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1、UNIT 3 LIFE IN THE FUTUREGRAMMAR過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去分詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種過(guò)去分詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式形式, ,表示完成和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。它表示完成和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。它在句子中可以充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成在句子中可以充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。分。過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞表完成過(guò)去分詞表完成、被動(dòng)被動(dòng),與主句主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系;現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行,主動(dòng)主動(dòng),與主句主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。如果一個(gè)與主句主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。如果一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前,則可使則可使用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被

2、動(dòng)式或過(guò)去分詞。用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式或過(guò)去分詞。 過(guò)去分詞表完成、被動(dòng)過(guò)去分詞表完成、被動(dòng), 作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)是主句的主語(yǔ)其邏輯主語(yǔ)是主句的主語(yǔ), 且與主語(yǔ)且與主語(yǔ)之間存在著被動(dòng)關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作之間存在著被動(dòng)關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)可表時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可表時(shí)間, 原因原因, 讓步讓步, 結(jié)果結(jié)果, 方方式式, 條件等。條件等。觀察下列的句子觀察下列的句子:Once published, his works (=Once his works was published, ) became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each li

3、ne. PPPP作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可加連詞從句有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可加連詞when或或while來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。過(guò)去分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)1. When it is heated, ice will be changed into water. When heated, ice will be changed into water.2. When it is seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed. Seen unde

4、r a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. 過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ)1. Since/ As she was given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.2. Because it was done in a hurry, his homew

5、ork was full of mistakes. Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.過(guò)去分詞作條件或者假設(shè)狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作條件或者假設(shè)狀語(yǔ)1.If they had been given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.2. If I am compared with you, we still have a long way to g

6、o. Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.作方式或作方式或伴隨伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)情況狀語(yǔ)1. The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. The hunter left his house, and he was followed by his dog.2. She sat by the window, lost in thought. She sat by the window, and she was lost in thought. lost 表示一種迷失心理狀態(tài)表示一種迷失心理

7、狀態(tài)1) 過(guò)去分詞在句子中可以作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞在句子中可以作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、伴隨狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)、伴隨狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)和讓步狀語(yǔ)等。讓步狀語(yǔ)等。2) 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), ,過(guò)去分詞的邏輯過(guò)去分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)一致。主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)一致。Summary過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ):過(guò)去分詞有兩大特點(diǎn)：過(guò)去分詞有兩大特點(diǎn)：1. 表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；2. 表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作, 因此因此,當(dāng)過(guò)去分當(dāng)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候一定要搞清楚分詞與詞作狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候一定要搞清楚分詞與主語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系被動(dòng)主語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系被動(dòng), 例如例如:REWRITE WIT

8、H PROPER CONJUNCTIONS1. United we stand, divided we fail. If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided, we will fail.Example: 2. Asked what had happened, he told us about it. When he was asked what had happened, he told us about it.3. Well known for his expert advice, he received many invi

9、tations to give lectures.Because he was well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.4. Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. If we were given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. 5. Once translated into Chinese, the book

10、became very popular among Chinese teenagers. Once it was translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers.6. Deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor. Because she was deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor.7. Left alone at home

11、, Sam did not feel afraid at all. Although he was left alone at home，Sam did not feel afraid at all.用過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)來(lái)改寫(xiě)句子。用過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)來(lái)改寫(xiě)句子。1. As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. _ , I was unsettled for the first few days.Worried about the journey2. If he is given time, h

12、ell make a first-class tennis player. _ , hell make a first-class tennis player.3) As I was confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. _, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.Given timeConfused by the new surroundings4) When he was questioned by the police about the fire, he

13、 became tense. _ _ _, he became tense. Questioned by the police about the fireFIND OUT THE SENTENCES WITH SAME MEANING.1. As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.2. While I was confused by the new s

14、urroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. Confused by the new surrounding, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.3. As I was exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep. Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.1. Following the old man, we went upstairs.we followed (跟著那個(gè)老人跟著那個(gè)老人, 我們上去

15、了我們上去了)2. Followed by the old man, we went upstairs. (we were) (被那個(gè)老人跟著被那個(gè)老人跟著, 我們上去了我們上去了)Compare3. 從上面看從上面看,體育場(chǎng)好像一個(gè)鳥(niǎo)巢。體育場(chǎng)好像一個(gè)鳥(niǎo)巢。 _ from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest. A. Seeing B. Seen4. 從太空看從太空看, 宇航員看不到長(zhǎng)城。宇航員看不到長(zhǎng)城。 _ from the space, the astronaut can not discover the Great Wall. A.

16、Seeing B. SeenDifference between the Present Participle and the Past Participle_for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這本書(shū)看上去很舊由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這本書(shū)看上去很舊._ the book, I find it useful. 在使用的過(guò)程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書(shū)很有用在使用的過(guò)程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書(shū)很有用. _ at her, he jumped with joy._at by her, he jumped with joy.UsedUsingLookingLooked注

17、意：選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞，注意：選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語(yǔ)。如分詞的動(dòng)作是關(guān)鍵看主句的主語(yǔ)。如分詞的動(dòng)作是主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過(guò)去分詞。詞，反之就用過(guò)去分詞。COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE USING THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE RIGHT VERB. 1) _ by noises in the night, the girl no longer dare to sleep in her room.2) The lady returned home, _ by two polic

18、emen.frighten trap follow shootFrightenedfollowed3) If _ in a burning building, you should send for help.4) Although _in the leg, he continued firing at the police.trapped shot過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)與其所修飾的詞之間過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)與其所修飾的詞之間存在著邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系存在著邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且表示該動(dòng)作且表示該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)已經(jīng)完成。單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),通常通常置于被修飾的詞

19、的前面置于被修飾的詞的前面,而分詞短語(yǔ)作定而分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)語(yǔ),則須置于被修飾詞的后面。則須置于被修飾詞的后面。Attention1. Last Sunday we went on an organized trip to the forest. 上星期我們組織了一次去森林的旅行。上星期我們組織了一次去森林的旅行。2. A letter posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow. 今天發(fā)出的信后天就能收到。今天發(fā)出的信后天就能收到。分詞作分詞作定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成定語(yǔ)從句:He worked as a worker bu

20、ilding roads. (主動(dòng)主動(dòng)) =He worked as a worker who/ that built roads. This is a picture painted by my father. (被動(dòng)被動(dòng)) =This is a picture which was painted by my father.I know the young man sleeping on the bench. (在進(jìn)行在進(jìn)行) ) =I know the young man who is sleeping on the bench.The letter mailed last night w

21、ill reach him tomorrow. ( (已完成已完成) ) =The letter which was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)亦可用作非限制性定過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)亦可用作非限制性定語(yǔ)，前后常有逗號(hào)。語(yǔ)，前后常有逗號(hào)。 Some of them, born and brought up in country villages, had never seen a train. 他們當(dāng)中有一些人他們當(dāng)中有一些人, 生長(zhǎng)在農(nóng)村，從未見(jiàn)過(guò)生長(zhǎng)在農(nóng)村，從未見(jiàn)過(guò)火車(chē)?；疖?chē)。 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)有前置和后置兩種情況過(guò)去分詞作

22、定語(yǔ)有前置和后置兩種情況: 單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ), 通常放在被通常放在被修飾的名詞之前修飾的名詞之前, 表示被動(dòng)和完成意表示被動(dòng)和完成意義。義。1.前置定語(yǔ)A.被動(dòng)意義：被動(dòng)意義：an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人一位受尊敬的客人 (受傷的工人受傷的工人)are now being taken good care of in the hospital.B.完成意義完成意義a retired teacher 一位退休的教師一位退休的教師They are cleaning (落落葉葉) in the yard.The injured workersthe fal

23、len leaves2.后置定語(yǔ)后置定語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí), 通常放在被通常放在被修飾的名詞之后修飾的名詞之后, 它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句。This will be the best novel of its kind ever written.=Who were the so-called guests invited (= ) to your part last night?that has ever been writtenwho had been invited 如果被修飾的詞是由如果被修飾的詞是由every/some/any/no

24、 + thing/body/one所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞或指所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞或指示代詞示代詞those等時(shí)，即使一個(gè)單一的分詞等時(shí)，即使一個(gè)單一的分詞作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞的后面。作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞的后面。 例如：例如： Is there anything unsolved? There is noting changed here since I left this town. 注意注意: : 1. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be

25、 first played C. first played D. to be playing考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥簡(jiǎn)析簡(jiǎn)析: 首先首先,根據(jù)語(yǔ)法分析可知根據(jù)語(yǔ)法分析可知,待選部待選部分是一個(gè)作定語(yǔ)、修飾分是一個(gè)作定語(yǔ)、修飾 The Olympic Games的后置分詞短語(yǔ)的后置分詞短語(yǔ);再根據(jù)再根據(jù) The Olympic Games 對(duì)于動(dòng)詞對(duì)于動(dòng)詞 play 來(lái)說(shuō)來(lái)說(shuō)只能是被動(dòng)承受只能是被動(dòng)承受,且已完成且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此。因此,該題應(yīng)選該題應(yīng)選C。2. Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C.

26、be spoken D. to speak 簡(jiǎn)析簡(jiǎn)析: 該題應(yīng)選該題應(yīng)選B。測(cè)試過(guò)去分詞作。測(cè)試過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)表達(dá)被動(dòng)后置定語(yǔ)表達(dá)被動(dòng),等于定語(yǔ)從句等于定語(yǔ)從句 which is spoken。3. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 簡(jiǎn)析簡(jiǎn)析: 該題應(yīng)選該題應(yīng)選A。測(cè)試過(guò)去分詞作后。測(cè)試過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)表達(dá)被動(dòng)置定語(yǔ)表達(dá)被動(dòng), 等于定語(yǔ)從句等于定語(yǔ)從句who were invited。

27、4. The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 簡(jiǎn)析簡(jiǎn)析: 該題應(yīng)選該題應(yīng)選D。測(cè)試過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)。測(cè)試過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)放在所修飾的名詞后作定語(yǔ)放在所修飾的名詞后,可以用非可以用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句“which was opened last year”代替。代替。5. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a f

28、oreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 簡(jiǎn)析簡(jiǎn)析: 該題應(yīng)選該題應(yīng)選D。測(cè)試過(guò)去分詞作后。測(cè)試過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)表達(dá)被動(dòng)置定語(yǔ)表達(dá)被動(dòng),等于定語(yǔ)從句等于定語(yǔ)從句which were written。 另外另外,分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),如果其邏輯主如果其邏輯主語(yǔ)與整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)語(yǔ)與整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),需要獨(dú)需要獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或 with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替代。復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替代。(此時(shí)此時(shí),也可把該分詞看成

29、介詞的賓語(yǔ)也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。)例例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 簡(jiǎn)析簡(jiǎn)析: 很顯然很顯然,待選部分的邏輯主語(yǔ)是待選部分的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 his hands,而不是句子的主語(yǔ)而不是句子的主語(yǔ) The murderer,而而 his hands 對(duì)于動(dòng)詞對(duì)于動(dòng)詞 tie來(lái)來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō),只能是被動(dòng)承受。因此只能是被動(dòng)承受。因此,該題應(yīng)選該題應(yīng)選D。 6. When _ if she wo

30、uld request a rise, the actress said that money was not important. A. asked B. asking C. having asked D. being asked7. Yesterday I saw in the newspaper a teaching post _ at a school close to my home and I wanted to apply for it. A. advertises B. advertising C. advertised D. to advertise1. I like rea

31、ding the novels _ (write ) by Zhang Ailing.2. The girl _ (write) a letter in the study is my cousin.3.There is something wrong with my car and I have to get it _ (repair).writtenwritingrepairedFilling in the blanks.4. I want the doors of my new house _ (paint) white.5. There was a _ (surprise) look

32、on his face.6. He was _ (excite) at the good news. 7. The story was so _ (move) that he was _ (move) to tears.paintedsurprisedexcitedmovingmoved用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. _ (use) in this way, the word shouldnt be taken as a verb. 2. _ (arm) with special guns, knives and brushes, two space w

33、alking astronauts practiced fixing the spacecraft. 3. Though _ (catch) in a traffic jam, we managed to arrive at the airport. UsedArmedcaught4. Susan is not easy to get along with. But once _ (gain), her friendship will last forever. 5. Henry didnt attend the party _ (hold) at Toms house last night, for he was busy preparing for his exam. gainedheld