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1、本資料首發(fā)自 轉載請說明出處。 上篇：英國文學 Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period（14th- mid-17th C） 1 I. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) 1 II. Christopher Marlowe （1564-1593

2、 2 Ⅲ. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 2 IV. Francis Bacon (1561-1926) 4 V. John Donne (1572-1631) 4 VI. John Milton

3、 (1608-1674) 4 Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period （1660-1798） 5 I． John Bunyan (1628-1688) 5 II. Alexander pope (1688-1744)

4、 6 III. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) 6 VI. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) 7 V. Henry Fielding (1707-1754)

5、 8 VI. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) 9 VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) 9 VIII. Thomas Gray (1716-1771)

6、 10 Chapter 3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832) 11 I. William Blake (1757-1827) 12 II. William Wordsworth (1770-1850) 13

7、 III Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) 14 IV George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) 15 V. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) 16 VI. John Keats (17

8、95-1821) 17 VII Jane Austen (1775-1817) 18 Chapter 4 The Victorian Period (1836-1901) 19 I.?Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

9、 20 II. The Bronte Sisters? 21 III. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) 23 IV. Robert Browning (1812-1889)

10、 24 V. George Eliot (1819-1880) 24 VI. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)? 25 Chapter ５ The Modern Period

11、 26 I. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) 27 II. John Galsworthy (1867-1933) 28 III. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) 29

12、 IV. T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) 30 V. D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) 31 VI. James Joyce (1882-1941) 33 下篇：美國文學 Chapter 1

13、 The Romantic Period　 34 Ⅰ. Washington Irving (1783-l859) 36 II. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) 37 III. Nathaniel Hawthorne (180

14、4-l864) 38 IV.　Walt Whitman (1819-1892) 40 Ⅴ. Herman Melville (1819-1891) 42 Chapter 2 The Realistic Period (1865-1914)

15、 43 I. Mark Twain (1835--1910) 45 Ⅱ. Henry James (1843-1916) 46 Ⅲ. Emily Dickinson (1830-l886)

16、 48 Ⅳ.Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) 49 Chapter 3 The Modern Period (1914) 50 Ⅰ. Ezra Pound (1885-1972)

17、52 Ⅱ. Robert Lee Frost (l874-l963) 53 Ⅲ. Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) 54 IV．F. Scott Fitzgerald (l896-l940) 56 V. Ernest Hemin

18、gway (l899-1961) 57 Ⅵ. William Faulkner (1897-l962) 59 上篇：英國文學 What is the theme of Beowulf? Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic s

19、truggles against the hostile forces of natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. Chapter I The Renaissance Period（14th- mid-17th C） Brief Introduction to the Renaissance Period： 1. The Renaissance P7: The Renaissan

20、ce marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture雕刻 and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance,

21、 which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in es

22、sence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption

23、 of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Humanism P8: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence尊敬 for the ancient authors and is taken as the beginning of the Renaissance for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that

24、man is the measure of all things. （Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious

25、 creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus,） by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, humanists voiced their beliefs that

26、 man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists. 3. Spenserian stanza P18: Spenserian stanza was invented

27、by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter（五音步抑揚格） and the last line in iambic hexameter（六音步抑揚格）, rhyming ababbcbcc. 4. Metaphysical poetry P63: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wro

28、te under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction措詞 is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes模仿 the words and cadences韻律，調

29、子 of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself. 5. The Renaissance hero P21: A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualis

30、tic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ideal of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will, he is against conventional morality and

31、 contrives設法做到 to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit. I. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) 1． The Faerie Quee

32、ne, a great poem of its age. A complex moral, religious, and political allegory, it is also an epic that exalts Queen Elizabeth and the English nation. According to Spenser's own explanation, his principal intention is to present through a "historical poem" the example of a perfect gentleman: "to fa

33、shion塑造 a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline." He speaks of 12 virtues of private gentleman, such as temperance節(jié)制 and justice, and plans 12 books. The hero of heroes, who possesses all of these virtues, is Arthur, and he is to play a role in each of the 12 major adventures,

34、 which has its own individual hero. Another character contributing to the unity of the work is Gloriana, the Fairy Queen. It is from her court and at her bidding命令 that each of the heroes sets out on his particular adventure. The heroes do not possess the virtues they represent at the beginning of t

35、he stories; they acquire them in the course of their adventures. ** The poem is written in the stanza invented by the poet himself, the Spenserian stanza, i.e., a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic抑揚格 pentameter五音步 and the last line in iambic hexameter六音步, rhyming ababbcbc

36、c. Gloriana，fairy queen-Elizabeth, Arthur, Redcrosse Knight-Anglican Church, holiness, Virgin Una—truth or the true religion, the dragon of Error, the evil woman Duessa a lovely Ladie - virgin Una; a milke white lambe refers to the lamb of the God- Christ Jesus; Dragon and infernall feend 兇殘的惡魔ref

37、er to Satan; covert叢林 means a place full of dangers 2．The Shepheardes Calender 牧人日記(1579), a poem consisting of 12 eclogues牧歌，田園詩 - corresponding to the 12 months of the year; 3．Epithalamion 新婚喜歌(1595), a poem expressing the deep personal feelings occasioned by the poets second marriage; 4. His

38、 Influence P15 1) Main qualities of Spenser's poetry 　①a perfect melody 完美的旋律 ?、赼 rare sense of beauty 玄妙的美感 　③a splendid imagination 燦爛壯觀的想象 ?、躠 lofty moral purity and seriousness崇高的道德純潔性與嚴肅性 　⑤a dedicated idealism 一種獻身的理想主義 2) He created a new stanza, called the Spenserian stanza, which is

39、well suited to narrative verse. His skills in writing melodious English verse and his combination of emotion, erudition, and spiritual vision have won him the admiration of generations of English poets. It is his idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite優(yōu)美的 melody that make him known as "the p

40、oets' poet." 　 　　　 II. Christopher Marlowe （1564-1593） 1. 識記 English dramatist and poet, the most gifted of the “university wits” Marlowe was the first great English Dramatist. He brought to the English stage a new concept of tragedy, one in which the drama centers around the struggles of a

41、 man overwhelmed by his passions and ambitions. Marlowe used blank verse, which he molded形成，塑造 into a superb instrument for expressing intense emotions. After his development of blank verse it became the standard medium for English dramatic and epic poetry. 2．重點分析 1) Tamburlaine is a play about

42、 an ambitious and pitiless Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering King. By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infin

43、ite power and authority. In fact, Tamburlaine is a product of Marlowe’s characteristically Renaissance imagination, fascinated by the earthly magnificence available to men of imaginative power who have the energy of their convictions. 實際上，帖木兒是馬洛帶著文藝復興時期暢想的人物，是人類想象力所能想到，精力上所能做到的世上的赫赫人物。 2) Doctor Fa

44、ustus (about 1589), is a play based on the German legend of a man aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. The play's dominant moral is human rather than religious. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it a

45、lso reveals man's frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition. 　 The selection of ActⅠfrom Dr. Faustus is about the signing of the bond. Faustus sells his soul to the Devil in return for 24 years of life in wh

46、ich he may have the services of Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires. Faustus has experienced much internal conflict, symbolized in the appearances of both Good Angel and Bad Angel. In portraying Faustus, a more introspective反省的 and philosophical figure than Tamburlaine, Marlowe praises

47、his soaring高飛的 aspiration for knowledge while warning against the sin of pride since Faustus's downfall was caused by his despair in God and trust in Devil. 3) The Jew of Malta (about 1589) illustrates Marlowe's outstanding portrayal of character. Its hero, Barabas the Jew, served as the model for

48、 Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. 4) His non-dramatic poetry includes Hero and Leander海洛與利安得, "the Passionate shepherd to His love,"激情的牧人致心愛的姑娘 and a verse translation of Ovid's Amores. The Passionate shepherd to His love is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in En

49、glish literature. It derives from the pastoral tradition它繼承了田園抒情詩的風格, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern. 5） His Achiev

50、ements and Influence(blank verse and Renaissance hero) Marlowe's greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama. His second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. The theme of his works is the prais

51、e of the Renaissance spirit. Ⅲ. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 1. His dramatic career is divided into 4 periods. 　　1）The First Period (1590-1594)：apprenticeship 　　　5 historical plays：Henry Ⅵ, parts Ⅰ,Ⅱand III, Richard Ⅲ, and Titus Andronicus (1593) 　　 4 comedies: The Comedy of Errors (15

52、92), The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594), The Taming of the Shrew (1593)馴悍記, Love's Labor's Lost (1594) 2) The Second Period (1595-1600): style and approach became highly individualized 　5 historical plays: Richard Ⅱ (1595), King John (1596), Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ and Part Ⅱ(1597), Henry V (1598) 　6 com

53、edies: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595), The Merchant of Venice (1596), Much Ado About Nothing (1598), As You Like It (1599), Twelfth Night (1600), The Merry Wives of Winsor (1598) 　2 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet (1595), Julius Caesar (1599) 3) The Third Period (1601-1609): 　7 tragedies: Hamlet, O

54、thello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, Coriolonus 　 2 dark comedies: All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure 4) The Fourth Period (1609-1612)： 　Romantic tragic-comedies: Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, The Tempest 　two final plays: Henry Ⅷ, The Two Noble Ki

55、nsmen 38 plays altogether. Shakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece and his sequence of 154 sonnets. 2. 重點分析 1) The Merchant of Venice Plot: The play has a double plot (P39) In his romantic comedies, Shakes

56、peare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable無

57、法滿足的 greed and brutality of the Jew. But after centuries abusing of the Jews, especially the holocaust大屠殺 committed by the Nazi Germany during the Second World War, it is very difficult to see Shylock as a conventional evil figure. And many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Chr

58、istians’ hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews. 2) Hamlet Hamlet is generally regarded as Shakespeare's most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a "blood-and-thunder"緊張

59、激烈的 thriller驚險讀物 and a philosophical exploration of life and death. And the timeless appeal魅力 of this mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue陰謀, emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy. The play opens with Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, appearing in a mood of world-weariness oc

60、casioned引起 by his father's recent death and by his mother's hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father's brother. While encountering his father's ghost, Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his father's throne and widow. This, Hamlet, is urged by the ghos

61、t to seek revenge for his father's "foul and most unnatural murder." Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plotting策劃, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father's death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact an

62、d fiction虛構, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. By characterizing Hamlet, Shakespeare successfully makes a philosop

63、hical exploration of life and death. The excerpt is one part of Hamlet's most famous monologue獨白. Hamlet, facing the dilemma of action and mind, is hesitating whether he should revenge for his father, which may bring him death, or he should suffer and hide his hatred for his uncle in his deep heart

64、, which may secure his life. 3) The Tempest The Tempest, an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of his final romances. The characters are rather allegorical and the subject full of suggestion. The humanly impossible events can be seen occurring everywhere, in the play. The playwr

65、ight resorts(采取，訴諸) to the supernatural atmosphere and to the dreams to solve the conflict. To Shakespeare, the whole life is no more than a dream. Thus, The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years. 4) Sonnets 　 The first 126 sonnets ar

66、e apparently addressed to a handsome young nobleman. 　 Twenty of the sonnets are about a young woman characterized as a "dark lady," 　　A philosophical theme that appears in many of the sonnets is that of time as the destroyer of all mortal things. Also expressed in the poems is the author's disillusionment with the falseness of earthly life. 　 Shakespeare's sonnets have three quatrains, or groups of four lines, and a final couplet. Their rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg. A