subject C．show great respect for the ancient thinker D．prove the popularity of modern birthday celebrations 剖析：第一段假設如果孔子還活著慶祝自己生日的話，他需要借助強風來幫他吹滅生日蠟燭。由此可知，本段的作用是為了引起讀者對所談話題的興趣，所以選擇B項。 ▲態(tài)度、觀點判斷題 作者的態(tài)度、思想傾向是指作者對陳述的觀點是贊同、反對，還是猶豫不決，對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊揚、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此，在推斷過程中，應特別注意文中作者的措詞。如： （xx福建高考，C篇） ... Call now and receive a FREE gift when you order.Try Jitterbug for 30 days and if you dont love it，just return it！Why wait，the Jitterbug es ready to use right out of the box.If you arent as happy with it as I am，you can return it and get your money back.Call now，the Jitterbug product experts are ready to answer your questions.Call 18888098794 or visit jitterbugdirect. 66．The main purpose of the passage is to ______. A．tell a customers story of Jitterbug B．provide two ways to order Jitterbug C．give a brief introduction of Jitterbug D．a(chǎn)ttract potential customers to Jitterbug 剖析：由整篇文章，尤其是短文最后一段可知，作者寫這篇文章的主要目的是推銷Jitterbug手機，所以選擇D項。 ▲邏輯結(jié)論及預測想象推斷題 邏輯結(jié)論型試題的特點是考查考生的邏輯思維及判斷能力，要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的細節(jié)，推斷出合乎邏輯的內(nèi)容。解答此類題考生首先要找出短文的主題，然后按題意要求進行推斷。 預測想象型試題考查的內(nèi)容一般在文章中沒有明確說明，因此考生要根據(jù)語篇，把握作者的寫作思路，對事件可能出現(xiàn)的結(jié)局或后文可能涉及的內(nèi)容以及上文的內(nèi)容進行科學的、合理的預測。如： （xx湖北高考，E篇） Brrriiinnng.The alarm clock announces the start of another busy weekday in the morning.You jump out of bed，rush into the shower，into your clothes and out the door with hardly a moment to think.A stressful journey to work gets your blood pressure climbing.Once at the office，you glance through the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.In that sort of mood，who can get down to work，particularly some creative，original problemsolving work? 68．What does the author imply about newspapers? A．They are solution providers. B．They are a source of inspiration. C．They are normally full of bad news. D．They are more educational than websites. 剖析：根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句中“...the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.”可判斷，作者暗示報紙上總是充斥著不好的消息。 3．主旨大意題 ①主旨大意題常見的命題方式有以下幾種： （1）The best title/headline for this passage is ______. （2）The passage（or the first paragraph）is mainly about ______. （3）What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage? （4）Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage? （5）The passage chiefly discusses/deals with ______. （6）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage? （7）The passage mainly tells us that ______. （8）Which of the following can best sum up the passage? （9）Whats the best/most suitable title of this text/passage? ②主旨大意題解題策略 ▲主題句在文首 在說明文、議論文和新聞報道類文體中多采用開頭點明主題的方式。因此，要尋找此類文章的主旨大意就要對文章的開頭段倍加關注。如： （xx湖南高考，B篇） Still seeking a destination for your weekend break？There are some places which are probably a mere walk away from your college. ... 65．What is the passage mainly about? A．Some places for weekend break. B．A way to bee creative in art. C．The colourful life in the countryside. D．Unknown stories of Cambridge University. 剖析：根據(jù)文章首句 “Still seeking a destination for your weekend break? There are some places which are probably a mere walk away from your college”可知，這三則廣告都是提供給周末休閑無處可去的大學生的。故A項正確。 ▲主題句在文尾 部分文章通篇敘事或者議論，直至文章最后才對全文做結(jié)論性概括，闡述主旨。此類文章的主旨在文章結(jié)尾才能得以體現(xiàn)。 ▲主題句貫穿全文 部分文章通篇沒有明顯的主題句，隱約體現(xiàn)主旨指向，對此類文章就需要我們認真領會每段話題，然后對各段大意加以歸納和概括，得出文章的主旨。如： （xx浙江高考，D篇） As a young boy，I sometimes traveled the country roads with my dad.He was a rural mail carrier，and on Saturdays he would ask me to go with him.Driving through the countryside was always an adventure：There were animals to see，people to visit，and chocolate cookies if you knew where to stop，and Dad did. ... For me，just knowing that story about my father was the gift of a lifetime. 60．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．The Mail B．Christmas Letters C．Special Mailboxes D．Memorable Travels 剖析：文章主要講述了作者的父親，一個普通郵遞員的感人故事。文章中，mail，mailboxes，letters等關鍵詞不斷出現(xiàn)，所以用The Mail作標題更能突出父親的職業(yè)特點以及他用郵件傳達給人們的無私的愛和幫助。故A項正確。 ▲文（段）首、文（段）尾主題句。此類文章在引出段首主題句的同時，又在段尾使用不同的句型和詞匯，重復段首主題句所闡述的內(nèi)容，再一次強調(diào)主旨大意，并略有引申和側(cè)重，即首尾呼應的寫作方法。如： （xx全國卷Ⅱ，C篇） Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships.For example，in American culture（文化）the smile is in general an expression of pleasure.Yet it also has other uses. ... Our faces show emotions（情感），but we should not attempt to“read”people from another culture as we would“read”someone from our own culture. ... It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States.People from certain cultural backgrounds i