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1、GRAMMARNon-restrictive attributive clauses 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句 概念:非限制性定語從句用來對先行詞補充說明,沒有它,主句也能獨立存在,非限制性定語從句和主句的關系不密切,它與先行詞之間常用逗號隔開.Compare the two sentences in the same group and find the difference.Discuss & Summarize Discuss & Summarize (group work)(group work)第一組A.The old man has a son, who i
2、s in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第二組A.My younger brother who is 18 years old is a college student.B.My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.第三組A.Jim doesnt like to ask questions which make his teacher angry.B.Jim doesnt like to ask questions, which makes
3、 his teacher angry.第一組A.The old man has a son, who is in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第一組:A中的從句是非限制性定語從句,是對先行詞的補充說明。整個句子的意思是:這位老人有一個兒子,在部隊工作。(隱含的意義:只有一個兒子)B中的從句是限制性定語從句,作用是對先行詞son進行限定、修飾。整個句子的意思是:這位老人有個在部隊工作的兒子。(隱含的意思:也許還有其他的兒子,在干別的工作)第二組A.My younger brother who is 18 years ol
4、d is a college student.B.My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.第二組:雖然兩句的表達順序完全相同,但是由于停頓和語調的變化,造成的定語從句與主句關系的緊密程度發(fā)生變化。A句可以翻譯成:我18歲的那個弟弟是大學生。從句是限制性定語從句,是限定性定語從句限定了先行詞的意義,明確是18歲的那個弟弟(而不是其他的,即有可能還有幾個弟弟)。B可以翻譯成:我弟弟是大學生,今年18歲。第三組A.Jim doesnt like to ask questions which make his teac
5、her angry.B.Jim doesnt like to ask questions, which makes his teacher angry.第三組:A句中的定語從句修飾先行詞questions,B句中的定語從句修飾的是整個前面的主句部分,所以表達的意義也就有明顯的差別。A吉姆不喜歡問使老師生氣的問題。(which 指代questions)B吉姆不喜歡問問題,這讓老師很生氣。(which指代Jim doesnt like to ask questions 這個情況)溫馨提示:某些句子用了逗號成為非限制性定語從句,同沒有用逗號的相比,意義有很大區(qū)別 1.I have a sister
6、who works in a hospital. 我有一位在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。(不只一位姐姐)2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐,她在醫(yī)院工作。(只有一位姐姐)3. He has a brother, who lives in Beijing4. He has a brother who lives in Beijing.他有一個哥哥,住在北京.他有一個住在北京的哥哥(可能有幾個哥哥,其中一個是住在北京的.)More examples:非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句: 對先行詞進行補充對先行詞進行補充說明說明,關系不是十分緊密
7、關系不是十分緊密,省去對主句沒有多大省去對主句沒有多大影響影響.而限制性定語從句而限制性定語從句: 是先行詞在意義上是先行詞在意義上不可缺少不可缺少的定語的定語,如果去掉如果去掉,主句的意思就不完主句的意思就不完整整.Non-restrictive attributive clause:A clause that adds extra information to the man clause of a sentence.限制性定語從句限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句形式上形式上不用逗號和主句隔開不用逗號和主句隔開用逗號隔開用逗號隔開意義上意義上是先行詞不可缺少的是先行詞不可缺
8、少的定語,不能刪除定語,不能刪除是對先行詞的補充是對先行詞的補充說明,刪除后意思說明,刪除后意思仍完整仍完整譯法上譯法上 翻譯成先行詞的定語,翻譯成先行詞的定語,“的的” 通常翻譯成主句的通常翻譯成主句的并列句并列句關系詞關系詞的使用的使用 A做賓語時可省略做賓語時可省略 B 可用可用that A不可省不可省 B。不用。不用that Fill in the blanks with proper relative words.1.The famous basketball star, _is an American, came to China yesterday.2.In those days
9、,she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.3.I bought a car yesterday,_ cost me a lot.4.Xian, _I visited last month, is a nice old city.5.He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy.6.The school,_I once studied,was built thirty years ago.7.John said hed been working in th
10、e office for an hour,_ was true.whowhomwhichwhichwhenwherewhich限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別: 一:在句中作用不同 限對先行詞有限定制約作用,不可省去,否則句意不完整。 非限起補充作用,可省去,句意仍然完整。 二:外在表現形式不同 非限用逗號隔開 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us Chinese? 你還記得教我們語文的那個女孩嗎?2.Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. 張先生昨
11、天來看我,他是我的一位朋友。三:先行詞內容有所不同 大多數限制性和非限制性定語從句的先行詞往往為一個詞或短語,而特殊情況下非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以為一個句子,此時要用which來引導 例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一個中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫,這令我十分恐懼。 析:由語境可知,令“我”恐懼的內容應為“中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫”這整個一件事,因此先行詞為整個主句,此時應由 which 引導定語從句。 四:關系詞的使用情況有所不同 (1)that不可用于引導非限制性定語從句
12、他沒通過這次考試,令我很失望。 誤: He didnt pass the exam, that disappointed me. 正: He didnt pass the exam, which disappointed me.使用非限制性定語從句時如果先行詞指人,則用who, whose,which等;如果先行詞指物要用which;先行詞表時間或者地點,并在句中作時間狀語或者地點狀語時要用when或者where引導。 例 1. Well graduate in July, when we will be free. 我們將于七月份畢業(yè),到那時我們就自由了。 例 2. Last Sunday
13、they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他們上周日到達南京,有個會議要在那里舉行。 (2)關系代詞替代情況不同 關系代詞whom在限制性定語從句中作賓語時可用who代替,但在非限制性定語從句中不行。 例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street. 這是我在街上遇到的那個女孩。 析:先行詞 the girl 在限制性定語從句中作賓語,可用 who 代替 whom . 例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted
14、 to impress.一個年輕的小伙子新交了一個女朋友,他想給她留下深刻的印象。 析:先行詞 a new girl friend 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語,不可用 who 代替 whom .(3)關系代詞省略情況不同 關系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語可用省略,但在非限制性定語從句中所有的關系詞都不能省略。 例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. 這就是他昨天丟的那本書。 析:先行詞 the book 在限制性定語從句中作賓語,關系代詞 which 或 that 可以省略。 例 2. The book, which he l
15、ost yesterday, has been found. 他昨天丟了這本書,但現在已找到了。 析:先行詞 the book 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語,關系代詞 which 不可省。用定語從句挑戰(zhàn)高考原題(浙江(浙江2005)Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. A. which B. that C. this D. it(浙江(浙江2005)_ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meetin
16、g. A. When B. After C. As D. Since(浙江(浙江2006)I was given three books on cooking, the first _ I really enjoyed. A. of that B. of which C. that D. whichACB(浙江(浙江2007)Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. A. that B. which C. who D. where(浙江(浙江2008)Yesterday she sold her car, _ she bought a month ago. A. when B. where C. that D. which(浙江(浙江2009)The young man weve just talked to is a traveler _ parents visited us last year. A. that B. whose C. whom D. whichBBD