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1、語(yǔ)法精講系列講座九非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講座九非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞的eded形式形式語(yǔ) 法 精 講一、動(dòng)詞不定式考點(diǎn)一動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(以do為例)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般時(shí)完成時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng)to doto have doneto be doing被動(dòng)to be doneto have been done功能意義動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中，而且與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生否定形式not動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成考點(diǎn)二動(dòng)詞不定式的6種句法功能1不定式作主語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)的不定式表示具體的、一次性的動(dòng)作。不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是不定式。常用句

2、型有：(1)It beadj./n. (kind，necessary，important，ones duty.)to do sth.；(2)Ittakes一段時(shí)間to do sth.；(3)It seems (appears)adj.to do sth.等。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.2不定式作賓語(yǔ)(1)不定式可以作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的有：afford，agree，ask，decide，desire，pretend，plan，intend，refuse，wish，want等。She wishes t

3、o be a musician.(2)不定式在介詞but，except，besides后面時(shí)，如果介詞之前為動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，則后面接不帶to的不定式，否則帶to。此外，cannot choose but和cannot help but，cannot but等后面的不定式也省略to。She could do nothing but wait.(3)不定式作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，其后跟補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把不定式后置。I make it a rule to read English every morning.(4)tell，show，understand，know，explain，teac

4、h，learn，advise，discuss等動(dòng)詞后可跟“疑問(wèn)詞不定式”。Can you tell me what to do next?助記常見(jiàn)的帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞口訣想要干 want，wish，hope，expect，seek，attempt，aim，claim，would like/love，desire早打算 plan，prepare，mean，arrange同意否 agree，promise，undertake，offer，choose，refuse，afford問(wèn)問(wèn)看 ask(ask to do 要求做)，beg決定了decide，determine，make up ones m

5、ind，be determined盡力干 try，manage(反義詞fail)，struggle，strive，attempt不在意 care別裝蒜 pretend3不定式作表語(yǔ)在表示愿望、目的等的名詞或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句后多用不定式作表語(yǔ)，對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。如ambition，wish，hope，desire，goal，target，aim，dream，plan，purpose，suggestion，duty，idea等。be to do表示意圖、打算、命令、職責(zé)、義務(wù)、預(yù)先安排好的計(jì)劃或約定或注定要發(fā)生的事情，是將來(lái)時(shí)的一種表達(dá)方式。seem和appear后可跟不定式作表語(yǔ)。

6、Our plan is to keep the affair secret.4不定式作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))(1)接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，teach，tell，order等。Tell the children not to play in the street.(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作動(dòng)詞 feel，hear，see，watch，notice，observe等感官動(dòng)詞以及have，let，make等使役動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to 要省略。但如果這些句子

7、變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，必須帶to。I saw a little boy run across the street.The little boy was seen to run across the street.(3)下列結(jié)構(gòu)中用不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，它們是：sb./sth.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done。Mo Yan is considered to be one of the greatest writers.5不定式作

8、定語(yǔ)(1)不定式和所修飾的詞之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果不定式中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面就要有相應(yīng)的介詞。但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time，place或way時(shí)，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上可省去。Is this the best way to help him?(2)不定式與被修飾的詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。He is the first student to come.(3)說(shuō)明所修飾的名詞的內(nèi)容，與該詞存在同位關(guān)系。常用于chance，opportunity，time，money，decision，refusal，wish，right等詞后。I must keep the promise t

9、o pay back the money within a month.6不定式作狀語(yǔ)(1)不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，在句尾時(shí)跟句子的其他成分之間不用逗號(hào)。目的狀語(yǔ)還可以用in order to或so as to來(lái)表示，但so as to不能置于句首：Every morning he gets up very early to read English.She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English.(2)不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，常與only連用，而現(xiàn)在分詞則表示合乎情理

10、的結(jié)果。He came late，only to find the door locked.(3)不定式在形容詞后作狀語(yǔ)。在有些形容詞，尤其是表示感情色彩的形容詞后可接不定式作狀語(yǔ)，表原因。如：astonished，glad，happy，laugh，pleased，sad，sorry，afraid，surprised等。You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.考點(diǎn)三不定式的兩種特殊用法Its very hard for him to study two languages.Its very nice of you to

11、help me.Im too tired to stay up longer.Im only too pleased to be able to help you.Its adj.for sb.to do sth.和Itsadj.of sb. to do sth.(1)for sb.句型中的形容詞一般表示事物的特征、特點(diǎn)或客觀形式，如easy，hard，difficult，interesting，impossible等。(2)of sb.句型中的形容詞一般表示性格、品德、心智能力、主觀感悟或態(tài)度，如good，kind，nice，clever，foolish，righttoo.to.(1)too

12、.to太以至于不能(2)當(dāng)too前面有only，all，but時(shí)，意思為“非常”相當(dāng)于very二、動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式考點(diǎn)一動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的句法功能句法功能要點(diǎn)歸納典例表語(yǔ)表示狀態(tài)The door was broken.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，與賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示完成Id like to see the plan carried out.定語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)或完成，單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)前置，分詞短語(yǔ)則后置，?？筛膶憺槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句He is an unexpected visitor.They were the guests invited by my parents.句法功能要點(diǎn)歸納典

13、例狀語(yǔ)與句中主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表完成，沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性Locked up，he had no way to escape.分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，還可用“連詞分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)Given more time，we could do it much better.(條件)The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.(伴隨)When taken，the medicine must be shaken.(時(shí)間)考點(diǎn)二動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的幾個(gè)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)典句例示1.不及物

14、動(dòng)詞的ed形式一般只表示“完成”，沒(méi)有被動(dòng)意義developed areasareas that have developed2.只表示“被動(dòng)”，不表示“完成”。這是某些及物動(dòng)詞的一種用法Seen from the top of the building，the park is more beautiful.從樓頂上看去，這公園更加美麗。3.動(dòng)詞的ed形式表示“被動(dòng)、完成”，表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。這是及物動(dòng)詞最常見(jiàn)的用法Bitten by a dog，she is afraid to go out at night.被狗咬了以后，她很害怕在夜間外出。注意事項(xiàng)典句例示4.注意下列句式(1)

15、have sth.doneget sth.done 使/讓某事由別人去做；使遭受(2)have sb.do sth.get sb.to do sth.使/讓/叫某人去做某事(3)have sb./sth.doing 使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事get sb./sth.doing 使某人/物開(kāi)始行動(dòng)起來(lái)(4)leave sb.doing sth.讓某人一直做某事(5)leave sth.undone留下某事未做(6)leave sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事(7)leave sth.to be done留下某事要做Ill have my bike repaired tomorrow.Mo

16、ther had me go to the shop and buy some salt.The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest.Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain.The guests left most of the dishes untouched，because they didnt taste delicious.He left，leaving me to do all the work.We hurriedly ended ou

17、r meeting，leaving many problems to be settled.三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)和句子主語(yǔ)保持一致。但有時(shí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，我們稱之為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。構(gòu)成意義典例名詞/代詞形容詞/副詞表示名詞或代詞的特征及所處的狀態(tài)The meeting over, they went home.介詞短語(yǔ)表位置He lay on his back，his hands under his head.構(gòu)成意義典例現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行Weather permitting, well go out for a walk.過(guò)去分詞表

18、被動(dòng)，完成The test finished, we began our holiday.不定式表將來(lái)，通常作原因狀語(yǔ)An important lecture to be given tomorrow(As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.with名詞/代詞形容詞/副詞表狀態(tài)He went to sleep with lights on.介詞短語(yǔ)表位置He came out of the library，with a large book under his arm.現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行They pretended to be working all night with their lights burning.過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)或完成With water heated，we can see the steam.不定式表將來(lái)I cant go out to play with so much homework to do.