領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)（桑塔納2000車(chē)型）（全套含CAD圖紙）,蹄式鼓式,制動(dòng)器,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),桑塔納,2000,車(chē)型,全套,CAD,圖紙 湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書(shū) 機(jī)電工程 院 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 系（教研室） 系（教研室）主任: （簽名） 2014 年 12 月 31 日 學(xué)生姓名: 學(xué)號(hào): 專(zhuān)業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 1 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目及專(zhuān)題： 領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 2 學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)（論文）時(shí)間：自 2015 年 3 月 9 日開(kāi)始至 2015 年 5 月 22 日止 3 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）所用資源和參考資料： 1） 領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器：年生產(chǎn)量30萬(wàn)件； 2） 使用工具：三維軟件操作平臺(tái)，制動(dòng)器拆裝工具； 3） 參考資料：濮良貴 主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M],機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2012。 陳家瑞 主編.汽車(chē)構(gòu)造[M],機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2011。 王望予 主編.汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)[M],機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2012。 4 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）應(yīng)完成的主要內(nèi)容： 1） 完成領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器的總體方案設(shè)計(jì)； 2） 完成領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器的測(cè)繪； 3） 完成領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及主要零件的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算； 4） 利用三維軟件平臺(tái)，完成領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器實(shí)體模型的建立； 5） 完成領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器裝配圖和零件圖的繪制和畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份。 5 提交設(shè)計(jì)（論文）形式（設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明與圖紙或論文等）及要求： 1） 領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器三維模型一份； 2） 領(lǐng)從蹄式鼓式制動(dòng)器的裝配圖和零件圖（共計(jì)A0圖2.0張）； 3） 完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份（不少于八千字）。 6 發(fā)題時(shí)間： 2014 年 12 月 31 日 指導(dǎo)教師： （簽名） 學(xué) 生： （簽名） 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告 學(xué)院：機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專(zhuān)業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班級(jí)： 姓名： 學(xué)號(hào)： 實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間：2015.3.2 ~ 2015.4.12 指導(dǎo)老師： 一.實(shí)習(xí)地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間 2015.3.2~2015.4.12,到湖南山河智能裝備股份有限公司實(shí)習(xí)。 二. 實(shí)習(xí)目的 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專(zhuān)業(yè)教學(xué)計(jì)劃所設(shè)的重要實(shí)踐性教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，是學(xué)生理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的課堂，是學(xué)生大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的一次總結(jié)和升華，是大學(xué)本科教育中的一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的環(huán)節(jié)。學(xué)生通過(guò)實(shí)習(xí)能獲得綜合運(yùn)用過(guò)去所學(xué)過(guò)的全部課程進(jìn)行機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的基本能力，將理論知識(shí)與實(shí)際操作相結(jié)合為以后做好畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、走上工作崗位進(jìn)行一次綜合訓(xùn)練和準(zhǔn)備。 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的目的： 　　1、 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專(zhuān)業(yè)的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)是使學(xué)生德、智、體全面發(fā)展，具有從事機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品、系統(tǒng)和控制智能的設(shè)計(jì)、維護(hù)、制造及開(kāi)發(fā)基本能力的應(yīng)用型專(zhuān)門(mén)人才。學(xué)生要有機(jī)械電子兩方面的基礎(chǔ)理論，還要將理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合，在實(shí)踐中提高能力。通過(guò)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，可以進(jìn)一步鞏固和深化所學(xué)的理論知識(shí)，彌補(bǔ)理論教學(xué)的不足。 　　2．通過(guò)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，了解機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品、設(shè)備，提高對(duì)機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)的認(rèn)識(shí)，加深機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在工業(yè)各領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的感性認(rèn)識(shí)，開(kāi)闊視野，了解相關(guān)設(shè)備及技術(shù)資料，熟悉典型零件的加工工藝，為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)打好基礎(chǔ)。 3．通過(guò)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)接觸認(rèn)識(shí)社會(huì)，提高社會(huì)交往能力，學(xué)習(xí)工人師傅和工程技術(shù)人員的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)和敬業(yè)精神，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的專(zhuān)業(yè)素質(zhì)，明確自己的社會(huì)責(zé)任。 4.通過(guò)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，逐步完成學(xué)生到工人的轉(zhuǎn)變，培養(yǎng)我們擔(dān)任技術(shù)工作的能力，了解企業(yè)文化和工作內(nèi)容方法。 三. 實(shí)習(xí)單位簡(jiǎn)介 山河智能裝備集團(tuán)創(chuàng)始于1999年，以上市公司山河智能裝備股份有限公司為核心企業(yè)，以長(zhǎng)沙為總部，分別在長(zhǎng)沙、無(wú)錫、淮北、歐洲建立了多家子公司。逐步形成了一個(gè)以工程機(jī)械為核心、擁有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)、在國(guó)內(nèi)外具有一定影響力的國(guó)際性企業(yè)集團(tuán)，躋身于全球工程機(jī)械企業(yè)50強(qiáng)。 在集團(tuán)創(chuàng)始人、董事長(zhǎng)何清華的帶領(lǐng)下，以“修身、治業(yè)，懷天下”為核心價(jià)值觀，依靠自主創(chuàng)新，引領(lǐng)市場(chǎng)，憑借良好的技術(shù)實(shí)力和現(xiàn)代化管理，迅速崛起。集團(tuán)總資產(chǎn)超過(guò)65億元，已在大型樁工機(jī)械、全系列挖掘機(jī)、現(xiàn)代鑿巖設(shè)備、工業(yè)車(chē)輛、礦業(yè)裝備、起重機(jī)械、路面機(jī)械、液壓元器件、軍用工程機(jī)械和通用航空設(shè)備、游艇等十多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，成功研發(fā)出上百個(gè)規(guī)格型號(hào)，具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的高品質(zhì)、高性能工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品。山河智能作為國(guó)家高新技術(shù)企業(yè)的優(yōu)秀代表，獲得“國(guó)家認(rèn)定企業(yè)技術(shù)中心”、“國(guó)家博士后科研工作站”、“國(guó)家創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)”、“國(guó)際科技合作基地”、“國(guó)家863成果產(chǎn)業(yè)化基地”、“國(guó)家工程機(jī)械動(dòng)員中心”、“院士專(zhuān)家科研工作站”“中國(guó)優(yōu)秀民營(yíng)科技企業(yè)”等稱(chēng)號(hào)。 山河智能裝備集團(tuán)以“做裝備制造領(lǐng)域世界價(jià)值的創(chuàng)造者”為使命和愿景，自主創(chuàng)新成果獲得國(guó)內(nèi)外領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和專(zhuān)家的高度認(rèn)可。黨和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人李克強(qiáng)、溫家寶、劉云山、張高麗、李長(zhǎng)春、劉延?xùn)|等先后來(lái)到山河智能視察，對(duì)山河智能堅(jiān)持自主創(chuàng)新給予了高度評(píng)價(jià)和肯定。 公司注重研發(fā)平臺(tái)條件建設(shè)，持續(xù)加強(qiáng)研發(fā)投入，確保R&D投入占銷(xiāo)售收入的4%以上，重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)以主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品為對(duì)象的試驗(yàn)條件建設(shè)，為科研開(kāi)發(fā)、檢測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)、中間試驗(yàn)提供有力支持。同時(shí)加強(qiáng)新產(chǎn)品試制車(chē)間建設(shè)，包括場(chǎng)地、設(shè)備、體制與人員等；加強(qiáng)技術(shù)中心信息化建設(shè)，構(gòu)建與各產(chǎn)業(yè)園、各分/子公司（無(wú)錫、淮北等）的信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)通道，實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)，建立產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)中心，加強(qiáng)信息安全管理，在設(shè)計(jì)工具、辦公環(huán)境等方面，不斷加大投入力度。 公司的研發(fā)條件優(yōu)越，其中長(zhǎng)沙本部的專(zhuān)用技術(shù)中心大樓使用面積近1萬(wàn)平方米，實(shí)現(xiàn)了局域互連；導(dǎo)入了CAD/CAE/CAM高端設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用工具，特別是Inventor三維設(shè)計(jì)軟件推進(jìn)與應(yīng)用，使設(shè)計(jì)效率成倍提高，管理效率大幅提升，三維造型、工程分析、動(dòng)態(tài)模擬、數(shù)字化樣機(jī)等走在設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的前沿；通過(guò)PLM系統(tǒng)的實(shí)施，實(shí)現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)全生命周期有效管理，結(jié)合PLM分布式部署，使得整個(gè)集團(tuán)研發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、可視化、流程化和信息化；CAPP系統(tǒng)的實(shí)施，解決了設(shè)計(jì)與制造的孤立問(wèn)題，使設(shè)計(jì)與制造有機(jī)地連接起來(lái)，進(jìn)一步提升了工藝設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用能力，有效地提升了產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，降低了產(chǎn)品成本；PLM與ERP系統(tǒng)集成，打破了前期數(shù)據(jù)孤島問(wèn)題，PLM數(shù)據(jù)可直接智能化地提交到ERP系統(tǒng)，集合產(chǎn)品配置管理，確保數(shù)據(jù)的源頭性和一致性，大大提升了PLM系統(tǒng)和ERP系統(tǒng)的使用效率和協(xié)作性能。 四. 實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容 實(shí)習(xí)的內(nèi)容主要分為兩大部分： 第一部分，培訓(xùn)。 為了幫助我們更好地適應(yīng)從學(xué)生到一個(gè)具備完善職業(yè)技能的工作人員，公司給我們進(jìn)行了一些專(zhuān)項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)。公司從九個(gè)方位出發(fā)，開(kāi)展入司培訓(xùn)、理念提升培訓(xùn)、管理體系培訓(xùn)、技能提升培訓(xùn)、產(chǎn)品知識(shí)培訓(xùn)、營(yíng)銷(xiāo)培訓(xùn)、售后培訓(xùn)、拓展訓(xùn)練以及資格認(rèn)證等各類(lèi)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目。公司擁有能同時(shí)容納100余人的現(xiàn)代化多媒體培訓(xùn)室、各類(lèi)培訓(xùn)教材800多套及一支業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)高的講師隊(duì)伍。 第二部分，工作。 為期一個(gè)多月的實(shí)習(xí)是我人生的一個(gè)重要轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。慢慢的熟悉工作環(huán)境和工作同事后，逐漸進(jìn)入工作狀態(tài)，每天按照分配的任務(wù)按時(shí)按量的完成。 在為期一周的工作中，我理解了工作的艱辛與不易。即使是一件很平常的小事也不能大意，也讓我明白一個(gè)道理：事無(wú)巨細(xì)。 實(shí)習(xí)過(guò)程如下： 實(shí)習(xí)第一周： 所有新入司員工必須參加入司培訓(xùn)，培訓(xùn)時(shí)間為4天，使新員工盡快熟悉公司情況，了解企業(yè)文化，融入公司。內(nèi)容包括公司發(fā)展史、企業(yè)文化、司歌、通用禁令、產(chǎn)品知識(shí)、基本制度、財(cái)務(wù)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、7S環(huán)境安全知識(shí)、質(zhì)量意識(shí)、拓展訓(xùn)練、軍訓(xùn)、商務(wù)禮儀、勵(lì)志教育和職場(chǎng)心態(tài)等課程。 實(shí)習(xí)第二周： 為了更好使我們適應(yīng)從學(xué)生到一個(gè)具備完善職業(yè)技能的工作人員的轉(zhuǎn)變，公司首先給我們安排在機(jī)房進(jìn)行一些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)，并安排專(zhuān)門(mén)的老師對(duì)每個(gè)部門(mén)的同學(xué)進(jìn)行專(zhuān)項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)，老師通過(guò)講課和帶領(lǐng)我們深入生產(chǎn)第一線參觀學(xué)習(xí)，了解公司鼓勵(lì)我們對(duì)于不懂的問(wèn)題要即使解決，不能因?yàn)椴欢艞墝W(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)。 實(shí)習(xí)第三至六周：我們正式進(jìn)入實(shí)習(xí)崗位，開(kāi)始正式的實(shí)習(xí)生活。 在實(shí)習(xí)期間，我被安排在綜合傳動(dòng)事業(yè)部見(jiàn)習(xí)，有幸參與了傳動(dòng)軸的工藝設(shè)計(jì)與裝配。 傳動(dòng)軸在各種機(jī)械或傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中廣泛使用，用來(lái)傳遞動(dòng)力。在傳力過(guò)程中主要承受交變扭轉(zhuǎn)負(fù)荷或有沖擊，因此該零件應(yīng)具有足夠的強(qiáng)度、剛度和韌性，以適應(yīng)其工作條件。 圖一傳動(dòng)軸尺寸參數(shù)圖 如圖一所示，該零件的主要工作表面為E、M、F、N四個(gè)階梯軸的外圓表面，它們的精度和表面粗糙度要求很高，在設(shè)計(jì)工藝規(guī)程時(shí)應(yīng)重點(diǎn)予以保證。該傳動(dòng)軸零件形狀為較簡(jiǎn)單的階梯軸，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。為實(shí)現(xiàn)軸的準(zhǔn)確傳遞動(dòng)力和軸與軸之間的精密配合，要求很高的精度等級(jí)和表面粗糙度。為了在傳力過(guò)程中承受交變扭轉(zhuǎn)負(fù)荷和沖擊，傳動(dòng)軸需要有良好的力學(xué)綜合性能，一般要對(duì)其進(jìn)行調(diào)質(zhì)處理，材料可為45號(hào)鋼，就可以達(dá)到它的使用要求。由于傳動(dòng)軸配合的表面較多，為了保證各表面間的精密配合，需嚴(yán)格保證中心軸線的形位誤差，所以要對(duì)重要表面或端面提出形位誤差的要求，在加工時(shí)嚴(yán)格保證。如：傳動(dòng)軸的兩個(gè)重要端面提出了相對(duì)中心軸線的端面圓跳動(dòng)，保證垂直度在0.02以內(nèi)，此外還保證了M、N兩個(gè)重要軸的中心線相對(duì)中心軸線的同軸度誤差在0.02以內(nèi)。 表一 傳動(dòng)軸零件技術(shù)要求表 加工表面 尺寸及偏差/mm 公差/mm及精度等級(jí) 表面粗糙度Ra/μm 形位公差/mm 傳動(dòng)軸兩端面 215 無(wú) 無(wú) 無(wú) M軸肩左端面 32 無(wú) 無(wú) 無(wú) N軸肩右端面 20 無(wú) 無(wú) 無(wú) F軸肩右端面 58 無(wú) 無(wú) 無(wú) P面 65 無(wú) 0.8 Q面 104 無(wú) 0.8 無(wú) G軸外圓面 φ40 無(wú) 無(wú) 無(wú) F軸外圓面左部 φ30±0.0065 IT6 0.8 無(wú) F軸外圓面右部 IT9 0.8 無(wú) N軸外圓面 IT6 0.8 無(wú) M軸外圓面 φ35±0.008 IT6 0.8 E軸外圓面 φ30±0.0065 IT6 0.8 無(wú) M軸外圓面上鍵槽側(cè)面 IT10 3.2 無(wú) N軸外圓面上鍵槽側(cè)面 IT9 3.2 無(wú) 該鍛件的尺寸公差和機(jī)械加工余量，如表二所示： 表二傳動(dòng)軸鍛造毛坯機(jī)械加工總余量及毛坯尺寸 鍛件重量Mt/kg 包容體重量Mo/kg 形狀復(fù)雜系數(shù) S 材質(zhì)系數(shù) 公差等級(jí) 2.5 3 S1 M1 普通級(jí) 毛坯尺寸/mm 機(jī)械加工余量余量/mm 鍛件尺寸 兩端面215 7 229 E軸外圓面φ30h6 7±2（取7） φ37 M軸外圓面φ35h6 7±2（取7） φ42 N軸外圓面φ25h6 7±2（取7） φ32 G軸外圓面φ40 7±2（取6.7） φ46.7 φ20螺紋加工軸 7±2（取6.7） φ26.7 F軸φ30h7 7±2（取7） φ37 該傳動(dòng)軸工序的安排順序?yàn)椋夯鶞?zhǔn)加工—各端面和主要表面粗加工—熱處理—主要表面半精加工—輔助工序—主要表面磨加工和次要表面加工—主要表面精磨加工。根據(jù)傳動(dòng)軸零件上各加工表面的尺寸精度和表面粗糙度，確定加工件各表面的加工方法如下表三所示： 表三 傳動(dòng)軸零件各表面加工方案 加工表面 尺寸精度等級(jí) 表面粗糙度Ra（um） 加工方法 傳動(dòng)軸兩端面、M軸肩左端面和F、N軸肩右端面 無(wú) 無(wú) 粗車(chē) P、Q面 無(wú) 0.8 粗車(chē)-半精車(chē)-磨削 E外圓表面 IT6 0.3 粗車(chē)-半精車(chē)-磨削 M外圓表面 IT6 0.8 粗車(chē)-半精車(chē)-磨削 F外圓表面左部 IT6 0.8 粗車(chē)-半精車(chē)-磨削 F外圓表面右部 IT9 0.8 粗車(chē)-半精車(chē)-磨削 N外圓表面 IT6 0.8 粗車(chē)-半精車(chē)-磨削 M面上鍵槽側(cè)面 IT10 3.2 粗銑-半精銑 N面上鍵槽側(cè)面 IT9 3.2 粗銑-半精銑 傳動(dòng)軸工藝路線及設(shè)備、工裝的選用如表四所示： 表四傳動(dòng)軸工藝路線及設(shè)備、工裝的選用 工序號(hào) 工序名稱(chēng) 工序內(nèi)容 車(chē)床設(shè)備 刀具 量具 1 鍛造 鍛造毛坯 2 熱處理 正火處理 3 粗車(chē)、鉆孔 粗車(chē)兩端面并鉆中心孔 CA6140 90°刀 游標(biāo)卡尺 4 粗車(chē) 傳動(dòng)軸各外圓表面 CA6140 75°刀 游標(biāo)卡尺 5 熱處理 調(diào)質(zhì)處理 220—240HBS 6 研修 研修中心孔 鉗工臺(tái) 麻花鉆 游標(biāo)卡尺 7 半精車(chē) 對(duì)外圓面及軸肩面半精加工 CA6140 75°刀 游標(biāo)卡尺 8 車(chē)退刀槽 在各端面處車(chē)出退刀槽 CA6140 切槽刀 游標(biāo)卡尺 9 車(chē)螺紋 對(duì)φ20軸車(chē)螺紋， CA6140 螺紋車(chē)刀 游標(biāo)卡尺 10 磨削 對(duì)M、F、N、E外圓表面和P、Q軸肩面磨削加工至尺寸 MD1420 砂輪 卡規(guī)深度游標(biāo)卡尺 11 銑鍵槽 在M、N面上銑鍵槽 至規(guī)定要求 X5032 鍵槽銑刀 卡規(guī)深度游標(biāo)卡尺 12 去毛刺 鉗工臺(tái) 平銼 13 清洗 清洗機(jī) 14 終檢 游標(biāo)卡尺卡規(guī) 然后我參觀了該傳動(dòng)軸的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，并將它與其他零部件裝配起來(lái)。 在實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)繪圖過(guò)程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管我能比較熟練的操作cad和proe繪圖，但繪圖效率比較低，耗時(shí)太大。設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足。 五. 實(shí)習(xí)心得體會(huì) 時(shí)光荏苒，轉(zhuǎn)眼間為期四年的大學(xué)生涯就馬上結(jié)束了，這次畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)是本科階段最后一個(gè)實(shí)踐性教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。接下來(lái)完成畢業(yè)論文答辯，我們就將離開(kāi)學(xué)校進(jìn)入社會(huì)。它對(duì)于提高和鍛煉我們的社會(huì)適應(yīng)能力、工作能力都非常的重要。今天這個(gè)社會(huì)，用人單位都傾向于有一定工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人才，以致能盡可能快的上崗工作。 通過(guò)這次的實(shí)習(xí)，我對(duì)自己的專(zhuān)業(yè)有了更為詳盡而深刻的了解，也是對(duì)這幾年大學(xué)里所學(xué)知識(shí)的鞏固與運(yùn)用。從這次實(shí)習(xí)中，我體會(huì)到了實(shí)際的工作與書(shū)本上的知識(shí)是有一定距離的，需要進(jìn)一步的加深學(xué)習(xí)。此次實(shí)習(xí)，不僅培養(yǎng)了我的實(shí)際動(dòng)手能力，增加了實(shí)際的操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，縮短了抽象的課本知識(shí)與實(shí)際工作的距離，也對(duì)實(shí)際工作的有了一個(gè)新的認(rèn)識(shí)。 實(shí)習(xí)是個(gè)人綜合能力的鍛煉。作為一名新時(shí)代的新青年更應(yīng)該把學(xué)習(xí)作為保持工作積極性的重要途徑?！霸诖髮W(xué)里學(xué)的不是知識(shí)，而是一種叫做自學(xué)的能力”。參加工作后才能深刻體會(huì)這句話的含義。課本上學(xué)的理論知識(shí)用到的很少。在這個(gè)信息爆炸的時(shí)代，知識(shí)更新太快，靠原有的一點(diǎn)知識(shí)肯定是不行的。我們必須在工作中勤于動(dòng)手慢慢琢磨，不斷學(xué)習(xí)不斷積累。遇到不懂的地方，自己先想方設(shè)法解決，實(shí)在不行可以虛心請(qǐng)教他人，而沒(méi)有自學(xué)能力的人遲早要被企業(yè)和社會(huì)所淘汰。所以我們還要繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)，不斷提升理論素養(yǎng)。在信息時(shí)代，學(xué)習(xí)是不斷地汲取新信息，獲得事業(yè)進(jìn)步的動(dòng)力。 最后，在本次課程設(shè)計(jì)中，我也認(rèn)識(shí)到了自己的很多不足，自己知識(shí)的很多漏洞，看到了自己的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)還是比較缺乏，理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的能力還急需提高。了解到了自己的這些長(zhǎng)短后，我會(huì)更加珍惜擁有的，更加努力的彌補(bǔ)自己的不足。 這次畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)是對(duì)我的一種鍛煉，知識(shí)的積累，能力的提高，不僅培養(yǎng)了獨(dú)立思考、動(dòng)手操作的能力，在各種其它能力上也都有了提高。畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)給我很多專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)以及專(zhuān)業(yè)技能上的提升，同時(shí)又是一門(mén)辯思課，給了我很多思考的空間。 千里之行，始于足下.這一個(gè)多月短暫而又充實(shí)的實(shí)踐，我認(rèn)為對(duì)我走向社會(huì)起到了一個(gè)橋梁的作用，過(guò)渡的作用，是人生的一段重要的經(jīng)歷，對(duì)將來(lái)走上工作崗位也有著很大幫助。這次實(shí)踐也讓我深刻了解到，在工作中和同事保持良好的關(guān)系是很重要的。做事首先要學(xué)做人，要明白做人的道理，如何與人相處是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的做人的一個(gè)最基本的問(wèn)題。對(duì)于自己這樣一個(gè)即將步入社會(huì)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，需要學(xué)習(xí)的東西很多，他們就是最好的老師，正所謂“三人行，必有我?guī)煛薄? 天下無(wú)不散之宴席！實(shí)習(xí)已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，剎那間短暫而緊張充實(shí)的實(shí)習(xí)生活就那么結(jié)束啦，有種很不舍的感覺(jué)，現(xiàn)在還記得和耐心的老師及同事的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。感謝山河智能裝備集團(tuán)給了我這次實(shí)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，感謝實(shí)習(xí)老師以及同事對(duì)我在這段時(shí)間的關(guān)心照顧，短暫的實(shí)習(xí)生活學(xué)到的東西對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)卻是終生受益的。 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Energy Procedia 17 (2012) 279 – 285 2012 International Conference on Future Electrical Power and Energy Systems The Study of the Parameterization of the Drum Brake Design Based on UG Liu Hongpu,Peng Erbao Mechanical Engineering,Henan Polytechnic Institute,Henan473009, China Abstract This text apply UG software to the design and study on the type parameter of the brakes. On the basis of the principles of discretization, discretize the structural pattern of the brake drum. select the typical characteristic of the brake assemblies and the individual parts of the 3d parameterization modeling work, to build a model for parameterization library calls. ? 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Hainan University. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Keywords: the brakes; ug; parameterization; discretization; research The brake is the key components of the car industry. with the rapid development and people living standards improve in the design of the brake the car raised a more stringent requirements. not only to satisfy the brake the basic properties are required, to satisfy the stringent requirements of the environmental protection. this article mainly study on the brake drum the parameterization design. 1.The Brake Discretization With the parameter change, the change situation which in the template characteristic possibly appears: a) the characteristic maintenance is invariable, is only the size reproduce by pantograph; b) the structure characteristic changes. Above two kind of change situation, in actual operation, because selects the template with the simulated target size difference which must design is not very big, therefore mainly has the first kind of situation, the size changes in the characteristic maintenance scope. when the parameter change quite is fierce , is the second kind of situation, this request establishment template must describe the model comprehensively. Certainly, if a template closer model, the characteristic which must increase manually are less, but this template has representative and typical nature bad somewhat; The template with awaits construction the model to have certain disparity, needs to increase manually the characteristic are many, but its representation and typical nature are good somewhat. This is a pair of contradictory, in the construct 1876-6102 ? 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Hainan University. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2012.02.095 280 Liu Hongpu and Peng Erbao / Energy Procedia 17 (2012) 279 – 285 of the template should find a quite good balance point, like this can both establish the representative template, and speeds up the spare part the design speed. Then according to certain separate rule, is separated each model brake the corresponding spare part, withdraws the typical characteristic from these spare parts, forms the template that the parameterization design request. The deference separate rule is: 1.1.Approximate components extraction same characteristic. 1.2.Peculiar part alone carries on the characteristic extraction. 1.3.Carries on the characteristic extraction, should withdraw the similar characteristic as far as possible. 1.4.Characteristic extraction, considers its realization the possibility. After the drum brake discretization, components is as follows: Friction disk (about two pieces); Bbrake shoe ( type); Sells on consignment The cylinder body ( type) Piston ( type); Leather cup (type); Brake drum ( type); Brake shield plate (type); Fluctuates the supporting pole (type); Spring (type); The appendix (bushing dirt-proof boot, piston dirt-proof boot, deflates bolt nut, oil inlet safety mask, seal packing collar, bolt guards against loose rubber band, separates master cylinder to leave oil tight sealing ring and each kind of spring and so on) After above lists only is the discretization the components unification name, regarding under a specific name, there are many kind of characteristic different components, this request separately establishes the template, to satisfy the demand about the design, for instance under the cylinder body name, has at least 5 kind of different type cylinder bodies, therefore must establish the template separately. Although extracted certain cycle of songs's brake to take the template, but has also established many special characteristic components template, therefore said from essentially, it’s based on each components discretization.After the choice discretization template components, and defer to the request the size to produce the new components model, again assembles the brake system. When each components is parameterized, the parameter integer must control strictly, must use as far as possible few parameters to describe the entire components. Size which certainly here parameter refers to the size which is may change, the components majority of sizes needs to use which these to be possible to change the size actuation (i.e. changes is independent variable, writes is actuated size function form), also is causes the multitudinous sizes to be connected, causes the overall linkage, completes the parameterization modeling work. Liu Hongpu and Peng Erbao / Energy Procedia 17 (2012) 279 – 285 2.Brake Parameterization This design uses the method based on the characteristic parameterization modeling, realizes the automobile brake spare part fast design and the automatic design. Therefore needs to make clear following several with the characteristic correlation concept. 2.1.Characteristic definition Characteristic is high level abstract description that the designer describe the design object the function, the shape, the structure, the manufacture, the assembly, the examination, the management and the use information and the relations which has the accurate project meaning and so on. The characteristic model use logic in the interdependence, mutually carries on the description and the expression for the influence semantic network to the characteristic instance and the relations. compare with the low level geometry element surface, side, expressed the geometry entity method the difference is: The characteristic model expresses the high level to have the function significance entity, like the hole, the trough and so on, its operation object is not the primitive geometry element, but is the product function essential factor, the product technical information and the management information, manifests designer's intention. 2.2.Characteristic classification Characteristic is the product description information set. The different application domain and the different object, the characteristic abstract and the classified method is different. Through analyzing mechanical product massive components blueprint information and the processing craft information, may constitute the components characteristic to divide into five big kinds: Management characteristic: With the components management related communications ensemble, including the title block information (for example components name, chart or illustration number, designer, design date and so on), the components material, has not poured information such as roughness and so on. Technical characteristic: Description components performance and specification communications ensemble. Material heat treatment characteristic: associated with components material and heat treatment communications ensemble, like material performance, heat treatment way, degree of hardness value and so on. Precision characteristic: Description components shape, size permission amount of variation communications ensemble, including common difference (size common difference and shape position common difference) and surface roughness. Shape characteristic: The communications ensemble which are related to description components shape, size, including function shape, processing craft shape, assembly auxiliary shape. Assembles characteristic: Components correlation direction, mutual active surface and coordinate relations. In the characteristic above, the shape characteristic is most important characteristic that describes the components or the product. Its separable primarily characteristic and the auxiliary characteristic, the former is used to describe the structure object basic geometry shape, the latter is the characteristic which carries on the expression to the object partial shape 2.3.Characteristic relation In order to describe the relation among characteristic, may apply the concept of characteristic class, the characteristic example. The characteristic class is the description about the characteristic type, is summary of all same information characteristic. The characteristic example is specific characteristic after the 281 282 Liu Hongpu and Peng Erbao / Energy Procedia 17 (2012) 279 – 285 characteristic attribute evaluation, is the member of characteristic class. Among the characteristic class, the characteristic example, the characteristic class and the characteristic example has relation as follows: Inherits relates level relation among the characteristic, which is located the level higher authority to be called the ultra kind of characteristic, is located the level lower level to be called the subgroup characteristic. The subgroup characteristic may inherit the ultra kind of characteristic the attribute and the method, this kind of inheritance relation is called the relation. Another kind of inheritance relation is the relation between characteristic class and this kind of characteristic example, this kind of relation is called the relation. For example, some concrete circular cylinder is a example that circular cylinder characteristic class, among themselves has reflected the relation. Adjacent relation. Reflected the mutual position relations among the shape characteristic, indicated with CONT. Among the constitution adjacency relation shape characteristic adjacency condition may share.For example, a steps and ladders axis, between each neighboring two axis section’s relations are the syntopy, in which each adjacency surface condition may share. Hypotaxis.the description about shape characteristic compliance or the attached relations, indicated with IST. The subordinate shape characteristic relies on in the shape characteristic which is subordinated is existed, like bevel edge attached in circular cylinder. Quote relation. describing characteristic class as the connection attribute which the quotes mutually, indicated with RE. The quotation relation mainly exists in the quotation that the shape characteristic to the precision characteristic, the material characteristic. 2.4.Characteristic modeling The method that describing product by characteristic as the modeling fundamental element is called modeling technology based on the characteristic. The characteristic modeling may induce approximately into three kind of patterns that the interactive characteristic definition, the trick recognition and the design based on the characteristic. Interactive characteristic definition. Using the existing geometry modeling system establishment product geometry model, the user, definition characteristic geometry essential factor in the graph interactive plan process, and add the information for example characteristic parameter or precision, specification, material heat treatment and so on to geometry model as the attribute. This kind of modeling method’s automaticity is low, product data sharing is also difficulty realized, in the information processing process it is easy to arise the artificial mistake.”. Characteristic recognition. the characteristic which defines in advance is carried on the comparison geometry model, definite characteristic concrete type and additional information. Usually it is composed by the following steps:Searching product geometry database, match characteristic topo geometry model;Withdraws the characteristic information from the database which oneself distinguishes;Definite characteristic parameter;Completes characteristic geometry model; Combines the simple characteristic to become the new characteristic. The design based on characteristic. The user directly defines components geometry entity with the characteristic, after soon in characteristic storehouse pre-definition characteristic instantiation, take example characteristic as basic unit establishment characteristic model, thus completes the product the definition or the design. 2.5.Parameterization design Parameterization design is defines the geometric figure size value and agrees the size relations with group of parameters, provides to the designer to carry on the geometry modeling use. The parameter’s solution is simple, the parameter and the design object control size has the explicit corresponding relations, the design result revision receives the size actuation. In the production commonly used the product which Liu Hongpu and Peng Erbao / Energy Procedia 17 (2012) 279 – 285 monlding in the design object structure shape, the serialized standard letter belongs to this type. Parameterization design system principle as shown in Figure 1. Fig.1 Principle of parameterized design system 2.6.Parameter design In the process of the parameter design, search the restraint relations from the CAD graphic file, then turn the graph fixed size into the parameterization graph automatic, the new development parameter cartography software algorithm will be supposed to be advantageous to the old chart parameterization reconstruction. At present, this is the most methods in the parameterization design applies. Regarding serialized, universalized and the standardized stereotypia product (for example mold, jig, hydraulic cylinder, aggregate machine-tool, valve and so on) ’s design the mathematical model and the product structure which uses all are relatively fixed invariable, only the product mix size have a difference, the difference of the structure size is caused by the same number and the type datum takes the discrete value in the different specification product design. This kind of product may replace the basic parameter which changes along with the product specification with the corresponding variable, then according to these data and the basic parameter, use the computer automatic inquiry graph database, designs the graph automatically by the special cartography software on the screen. As shown in Figure 2 for the parameterization design process. Fig.2 The course of 3-Dmodel Parameterized design 3.The Three Dimensional Entity Parameterization Design Parameterization modeling ’s main thought is to show the product model the shape characteristic with the geometry restraint, mathematics equation and the relations, thus the designs has the similar in the shape and the function. The parameterization entity modeling ’s key is the geometry restraint relations extraction and expression, the solution as well as the parameterization geometry model structure. Many kinds of geometry restraint relations, may write one kind of specific form document including the simultaneous equation group (i.e. user programming), inputs the computer, actuates geometry design in groups. For 283 284 Liu Hongpu and Peng Erbao / Energy Procedia 17 (2012) 279 – 285 example, determined a cube ’s constraint condition L, W, H may form using the cube the floor space and the bottom surface perimeter, face the expression way of artificial intelligence knowledge, this way will describe the restraint relations of the geometry physique, the geometry and topology with a step logic predicate form, and will read in the knowledge library. On the one hand the knowledge expression way is changes into the form by the mark to express each kind of type the data, seeking mark solution; On the other hand is adds on geometry inference based on restraint, seeking numerical solution, thus realizes the mechanical product intelligent design in a greater degree. The 3D parameterization model is two major part is composed by the geometry model and the restraint information. According to on what size restraint and the order of the topo information model structure, that is the interdependence relations between them, the parameterization modeling may divide into two kinds successively. One kind is the geometry restraint acting on the fixed topology physique geometry tissue, geometry restraint value does not change the geometry model topology, but changes the nominal size of the geometry model. This kind of parameterization modeling system take B-rep as its internal expression principal-mode. Another kind is explains the parameterization model the geometry integrant part first and the restraint relations between them, but model topology is decided by the restraint relations. This kind of parameter modeling system take CSG expression as internal principal-mode, may change the full-scale mockup topology, and is advantageous recording structure entire process by the procedural form. 4.The Drum Brake Model Establishment Example Through to structure analysis of the drum brake separate components, the components modeling may use three modeling methods. 4.1.Uses the plate work modeling of parts Plate work modeling and the parameterization process is similar to the entity modeling, through the two-dimensional schematic diagram plan components correlation characteristic, joins the restraint, and labels the related size. Using the operation of plate work module in curved side, the pit, the ramming eliminates and so on producing three-dimensional entity model. And associate main parameter with secondary parameter through expression . Like Figure 3 is the brake shoe sheet metal model. Fig.3 The3-D model Parameterized design of sheet metal 4.2.What about rotascope for example the spring use the rule curve function edition modeling Take the spring as an example, first analyzes the spring structure in each spot, and express the main parameter for example hypothesis spring outer annulus diameter with the fundamental function, the internal bore diameter, the turn and so on, then edits rule function of the spring in the rule curve in X, Y, the Z axis direction on the basis of the main parameter dia for example X1radius r 1 cos dir * 180 * t * rl Y1r Z1 r 1 * sin dir * 180 * t height wire _ 2 r l Moves Liu Hongpu and Peng Erbao / Energy Procedia 17 (2012) 279 – 285 these rule curve function, may produce the spring’s central path curve, again through sweeps plunders produce the spring full-scale mockup, as shown in Figure 4. 4.3.May use the compound method modelling regarding the structure complex components Regarding the complex shape components often not to be able to realize using several modelling method any kind above, by now we might use the method above, use several methods to establish the geometry model we need.As shown in Figure 5 the brake ch