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1、 論文題目 The differentnce diet cultureses between （英文） China with Americathe US 論文題目 淺談中美飲食文化的差異  The differentnce diet cultures between China with Westernthe US Abstract: As China’s overall national strength continues to increase, more and more foreigners begin to learn Ch

2、inese culture. The United States, as the world’s leading power, has more and more frequent exchanges with China in various fields, including many cultural exchanges. In different styles of Chinese and American culture, food culture is a very important content. In order to gain a deeper understandin

3、g of the cultural characteristics of China and the United States, this article will introduce the differences in food culture between the two countries from four parts. The first part mainly introduces the respective connotations and characteristics of food culture in China and the United States. Th

4、e second part expresses the differences in the specific dietary culture between the two countries from five aspects: the daily food types, the use of dishes, the order of servings, the arrangement of seats, and the concept of eating and drinking. The third part briefly analyzes the main reasons for

5、the cultural differences between China and the United States from geographical factors and traditional customs. And the last part summarizes the effect and influence of Sino-U.S. dietary differences in intercultural communication between the two countries. Through the analysis of this article, I ho

6、pe that more people can understand the differences between Chinese and American diet culture and avoid unnecessary misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication. China and America is the most representative economic country in eastern and western, as the two countries example, the paper from f

7、our parts to introduce difference eating culture between them. The first part is major mainly to introduce their own characteristic and connotation; the second part is from their food, tableware, seat arrangement, serving order and sense of eating to introduce specific performance; the third part is

8、 from geographical location, natural environment, religious faith, traditional custom four parts to explain the reasons why they are different; the last part is simply to introduced the difference different dating cultures in the two countries’ communion and confluence. The paper is hopes to more an

9、d more people to know the difference eating culture whom from different country, and to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding. Key words: diet cultures, differencece, communication 1. 淺談中美飲食文化的差異 摘要: 隨著中國(guó)綜合國(guó)力的不斷提升，越來越多的外國(guó)友人

10、開始學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)文化。美國(guó)作為世界第一強(qiáng)國(guó)，與中國(guó)在各方面的交流越來越頻繁，這其中不乏許多文化交流。而在風(fēng)格迥異的中美文化中，飲食文化是一個(gè)非常重要的內(nèi)容。比如，東方國(guó)家大部分以米飯為主食，西方國(guó)家則以土豆為主食，而土豆在東方國(guó)家通常被當(dāng)作菜肴食用，為什么會(huì)有這種差異呢？ 為了深入對(duì)中美兩國(guó)飲食文化特色的了解，本文從四三部分介紹兩國(guó)的飲食文化差異。。第一部分章主要介紹中美兩國(guó)飲食文化的各自內(nèi)涵和特點(diǎn)；第二部分分別從兩國(guó)日常的食物種類、使用的餐具、上菜的順序、座席的安排、飲食的觀念等五個(gè)方面來表現(xiàn)雙方具體的的飲食文化差異現(xiàn)象；第三部分從兩國(guó)的地理位置因素和傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗因素，簡(jiǎn)要分析了造成這種

11、飲食文化差異的主要原因；最后一部分總結(jié)了中美飲食差異在兩國(guó)間交流和融合中跨文化交流中所起的作用與影響。 通過本文的分析，希望更多的人能夠了解中美飲食文化差異，避免在跨文化交流中產(chǎn)生不必要的誤會(huì)。 如今越來越多的國(guó)外友人學(xué)習(xí)漢語并了解中國(guó)文化，成為了一種潮流。飲食，是文化一部分。東西方在飲食文化上存在較大差異，各具特色。了解東西方飲食文化的差異，有助于我們更清楚地知道這種差異的具體表現(xiàn)以及所形成的原因。 中美兩國(guó)是東西方最具代表性的經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó)，本文以中美兩國(guó)為例，分為四個(gè)部分簡(jiǎn)單介紹了兩國(guó)間的飲食文化差異。第一部分主要介紹中美兩國(guó)飲食文化的各自內(nèi)涵和特點(diǎn)；第二部分主要從兩

12、國(guó)的飲食食材、飲食餐具、座席安排、上菜順序、飲食觀念五個(gè)方面來介紹差異性的具體表現(xiàn)；第三部分從地理位置、自然環(huán)境、宗教信仰、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗四個(gè)方面來介紹所形成差異性的原因；最后一部分簡(jiǎn)單介紹了中美飲食差異在兩國(guó)間的交流和融合。本文以中美兩國(guó)的飲食文化差異，希望被更多的中西方朋友所了解，避免在跨文化交際中，產(chǎn)生不必要的誤解。 關(guān)鍵詞：飲食文化，差異, 交流  Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. The characteristics and connotations of dieteating

13、 cultures in China with the USAmerica 2 3.The differentce eating habitsways……………………….…………………………………..………6 3.1 The tTypeskind of food 5 3.2 The use of tableware 6 3.3 The sSeat arrangement………………………………………………………….…...………6 3.4 The cConcept of sense of diettime 8 3.5The order of sServing order

14、order…………………………...…………………………………….………….…….8 4. The rReasons nn of differentce diet culture between China and the USAmerica 9 4.1 Geographical locations………………………………….………………………….....9 4.2 Natural environment………………………………………………………………..9 4.3 Religious faith………………………………………………1……………………10 4.

15、24 Traditional customs……………………………………………….…………………10 5. The effects and functions of different diet cultures ……………………...……….The difference dating culture in the two countries’ communion and confluence……….11 Works Cited 9 The difference diet cultures between China and the

16、us Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 2018 Huang Yiyan Tutor: Professor Yang Xiaowan 1. Introduction Food is a part of the most basics way to help human to keep the pot boiling. ‘Food is god for the people’ what is a sentence that never change its meanings from ancient to modern times. T

17、he types of foods have so many varieties in the world, in some countries from east, rice was regarded as staple food and use chopsticks as tableware; In some countries from west, potato was regarded as staple food and use knife and fork as tableware. Why the potato will be often regarded as dish not

18、 as staple food in some east’s countries like China? What’s the reason that caused the different diet culture? To help people who from different countries to understand the difference diet cultures between the east and the west, the paper selects China and the US as examples to analysed. And thr

19、ough their specific difference manifestations of the eating habits, the reasons of caused difference, and the last part is to introduce the difference diet culture’s effects and functions in the two countries’ communion and confluence. Through to analysed the two countries’ different diet culture, t

20、hat talk shallowly about the effects and functions of different diet culture in cross-culture communication. 1. The characteristics and connotations of diet cultures in China with the United States Chinese diet cultures influenced by various factors, and it represents different characteristics.

21、 First, Chinese diet pays many attentions to appearance. For example, the cook will carve different kinds of sculpts which are made by fruits or vegetables such as watermelon or radish to adorn diet. Second, it has regional features. Different region has different diet system, and the most famous di

22、et system is the eight major components of Chinese cuisine, which are Hunan Cuisine, Anhui Cuisine, Zhejiang Cuisine, Jiangsu Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine, Guangdong Cuisine, Sichuan Cuisine and Shandong Cuisine. Third, it combines diet with medicine. Chinese people always prevent disease and treat the d

23、isease through diet therapy. All in all, Chinese food’s aroma, color and teste are all excellent. As we all know that the United States is a country of immigrants, different country’s culture, history and religion mix together and make up American diet culture. Comparing with Chinese diet culture,

24、the biggest characteristic of American culture is that they pay much attentions to the collocation of nutrition, and they do the best to represents the taste of diet. For example, they prefer to eat uncooked food or unprocessed food rather than processed food. As a multinational country, American’s

25、diet culture is diversity. Other country’s people bring their own country’s diet custom and technique of cook food to the United States, with the passing of time, American diet culture has made up. Therefore, American diet culture mixed up the most outstanding diet culture of other countries, and it

26、 owns one of the best diet culture in the world. 2. The different eating habits 2.1 Types of food China has been an agriculture country since ancient times, and its main crops are wheat and rice, therefore, most of Chinese like to eat vegetarian diet. In ancient times, people’s living standards

27、are not as high as ours today, they eat rice and vegetables everyday as their food. Only when it is a celebrated day or rich people would eat meat. However, with the development of economic, Chinese people’s dietary structure are becoming more and more reasonable, they would eat meat every day, espe

28、cially processed cooked food, which they think are much heathier and safe than unprocessed food. Chinese people usually eat three meals a day, in which they think the most important is lunch. There is an old saying: Breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince, supper like a pauper, and it can be the

29、best description of Chinese dietary habit. We Chinese have an idea that the most important meal in a day is lunch, so our dishes are so bumper in lunch time. As for dinner, the old choose to eat little or eat nothing depend on everyone’s health condition. In addition, Chinese people like to drink te

30、a, which has become a way of communication. The types of tea have green tea, black tea, oolong, Pu’er tea etc. As a guest, when you go to some friend’s house having a visit, the host will provide the best quality’s tea for you to show their welcome. Americans have totally different point of view. T

31、hey like to eat meat and in their mind, the nutritional value of meat is so high that vegetarian diet cannot catch up with. Many American food’s material originate from chicken, fish, eggs and beef etc. They also drink milk every day, so they look very strong. Not like Chinese people, American peopl

32、e don’t like to eat animal’s viscera, head, feet etc. As for drinks, they like coffee. Coffee has become a part that cannot be separated from their daily life. There are also many types of coffee: espresso, mocha coffee, cappuccino, lattee and so on. 2.2 Tableware Comparing with two country’s tab

33、leware, we can find many disparities. In China, any tableware can be presented on the table. Traditional Chinese tableware including chopsticks, bowls, saucers, soup spoons and so on. And chopsticks are the most representative tableware in China, we use them at every day’s meal. The usage of chopst

34、icks is very special, we can not only use it to eat rice, but also can use it to eat noodles, dumplings, rice noodles, meat and so on. Almost every kind of Chinese food can be eaten by chopsticks. But there is a taboo we should take notice of. When we use chopsticks to eat rice, we cannot stick it i

35、n rice straightly, because when we show our respect to our ancestors, we United usually take this action. In the United States, we can also see many tableware such as knives, forks, saucers and so on. Unquestionable, knives and forks are used most frequently, hence they become the most representati

36、ve tableware in America. The function of knives and forks are likely to the chopsticks, they have many usage, too. When you eat fish, meat and sea food, you can use knives, and when you eat salad or other relish, you can use forks. Moreover, if you are in different situation, the functions of tablew

37、are are not the same, so the best choice to use tableware correctly abroad is to ask your friends for help, whenever you have questions, ask your friends or the host as much as possible, they will be pleasure to introduce their diet cultures to you. 2.3 Seat arrangement When?dine?together?with?rel

38、atives?or?friends,?Chinese?and?Americans?are?different.?Let’s?take?seats? arrangement?as?an?example. Generally?speaking,?the?host?should?arrange?everything?well?to?wait?for? the?coming?of?guests.?Whether?in?China?or?the?United States,?seats?arrangement?is?very?significant.? Nowadays,?we?hold?a?vi

39、ewpoint?that?right?is?superior?than?left,?which?represents?in?the?seats?arrangement.?Usually,?the?most?important?seat?is?at?the?opposite?of?door,?and?that?seat?is?prepared?for?the?most?respectful?guest.?Other?guests?would?be?arranged?at?the?right?hand?of?the?most?important?guest,?and?the?host?would?

40、also?sit?near?him,?but?the?host?is?on?the?left?hand.?Influenced?by?some?western?thoughts,?and?with?the?development?of?reform?and?opening?up,?women’s?situation?in?China?has?becoming?higher?than?before.?Even?in?some?advanced?areas,?they?accept?‘Lady?first’?idea,?and?respect?women?all?the?time. In?add

41、ition,?when?we?attend?a?wedding?or?a?dinner?party,?we?may?see?more?than?two?tables,?Usually?the?host?has?arranged?the?seats?already,?and?if?you?are?enough?patient?to?look?around,?you?will?find?that?the?host?and?his?families?sit?on?the?main?table. While?in?ancient?China,?we?have?a?traditional?concep

42、t?that?people?who?sit?the?seats?on?the?left?are?superior?than?the?right?ones,?hence?respected?guests?or?older?people?always?sit?on?the?left.?And?at?that?time,?women?cannot?sit?down?to?eat,?most?often,?they?were?allocated?with?some?food?and?ate?at?a?corner?or?outside?the?dinning?room. In?the?USA?the

43、y?also?think?the?seats?on?the?right?are?more?superior?than?the?seats?on?the?left.?The?couple?would?not?sit?close?to?each?other,?and?sometimes?they?would?sit?at?opposite,?because?they?think?this?kind?of?way?can?help?them?have?more?communication,?especially?eye?contact.?As?what?we?said?above,?western?

44、countries?obey?‘Lady?first’,?and?it?is?clear?America?included.?Whenever?they?are,?lady’s?position?is?very?high?and?always?respected?by?gentlemen. 3.3 Concept of sense of diet Every?country?has?its?own?features?diet,among?these?two?countries,?Chinese?people?emphasize?on?the?taste?of?food?while?the?

45、Americans?emphasize?on?the?nutrition. Traditional?Chinese?cooking?methods including steam, deep-fry, bake, roast, boil and so on. Any one of these methods can break down nutrients, some even may do harm to our health. Nevertheless, none of Chinese people think it is vital important, they only want

46、to pursue the best taste. And the highest standard of a Chinese diet is its taste. What is known to all is that Chinese people like eating food with saline taste although they have already known too much salt is harmful to their health. Why this situation would happen? There are some reasons. On the

47、 one hand, every family can afford the price of salt, which is a condiment in China, so salt nearly can be seen in every Chinese food. On the other hand, according to a survey, someone can accept the taste of spicy, someone can accept the taste of sweet, but more people would like to accept the tast

48、e of salty, this survey laid a solid foundation for the popular of salty food. The appearance of food reflects Chinese traditionally philosophical view—fuzziness. Thus we pursue the beautiful appearance of food surpass its nutrition. The ultimate demand of Chinese cuisine is to merge together every

49、 kind of flavor or raw material and make a satisfying meal for dependents. Such process lays stress on the control of details and the coordinate of entire food system. Contrary to Chinese diet culture, Americans lay much emphasis on food nutrition. Americans think that eating scientifically nutriti

50、ous food is critical, and they pay more attention to efficiency and convenience, and do not care about the appearance of refinement and meticulousness (Lockie, S., 2002:54-57). "What American holds in great account is whether nutrient content, including protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin and other

51、inorganic elements, is suitable and whether the nutrient content is best absorbed"(Clayton, M. M.,1994:12). They regard diet as a kind of science, and pursue as much as nutrition in food. In their idea, everyone cannot survival without food, in other words, food is only to help people survival rathe

52、r than give you a good taste. For them, getting energy is the only target for them to eat. But going too far is as bad as not going far enough, today’s rate of obesity in the United States rise to about 38 percent, which is the highest rate in the world. In addition, Americans like to eat food with

53、little condiment, some athletes or fitness fanatics even eat food just boiled in order to reduce lipid. Indeed, this type of diet system is good for metabolism. 3.5Serving order Chinese serving order United usually like this: Firstly, drinks and cold dishes will be served, you can chat with your f

54、riends and eat some cold dish. Then, hot dishes will be served. Our Chinese people like even numbers, whatever dishes are served, the number will be six, eight, ten, twelve etc. Because Chinese people think even numbers represent good luck and happiness. Next, staple food will be served. Staple food

55、 mainly include rice or steamed bun. At last, dessert and fruits will be served. When the host invited many friends, there would be many tables in the room, but the food’s serving order are the same, and cold dishes will be served at the beginning, then hot dishes and dessert. If you take the respon

56、sibility to server all the people, you should keep in mind that guests are the most important people, so you should serve them first, after all the guests are served, the host’s table is the last. Some matters need attention in this serving progress. If the dishes like chicken, duck or fish are enti

57、rely as a whole being served, then we should be careful that the head cannot toward the emic position. About serving system, there are different forms. Some places or restaurants would put the same dishes on a big tray, then bring it to the guests, every table can have one if they take it by themsel

58、ves. Some places or restaurants would order their servants to provide all the dishes to guests without disturbing them. While some places would divide all the dishes into small quantity that is adequate for one person, then distribute to everyone. This type of distribution like slide show, serving o

59、ne dish at a time. America’s serving order United usually like this: before staple food, they United usually can get butter, bread, cold dishes, soup and sea food. Cold dishes and soup are match with bread to eat together first. As the first dish, cold dish can be eaten together with aperitifs. The

60、n it is the performance of staple food. American people like to eat all kinds of meat, for instance, beef, mutton, pork, chicken, fish and so on. Not like Chinese people, in some occasions, Americans don’t like to chat while eating. Ice-cream and pudding are their dessert. 4. Reasons 4.1Geograph

61、ical locations China is located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Northern Chinese people like to eat pasta due to wheat is appropriate grown at there. Northern area’s terrain is open and plain, and its precipitation is seasonal. Steamed buns are necessary for northern Ch

62、inese people, and they did not have the feeling of satiety without eating it. Southern China’s weather is hot and rainy, and the local famers know what kind of grain can grow best, so they plant paddy fields. Southern Chinese people attach great importance to color, smell and taste of food. Their ta

63、ste is subdued and they like to add sugar into their food. Many people also like to eat raw aquatic products such as fish, crab, salmon, etc., and eat it with a little condiment. Southern Chinese people pay attention to exquisite food, and every meal will have stewed soup, also with light tastes. M

64、ost of China’s areas are located in monsoon climate. Its rain and heat are in the same period, which is conducive to the growth of crops. It boasts several latitudes and longitudes, thus forming multiple climate zones, which is conducive to the diversity of agriculture. The terrain is complex and di

65、verse, which is conducive to the development of three-dimensional agriculture. The coastline is long, and the economy of the southeastern coastal areas is advanced, also the area’s sea transportation is convenient. The United States is the forth-largest country in the world. Its territories include

66、 the United States, Alaska in the northwestern part of North America, and the Hawaiian Islands in the central Pacific Ocean. Most of the United States belong to the continental climate, and the northeast climate is clammy, suitable for the growth of juicy pasture, the development of dairy farming. The central terrain is flat, black soil is widespread, and there is plenty of water and heat. During the same period of rain and heat, large farms are developed. Wheat, corn and cotton are from the nor