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1、Neoclassical period：The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798, also known as "the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason". 新古典主義 英國1688年的“光榮革命”推翻復(fù)辟王朝，確定了君主立憲制， 建立起資產(chǎn)階級和新貴族領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的政權(quán)，英國從此進入一個相對安定的發(fā)展時期。 18世紀初，新古典主義成為時尚。 新古典主義推崇理性，強調(diào)明晰、對稱、節(jié)制、優(yōu)雅，追求藝術(shù)形式的完美與和諧。 18世紀被認為是啟蒙運動時期. 現(xiàn)實主

2、義小說 　　笛福(英國實現(xiàn)主義小說的奠基人、英國小說之父、現(xiàn)代新聞報道之父)： 　　　　主要作品：《魯濱遜漂流記》標志著英國現(xiàn)實主義小說的誕生。 　　魯濱遜是歐洲文學(xué)史上第一個資產(chǎn)階級的正面形象(第一人稱自述方式)。 　　斯威夫特(激進的民主派，開創(chuàng)了英國文學(xué)中的諷刺傳統(tǒng))： 　　　　主要作品：《格列佛游記》(兒童幻想劇小說)通過幻想的環(huán)境，虛構(gòu)的情節(jié)，夸 　　　　張的手法對英國政治、法律、議會、黨爭和哲學(xué)進行諷刺和抨擊)。 　　菲爾?。?18世紀英國最杰出的小說家) 　　　　《湯姆瓊斯》(歐洲文學(xué)中的一流小說)：代表了18世紀英國現(xiàn)實主義小說的最高

3、 　　　　成就，被譽為“18世紀英國社會的散文史詩”。 哥特式小說 哥特小說，屬于英語文學(xué)派別，一般被認為隨著賀瑞斯·華爾波爾的《奧特朗圖堡》而產(chǎn)生。 哥特小說可以說是恐怖電影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我們今天習(xí)慣地將哥特式與黑暗、恐怖聯(lián)系在一起。 顯著的哥特小說元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄運，死亡，頹廢，住著幽靈的老房子，癲狂，家族詛咒等。 “哥特”被用于文學(xué)流派主要因為這種流派的主題探討這種極端感情及一些黑色話題, 并且哥特小說的背景通常是哥特式的：廢棄的搖搖欲墜的城堡, 修道院。 他們關(guān)注哥特式的相關(guān)建筑，藝術(shù)，詩歌 (見墓園詩人)甚至園藝．

4、Gothic novels – mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted鬧鬼的or dilapidated搖搖欲墜的 Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by both male and female writers. 背景： It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values; It was an age of fast development for Engli

5、sh to become the first powerful capitalist country in the world; It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly. 特點： In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement. a revival of interest in the old classical works keep t

6、o order,logic,restrained emotion,accuracy a furderance of the renaissence the enlightenment movement,advocated the universal education had specificrules for almost every gener of literature literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity 啟蒙運動：he enlightenment movement

7、 in 18th-century of england is know as the age of enlightenment or the age of reason was a progressive intellectual movement which florished in french and swept through the whole western europe at the time the moevment was a furderance of renaissance of the 15th and16th-century its purpose was

8、 to enlighten the word with the light of morden philosophical and artistic ideas the enlighteners celebrated reason for reasonlity,equality and science they called for a reference of order,reason,rules,advocated universal education 代表:john dryden alexander pope 班揚 天路歷程 The Pilgrim's Prog

9、ress 蒲伯 論批評 An Essay on Criticism 笛福 魯賓遜漂流記 Robinson Crusoe 斯威夫特 格列佛游記 Gulliver's Travels 菲爾丁 湯姆·瓊斯 Tom Jones 約翰遜 英語大詞典 A Dictionary of the English Language 謝里丹 造謠學(xué)校 The School for Scandal 格雷 墓園挽歌 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 班陽 John Bunyan 語言具體生動，情節(jié)鮮明現(xiàn)實，通俗易懂讓沒受過教育的人也

10、能得到閱讀他作品的樂趣 其它作品：罪人頭目的赦免 敗德門先生生死錄 圣戰(zhàn) 天路歷程2 as a stout puritan ,he had made a conscientiosuly study of the bible and firmly believed in salvation through spirtual struggle 語言特色：concrete and living language,carefully observed,vividly presented detail 選讀作品： from the pilgrim's progress a rel

11、igious aellgory pursue the turth the most sucessful religious allegory in the history of english literature the theme is to urge people to abide by christian doctrines and seak salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social evil 應(yīng)用：The allegorical mean

12、ing of “The Vanity Fair”名利場的寓言意義 The Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people’s heart, so people are spiritually lost. Ho

13、wever, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians' refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.

14、 蒲柏Alexander Pope 是個很敏感sensitive的人,當(dāng)然要用筆墨來反擊，發(fā)展了犀利biting的諷刺文體satire。 對他來說秩序order有著至高無上的價值supurem value----宇宙cosmic秩序，政治秩序，社會秩序，美學(xué)aesthetic秩序。這種秩序以及理性的強調(diào)深入到他的各部作品中。 On criticism批評論made a great poet The of the Lock 鬢發(fā)遇劫記a finest mock epic極妙的諷刺史詩 The Dunciad愚人志Pope's best satire work

15、 strongly advocated neoclassicism,emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order,reason,logic,restrained emotion,good taste and decorum禮貌，正派 語言特色：he worked painstakingly致力于 on his pomes,developed a satire諷刺,concise簡練，smooth通順，graceful優(yōu)雅and well-balenced平衡 style.

16、 選讀作品：On Criticism a comprehensive全面的 study of the theories of literary criticism a didactic說教的 poem written in heroic couplets is plain in style and it is easy to read 主題:in part 2,pope criticizethe present poem lack of true taste&advises the critics not to stress too much the artificia

17、l use of conceit or external beauty of language but to pay special attention to ture wit which is best set in a plain style. 應(yīng)用：Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his own poetry Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays on Critic

18、ism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the exter

19、nal beauty of language, but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style. Pope’s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its last perfection of the heroic couplet.

20、 丹尼爾Daniel defoe -the first writer study of the lower-class people 在他大部分的作品里，他都表達了對勤勞hard-working，堅強study的中產(chǎn)階級middle class的贊譽praise，以及對破落downtrodden不幸unfortunate的窮苦人的同情sympathy。 其他作品：魯賓遜漂流記1、2、3 ，大疫plague年日記，莫爾·佛蘭德斯，新普頓船長 寫作特色：a very good story-teller,his sentences are sometimes s

21、hort,crisp and plain,and sometimes long and rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的作品時而短小干脆，樸素直白，時而又氣勢磅礴，潑墨如水，為讀者留下了敘述自由悠閑的印象。his language is smooth,easy,colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辭簡樸易懂又口語化，有時甚至是俗語方言。there is nothing artifical in his language,it it common en

22、glish at its beat.他的語言毫無造作，完全是大眾英語。 選讀作品：Robinson Crusoe體現(xiàn)時代精神的游記歷險小說，是丹尼爾的代表作。 Robison goes out to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned landed on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally is saved by a ship and returns to England. During the period Robinson leads a har

23、sh荒蕪的 and lonely life and survives by growing corps, taming圈養(yǎng)的 animals, etc. growing from a naive天真的 young man into a hardened堅毅的 man. 人物特征：With a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy (精力充沛), courage and persistence in overcoming difficulties（在克服困難方面持之以恒）, in struggling against nature

24、, Crusoe becomes the representative of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. （他是大英帝國締造者的完美典范，同時也是殖民者的先驅(qū)）． 主題：In the novel, Defoe glorified human labor and the puritan清教徒的 fortitude堅毅which the middle class praised highly, so he can be regarded as a spokesman of the bourgeois. 斯威夫特Jonath

25、an Swift in his opinion,human nature is seriously and permanently flawed瑕疵.to better human life,enlightenment is needed.in his writings,although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions,他提倡的不是譴責(zé)，而是才去行為改良人性與人為的機構(gòu)。 a master satirist and english pr

26、ose諷刺作家散文家（還被稱為愛爾蘭的民族英雄） a tale of tub桶的故事&the battle of the books書籍的戰(zhàn)斗奠定了他在諷刺作品中的地位。 the drapier's letters德拉皮爾的信，a modest proposal溫和的建議（被認為是一片完美的典范） The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游記的社會諷刺 lilliput小人國,brobdingnag大人國,the fluing island,houyhnhnm具有人類理性的馬匹 寫作特色：h

27、e defined a good style as'proper words in proper places'clear,simple,concrete diction,uncomplicated sentence structure,economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays,poems and novels.他創(chuàng)立了一種良好的文風(fēng)，即‘在恰當(dāng)?shù)牡胤接们‘?dāng)?shù)脑~’。無論是散文，詩歌，還是小說，簡潔，具體，精確，沒有復(fù)雜的句式永遠是他的風(fēng)格。 應(yīng)用：社會諷刺The account of Lilli

28、putian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes暗示 to the similar ridiculous荒謬的 practices or tricks in the English government. The description描述 of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime M

29、inister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous靈巧的 in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous華而不實的 words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule奚落 the aristocratic貴族的 arrogance自大 and vanity. 主題：As a whole, the book is one

30、of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires諷刺 of all aspects in the then English and European life ----socially , politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound. 菲爾丁Henry Fi

31、elding 英語小說之父father of the english novel,prose homer comic epic in prose 作品：咖啡屋的政治家，悲劇中的悲劇，巴斯昆，1736歷史年鑒 這四行是作者的文學(xué)貢獻，重點： first of all the 18th century english novelist to write the 'comic epic in prose',18世紀英國小說家中第一個寫散文體喜劇史詩。 the first to give the modern novel its structer and style;第

32、一個為現(xiàn)代小說確立了結(jié)構(gòu)和風(fēng)格 use the third-person narration;使用角色口吻敘述 'the just copies of human manners'人類態(tài)度的完整拷貝 寫作特色：fielding's language is easy,unlaboured and familliar,but extremely vivid and vigorrus. 菲爾丁的創(chuàng)作語言自然流暢，通俗易懂，同時又栩栩如生并富有活力。 his sentences are always distinguished by logic and rthythm,他的句子

33、以邏輯性和韻律性見長 and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.小說的結(jié)尾總是水到渠成，順理成章。 應(yīng)用：Henry Fielding and his Tom Jones 菲爾丁的散文體史詩 It is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding describes the fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the gran

34、d style of the Homeric荷馬式的epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “A

35、mazonian heroine”. Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn莊嚴的 about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole. 小說為讀者提供了一幅英國18世紀鄉(xiāng)村與城市的宏偉的全景圖。 Tom Jones ：一度成為國民心中的英雄

36、honest,kind-hearted,high-spirited,loyal.and brave,but impulsive,wanting prudence and full of animal spirits. 誠實，善良，高尚，忠誠，勇敢，同時也有著易沖動，魯莽和野性難馴的特點。 約翰遜samuel johnson first combine an english dictionary,last neoclassicist enlightener編輯了第一本英文字典，最后一位古典主義啟蒙家 《英文字典》single-handedly and finished

37、in over7 years花了7年時間獨立完成的 約翰遜精力充沛energetic,多才多藝versatile,他還涉足had a hand各種各樣的文學(xué)領(lǐng)域all the different branched of literary activities. 詩歌pomes:london倫敦，the vanity of human wishes人類欲望的虛幻 悲劇tragedy：irene《艾琳》 騎士浪漫詩romance：the history of rasselas拉薩拉絲的歷史，prince of abyssinia阿比西尼亞王子 寫作特色：no matter

38、how complex his sentences are, the thought is always clearly expressed;and through he tends to use 'learned words,'they are always accurately used.he was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes. 他十分關(guān)心人類欲望的虛幻，幾乎他所有的作品都有這樣的主題。his sentences are long and well structured,interw

39、oven with parallel words and phrases.他實用的句子一般較長，但結(jié)構(gòu)工整，包含許多排比，對仗。讀他的小說會給人一種感覺，他在與一位非常博學(xué)的人a very learned man對話。 選讀作品：to the right honorable the eral of cheaterfield致可敬的吉士菲爾伯爵書 主題：a strong indignation氣憤 at the earl's fame-fishing沽名釣譽;implying writers independence in economy and writing;open a new

40、 era in the development of literature.清楚的表達了作者要求獨立的信念。對伯爵的反感和不與之虛偽和解的態(tài)度。 謝里丹richard brinsley sheridan 18世紀英國唯一一位重要的戲劇家dramatist，他的作品永恒constant theme的主題是道德morality。 代表作the rivals情敵&the school for scandal造謠學(xué)校generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of shakespeare and th

41、ose of bernard shaw,and as ture classics in english comedy.被普遍認為是上承莎士比亞，下接蕭伯納的紐帶，是真正的英國古典派喜劇。 造謠學(xué)校主題the school for scandal：it is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteen-century england.no wonder,the play has been regarded as the best comedy si

42、nce shakespeare.對18世紀英國貴族資產(chǎn)階級的道德敗壞，對無聊的無人惡意的制造謠言，對上層社會驕奢淫逸的生活以及對在高貴生活方式和高尚道德準則的演示下的道德淪喪與虛偽假善的辛辣諷刺。毫無疑問，它被認為是自莎士比亞以來最出色的喜劇。 主要講述了兩兄弟的故事。the school for scandal is mainly a story about 2 brothers,the hypocritical偽善的 joseph surface&the good-natured,imprudent魯莽的,spendthrift揮霍者 charles surface. 托

43、馬斯·格雷Thomas Gray 不是專職作家 作品很少 the graveyard school墓地詩歌流派 declined the poet laureateship in 1757謝絕了使人桂冠獎 《墓園哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）表達詩人對時代紛亂狀態(tài)的厭惡和對“自然簡樸安排”的向往，吐露了他們的內(nèi)心感受。 其它作品：ode on the spring 春之頌,伊頓公學(xué)展望，愛貓之死 《墓園哀歌》的韻律分析： 典型的英雄四行詩(heoric quatrain)，每一節(jié)均為五音步抑揚格(iamb

44、ic pentameter) "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is regarded as Gray's best and most representative work. The poem is the outcome of about eight years' careful composition and polish. It is more or less connected with the melancholy event of the death of Richard West, Gray's intimate frien

45、d. 本詩被認為是格雷的最具有代表性的作品.托馬斯·格雷前后共花費了8年的時間仔細打磨這首詩.這首詩被認為紀念他最親密的朋友Richard West的,表達了詩人的憂傷/melancholy. 主題：In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wonderi

46、ng what the common could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them. 在這首詩中,格雷表達了對死亡、生活中的憂傷以及人類生活中的神秘因素的思考,并未觸及自己的私人生活.這首詩把普通人與偉人作了比較,認為假如有"機會",普通人也能成就一番事業(yè).在詩中,他表達了自己對窮苦貧民

47、的同情以及對偉人的嘲諷,他認為是那些對社會有影響力的人把巨大的災(zāi)難帶給了普通人. The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader. Though the use of artificial poetic diction and distorted word order make understanding of the poem somewhat difficult, the artistic polish ---- the sure control of language,

48、 imagery, rhythm , and his subtle moderation of style and tone ---- gives the poem a unique charm of its own. 這首詩以其細膩的手法為讀者描繪了一幅生動的圖景.盡管作者的個性語言、對詞語的隨意變換使得讀者在閱讀時覺得有些困難.但是正是這樣的細致打磨,對語言的把握、想象力、壓韻等這些適度的復(fù)雜語言風(fēng)格和語氣給予了這部詩作獨特的魅力. Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”格雷詩歌的主題與意向 In the

49、 poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at dusk through the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc.. He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in

50、the graves, tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people, and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in a way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray’s

51、 sympathy for the poor and contempt for the rich. 歷年考題 "Let not Ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys, and destiny obscure; Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the poor. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty,

52、 all that wealth e’er gave, Awaits alike the inevitable hour. The paths of glory lead but to the grave." Questions: 1) Identify the author and the works; 2) What does "the inevitable hour"? 3) Explain the first stanza; 4) What does the whole passage imply. 參考答案： 1) This is Thomas

53、 Gray’s "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard". 托馬斯·格雷的《寫在教堂墓地的挽歌》 2) "The inevitable hour" means time of death. 3) The first stanza means: The men with ambition and high position shouldn’t laugh at the ordinary people for their simple life and hard work. 4) In the passage, the poet refle

54、cts on the death----no matter how poor or wealthy, or how important and humble, every is equal before death, the author gives much sympathy to the poor and unknown 把上面的背完 再做一下練習(xí)題 這章就算差不多啦 Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period I. Choose the right answer: 1. ____brings Henry Fielding

55、the name of the \"Prose Homer\". A.The Pilgrim’s Progress B.Tom Jones C.Robison Crusoe D.Colonel Jack Answer: B (P122) 2. Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poems and finally brought to its last perfection ______Dryden had successfully used in his plays. A.the heroic coup

56、let B.the free verse C.the blank verse D.the Spenserian stanza Answer: A (P92) 3. Of all the 18th century novelists ___was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specially a \"comic epic in prose.\" A.Henry Fielding B.Daniel Defoe C.Jonathan Swift D.John Bu

57、nyan Answer: A (P120) 4. ____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.Genesis A B.The Holy War C.The Pilgrims progress D.Exodus Answer: C (P85) 5. In which of the following works can you find the proper names \"Lilliput\", \"Brobdingnag\", \"Houyhnhn

58、m\" and \"Yahoo\"? A.The Pilgrim’s Progress B.The Faririe Queene C.Gulliver’s travels D.The School of Scandel Answer: C (P108) 6. \"As shades more sweetly recommend the light, So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit; For works may have more wit than does’em good As bodies peri

59、sh through excess of blood.\" In the above lines, Pope tries to sat that_______. A.more wit will make better poetry B.plainness is more important than wit in poetry C.too much wit will destroy good poetry D.plainness will make wit dull Answer: C (P93-94) 7. The Rape of the Lock by Al

60、exander Pope is written in the form of a mock______, which describes the triviality of high society in a grand style. A.epic B.elegy C.sonnet D.ode Answer: A (P92) 8. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Samuel Johnson’s language style? A.His sentences are long an

61、d well structured. B.His sentences are interwoven with parallel words. C.He tends to use informal and colloquial words. D.His sentences are complicated, but his thoughts are clearly expressed. Answer: C (P132) 9. \"The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that

62、 wealth e’er gave, Awaits alike the inevitable hour. In the above quoted passage, Thomas Gray intends to say that great family, power, beauty and wealth___________. A.will never make people lead to the same destination----paths of glory. B.will inevitably make people realize their glorious

63、 dreams C.are the very best things to lead people to their glories D.will never prevent people from reaching their final destination---grave. Answer: D (P154) 10. ____has been regarded by some as \"Father of the English novel\" for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the

64、 modern novel. A.John Bunyan B.Henry Fielding C.Daniel Defoe D.Johnathan Swift Answer: B (P121) 11. ____was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes and tried to awaken men to this folly and hoped to cure them of it through his writing. A.Samuel Johnson

65、B.Jonathan Swift C.Richard Brinsley Sheridan D.Thomas Gray Answer: A (P132) 12. ____was the only important dramatist of the 18th century, in his plays, morality is the constant theme. A.Alexander Pope B.Richard Brinsley Sheridan C.Samuel Johnson D.George Bernard Shaw Answer: B

66、(P136) 13. As the representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce___to England. A.Rationalism B.Criticism C.Romanticism D.Realism Answer: A (P91) 14. The Rivals and ____are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. A.The School for Scandal B.The Duenna C.Widower’s Houses D.The Doctor’s Dilemma Answer: A (P137) 15. ____is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(道德淪喪) of the