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1、The Modern Period現(xiàn)代主義 時間：1914-194 背景background： 1) Natural and social sciences advanced greatly, capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the gap between the poor and the rich was deepened; 2) The First World War and The Second World War happened, which influenced people greatly; 3) Al

2、l kinds of philosophical ideas were produced. 特點characters： 1) Modernism rose out of scepticism and disillusionment of capitalism; 2) The French symbolism heralded modernism; 3) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base; 4) The ma

3、jor theme of Modernism are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and society, man and nature, man and man, man and himself; 5) The Modernists concern about the private, subjective, inner individual and the tone is disillusioned. 影響這一時期的哲學(xué)思想philosophical ideas influenced Mod

4、ernism： 1) Karl Marx’s scientific socialism; 2) Darwin’s theory evolution -the social Darwinism "survival of the fittest"; 3) Einstein’s theory of relativity; 4) Freud’s analytical psychology; 5) The irrational philosophy. Why Modernism is different from Realism? 現(xiàn)代主義與現(xiàn)實主義的區(qū)別 In many

5、 aspects, Modernism acts against Realism; 1) Modernism rejects rationalism, while Realism stresses it; 2) Modernism includes internal, subjective, psychological world, while Realism stresses external, objective, and material world; 3) Modernism advocates new forms and new techniques, and it ca

6、sts away all the traditional elements such as: story, character, etc. while Realism stresses it. 4) Modernism works are called anti-novel, anti-poetry, anti-drama etc. 蕭伯納George Bernard Shaw a brilliant dramatist杰出的戲劇家Shaw wroted more than 50 plays 《鰥夫的房產(chǎn)》、《康帝坦》、《華倫夫人的職業(yè)》、 《凱撒和克里奧特拉

7、》、《圣女貞德》、《人與超人》、 《皮克馬利甕》、《回到麥修色拉》、《蘋果車》 主要作品介紹： His criticism was witty, biting, and often brilliant. Widower's House 鰥夫的房產(chǎn)is a grotesquely荒誕地 realistic exposure of slum貧民窟 landlordism地主所有制; Mrs Warren's Profession華倫夫人的職業(yè), written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the ec

8、onomic oppression of women對婦女們經(jīng)濟(jì)上的壓迫. These two can be regarded as the typical representatives of Shaw's early plays.The Apple Cart蘋果車 (1929) is about politics; John Bull's Other Island 約翰布爾的另外島嶼(1904) is about racial problems;Too True to Be Good難以置信 (1932) is a better play of the later period, with

9、 the author's almost nihilistic betterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.主題是對殘忍瘋狂的第一次世界大戰(zhàn)近乎虛無主義的嘲諷和對幻滅失落的青年一代的憂傷。Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of "Life Force", the power that would create superior bei

10、ngs to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society. 蕭伯納還創(chuàng)作了一系列話題，探索了‘生命的力量’--一種能夠與上帝齊平，解決各種社會，道德及玄奧問題的超級力量。 他的藝術(shù)觀點： Shaw was strongly against the credo 信條of "art for art's sake" held by those decadent 頹廢的aesthetic 審美感的 artists. he strongly

11、 condemned the "well made " but cheap, hollow plays which filled the English theater of the late 19th century to meet the low taste of the middle class. Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.藝術(shù)應(yīng)為社

12、會服務(wù)，應(yīng)該反映人的生活與社會矛盾并教育廣大人民。The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.他的劇作主要揭露當(dāng)時的社會，經(jīng)濟(jì)，道德，宗教中的罪惡，表現(xiàn)了自己作為左翼社會主義改良派的觀點。 寫作特色： One feature of Shaw's characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character v

13、ividly at the expense of another. 人物塑造方面的特點是他不惜貶低另一些角色來極力生動形象地展示某一個角色。 Another feature is that Shaw's characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view , that shift and alter during the play, for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines教條. The forward motion consists not in

14、unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse. 動作的進(jìn)行不僅體現(xiàn)在情節(jié)的鋪展中，也體現(xiàn)在對白的內(nèi)涵中。（情節(jié)豐富，但不以情節(jié)取勝，生動的對白超越了故事情節(jié)的光彩） Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.蕭伯納的許多戲劇情節(jié)與角色都在傳統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生倒轉(zhuǎn)錯位。 選讀作品：Mrs Warren's Profession華倫夫人的職業(yè),

15、 written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic oppression of women對婦女們經(jīng)濟(jì)上的壓迫. John Galsworthy約翰·高爾斯沃瑞 騎虎難下、財主、出租、現(xiàn)代喜劇、篇章末尾 The Man of Properly (1906), established him as a prominent novelist and playwright in the public mind. 作家特色： 1.Galsworthy was a c

16、onventional 傳統(tǒng)的writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism 2.focusing on plot development and character portryal. 3.impartial presentation of the social life in a documentary記錄片 precision精確. 4.He was also successful in his attempt to pr

17、esent satire and humor in his writing. 5.He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and straigtforward language. An Expert from Chapter 13 of The Man of Property 故事梗概： tell the ups and downs of the Forsyte family from 1886 to 1926. This novel centers itself on the Soame

18、s-Irene-Bosinney triangle. Soames Forsyte, a typical Forsyte, represents the essence of the principle that the accumulation of wealth is the sole aim of life, for he considers everything in terms of one's property. Irene, his young and beautiful wife, on the contrary, loves art and cherishes noble i

19、deals of life. But Soames never pays any attention to her thoughts and feelings; he takes her merely as part of his own property. Thus, Irene is not happy about her marriage. In order to please his wife, Soames asks Bosinney, a young architect, to build a country house for them. Like Irene, Bosinney

20、 is also interested in art and not in practical things in life. During the desighing and building of the house, the two come to enjoy a great deal of each other's company and finally fall in love with each other. Rumors arise and Soames wants his revenge. He sues Bosinney at the court for spending m

21、ore money than stipulated. The conflict of the triangle ends tragically with Bosinney's death in a car accident and Irene's leaving Soames for good. 主題： The theme of this novel is that of the preominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships of the

22、family with the underlying assuption that human relationships of the contemporary English society are merely an extension of property relationshiips. 展示了菲爾賽特家族盛行的占有欲與惟利是圖，這種占有欲深刻影響到了家族內(nèi)的人際關(guān)系。 William Bulter Yeats W.B.Yeats (1865- 1939) was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dul

23、in. In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎His plays are enjoyed more for the beauty of their language than for dramatic situations. As a matter of fact, his dramas are far less "dramatic" in force and in tension than his poetic works. Yeats is , first of all, remembered as a g

24、reat poet. DOWN BY THE SALLEY GARDENS在闊葉柳花園旁邊 by William Butler Yeats Down by the salley gardens my love and I did meet;在柳園邊我和我的愛人相見 She passed the salley gardens with little snow-white feet.她那雪白嬌小的腳走過柳園 She bid me take love easy, as the leaves grow on the tree;她讓我對愛情隨緣，像樹葉自然生長 But I

25、, being young and foolish, with her would not agree.但是我年輕幼稚不同意她的意見 In a field by the river my love and I did stand,在河邊的田野里我和我愛的人并排站 And on my leaning shoulder she laid her snow-white hand.她將一只雪白的手放在我的肩頭 She bid me take life easy, as the grass grows on the weirs;她讓我對生活要隨意像河堤上的青草 But I was y

26、oung and foolish, and now am full of tears.但是我年輕幼稚如今我熱淚長流。 主題：Originally entitled "An Old Song Resung", with Yeat's footnote: "This is an attempt to reconstruct重建 an old song from three lines imperfectly remembered by an old peasant woman in the village of Ballysodare, Sligo, who often sings the

27、m to herself".就是一位老村婦哼唱的老歌，他給改寫了一下。 The Lake Isle of Innisfree菌尼斯弗利島 by William Butler Yeats I will arise go now, and go to Innisfree, And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made: Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee, And live alone in the bee-lou

28、d glade. And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There midnight's all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnet's wings. I will arise and go now, for always night and da

29、y I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray, I hear it in the deep heart's core. 主題： Tired of the life of his day, Yeats sought（seek尋找）to escape into an ideal "fairyland" where he could live calmly平靜地 as a hermit隱居者 and e

30、njoy the beauty of nature. 韻律：The poem consists of three quartrains of iambic pentameter, with each stanza rhymed abab. 艾略特T.S.Eliot Eliot's most famous poem, The Waste Land《荒原》 . 《灰星期三》Ash Wednesday 《四個四重奏》Four Quartets 《衰老》一詩很大程度上效仿了喬伊斯的意識流手法，而且艾略特在以后的創(chuàng)作中也大量運(yùn)用了意識流?！犊斩吹娜恕稵he hollo

31、w man在主題上十分近似《荒原》，是艾略特最黑暗的詩。 在著名散文《傳統(tǒng)與個人天才》中，他強(qiáng)調(diào)傳統(tǒng)對創(chuàng)作與評論兩方面的重要作用。 The Waste Land《荒原》他的代表作 不僅全面展現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代西方社會在物質(zhì)上的錯亂和精神上的頹敗，而且也反映出戰(zhàn)后一代人中盛行的幻滅與絕望?！痘脑芬辉姷闹黝}是表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代文明中人們精神的墮落與崩潰，人生已經(jīng)失去了意義。 The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has l

32、ost its meaning, significance and purpose. The poem has developed a whole set of historical ,cultural and religious themes; but it is often regarded as being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century people's disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society. 這首詩的影響：The Waste Land

33、, Eliot's most important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry, comparable to Wordswoth's Lyrical Ballads. 作家特色： (1)presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society 展現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代西方社會的心理錯亂和精神上的頹廢。 (2)reflects disi

34、llusion醒悟 and despair of a whole post war generation anguish痛苦,menace威嚇,sterility思想貧乏 had been afficting all sensitive members of the postwar generation (3)concern with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning (4)reflects the 20th century people's d

35、isillusion and frustration迷惑 in a meaningless and boring wording As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handing of language,Eliot had explorr in his early poetry various aspects of the disintegration of life.作為一個經(jīng)歷過幻滅痛苦的青年，憑借著靈活運(yùn)用語言的勇氣，艾略特在早期詩歌中探索了現(xiàn)代西方文明在各個方面的衰敗，傳達(dá)出一

36、種生命崩潰的悲觀。 艾略特認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代社會的弊病是沒個社會成員靈魂深處弊病的總和，只有通過宗教救贖人的靈魂才能救治整個社會。 選讀作品：The Love Songs of J.Alfred Prufrock "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" is Eliot's most striking顯著的 early achievement. His first important poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," appeared in 1915. 他的第一首情歌《J`A.布魯富克

37、勞的情歌》于1915年問世。 It presents the meditation of an aging young man over the business of proposing marriage. The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended "love song" and a confession of the speaker's incapability of facing up to love and to life in a s

38、terile upper-class world.全詩的形式是戲劇獨白dramatic monologue，暗示了虛假的‘情歌’與主人公自己承認(rèn)的無法直面愛情及無聊的上流社會之間的諷刺性對照。 勞倫斯D.H.Lawrence David Herbert Lawrence 主要作品：虹the rainbow 戀愛中的女人women in love兒子與情人 The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920), are generally regarded as his masterpieces.被認(rèn)為是代表作。 his autob

39、iographical自傳體 novel, Sons and Lovers 兒子與情人 In Lawrence's opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human fulfillment in marital relationship shadows of the disintegration and destructiveness of the whole civilized world which loom behind the emotional

40、conflicts and psychological tensions of the characters勞倫斯認(rèn)為工業(yè)機(jī)械化的文明是人類個性病態(tài)發(fā)展，愛情扭曲，婚姻不幸的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住? expressed a strong reaction against the mechanical civilization. one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individual's psycho

41、logical development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse. Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force. makes a deliberate use of those "four-letter" words in his novels, declared that any repression of the sexual impulse based on social, rel

42、igious, or moral values of the civilized world would cause severe damageds to the harmony of human relationships and the psychic health of the individual's personality. 寫作特色：重點中的重點 1) Lawrence’s interest lay in the psychological development of his character; 2) He criticized the dehumanizing

43、 effect of the capitalism industrialization on human which turned man into inhuman machines and unhealthy animal; 3) He believes the life impulse -the sexual impulse was man’s most important instinct, any conscious repression would cause distortion of the man’s personality; 4) He explored the re

44、lationship of man and woman in psychology; 5) He believed the alienation and the perversion were caused by the desire for power and money. irony,humour and wit are the characteristic featuress of many of the stories.諷刺，幽默，機(jī)智都是他短篇小說的特點。 選讀作品：Sons and Lovers兒子與情人 故事大意：Mrs Morel, daught

45、er of a middle-class family, is a strong-willed , intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class. After an initial stage of happiness in their marriage, the class difference between them starts to estrang

46、e them from each other. The disillusion in her husband makes her lavish all the affection upon her sons. She determines that her sons should never become miners; they will be educated to realize her ideals of success, hapiness and social esteem. Thus, the sons gradually come under the strong influen

47、ce of the mother in affections, aspirations and mental habits, and see their father with their mother's eyes, despising their father whose personality degenerates step by step as he feels his exclusion. 詹姆斯.喬伊斯James Joyce Joyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young M

48、an. The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong autobiographical elements. The novel can be read as a naturalistic account of the hero’s bitter experiences and final artistic and spiritual liberation.1916年，喬伊斯第一部長篇小說《藝術(shù)家年輕時代的肖像》出版。小說的題目暗示著角色塑造有自傳成分。這部作品可以說是自然主義的，描述了主人公痛苦的生活經(jīng)歷及最后藝術(shù)與

49、精神上的解放。 寫作特點： 1. scene: the same setting: Ireland, especially Dublin, the same subject: the Irish people and their life 2. stream of conscienceness: presents unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues

50、a literary form presenting psychological aspects of characters 3. style: straightforward\lucid\logical\leisurely\concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the characters This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “

51、stream of consciousness.” And Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the characters.這種表達(dá)角色心理狀態(tài)的文學(xué)手法便是“意識流”。而喬伊斯則是最偉大的意識流小說家。 Another remarkable feature of Joyce’s writings is his style. His own style i

52、s a straightforward one, lucid, logical and leisurely; subtlety, economy and exactness are his standards.But when he tries to render the so-called stream of consciousness, the style changes: incomplete, rapid, broken wording and fragmentary sentences are the typical features, which reflect the shift

53、ing, flirting, disorderly flow of thoughts in the major characters’ mind.喬伊斯小說的另一個特點是他的文體風(fēng)格，他本身的文風(fēng)直白，清晰，富于邏輯而游刃有余；細(xì)微，簡潔，精確也是他的語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然而一旦進(jìn)入“意識流”，他的文風(fēng)便陡轉(zhuǎn)急變：處處可見不完整，短促，支離破碎的語句和措辭，這些都如實反映出角色的思想意識的怪異多變，閃爍不定及雜亂無章。 Ulysses尤利西斯代表作 Ulysses, Joyce’s masterpiece, has became a prime example of modernism

54、in literature. The three major characters are: Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedy Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.喬伊斯真正的代表作是《尤利西斯》，這部小說是現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)的首要典范。只有三個主要角色：愛爾蘭的猶太人利奧普爾德.布魯姆，他的妻子馬麗翁.T.布魯姆以及史蒂芬.德達(dá)拉斯，也就是《藝術(shù)家年輕時代的畫像》中的主人公。 主題：

55、an account of man‘s life during one day . The events seem to be trivial ,insignificant, but below the surface of them, the natural flow of mental reflections, the shifting moods and impulses in the characters inner world are richly presented in an frank and penetrating way.在《尤利西斯》小說中，這一天內(nèi)發(fā)生的事情極為瑣碎，毫

56、無意義，甚至非常陳腐。但在這平庸的表面下陷藏著自然的意識流，反映了角色內(nèi)心的思想活動及心情與沖動的變化轉(zhuǎn)移，表達(dá)空前直白，極富穿透力。 選讀作品： Dubliners（Araby） 都柏林人（阿拉伯節(jié)） a tale of the frustrated quest for beauty theme: the child lives not with his parents but with an uncle and aunt, a symbol of that isolation and lack of proper relation between parents

57、 and children “Araby” from Dubliners This tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in the midst of drabness is both meticulously realistic in its handling of details of Dublin Life and the Dublin scene and highly symbolic in that almost every image and incident suggests some particular aspect o

58、f the theme.《都柏林人》：這則故事主題是在單調(diào)乏味的環(huán)境包圍下對美的追求的挫敗，故事既富于現(xiàn)實主義又富于象征主義，現(xiàn)實主義在于它細(xì)致入微的描述了都柏林的景觀與生活，象征主義在于每一個意象每一件事都暗示著主題的某個方面。 Chapter 5 The Modern Period I. Choose the right answer: 1. The three trilogies of_____Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century. A. D.

59、H. Lawrence’s B. John Galsworthy’s C. James Joyce’s D. Thomas Hardy’s Answer: B (P337) 2. ____is the most outstanding stream-consciousness novelist. A. T.S. Eliot B. Richard Brinsley Sheridan C. James Joyce D. Oscar Wilder Answer: D (P317) 3. In his famous poem_____, Yeat

60、s explores the problems of death, love, old age and art. A. "Leda and the Swan" B. "No Second Troy" C. "September 1913" D. "Sailing to Byzantium" Answer: D (P354) 4. ____is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, si

61、gnificance and purpose. A. Ulysses B. The Waste Land C. The Confidential Clerk D. Dubliners Answer: B (P360) 5. The Rainbow and_____are generally regarded as D.H. Lawrence’s masterpieces. A. Women in Love B. Son s and Lovers C. Lady Chatterley’s Lover D. The Plumed Serpent An

62、swer: A (P370) 6. In ____, James Joyce intends to present a microcosm of the whole human life by providing an instance of how a single event contains all the events of its kind, and how history is recapitulated in the happenings of one day. A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man B. Dubli

63、ners C. Ulysses D. Finnegans Wake Answer: C (P388) 7. Structurally and thematically, George Bernard Shaw follows the great tradition _______. A. Modernism B. Romanticism C. Realism D. Naturalism Answer: C (P323) 8. Galsworthy was a _____writer, having inherited the fine tradi

64、tions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray. A. naturalistic B. romantic C. realistic D. conventional Answer: D (P338) 9. In "The Forsyte Saga" by John Galsworthy, a typical Forsyte has a remarkable characteristic-----a strong sense of__

65、____. A. money B. property C. success D. privilege Answer: B (P339) 10. In "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", William Bulter Yeats expresses his ____________. A. hope to go abroad B. desire to escape into a "fairyland" C. love for common life D. hatred for war Answer: B (P356)

66、 11. In which of the following poems by Yeats did you find the allusion to Helen and Trojan War? A. Sailing to Byzantium B. Down by the Sally Garden C. The Lake Isle of Innisfree D. Leda and the Swan Answer: D (P354) 12. Of the following poems by T.S. Eliot, which is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th Century English Poetry? A. Poems 1909----1925 B. The Hollow Men C. Prufrock and Other Observations D. The Waste Land Answer: D (P359) 13. "The yellow fog that