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1、高頻考點(diǎn)一不定冠詞的基本用法高頻考點(diǎn)一不定冠詞的基本用法 1.下列三種名詞轉(zhuǎn)化常用不定冠詞。抽象名詞具體化。Music is really a great pleasure.音樂的確是一種讓人高興的事物。物質(zhì)名詞具體化。I would like a coffee and two beers.考點(diǎn)清單考點(diǎn)清單我想喝一杯咖啡和兩瓶啤酒。專有名詞普通化。A Mr.Brown telephoned while you were out.你不在時(shí),一位布朗先生來(lái)過電話。2.表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物的名詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí),可加a或an。3.a/an+修飾語(yǔ)+季節(jié)/月份/日期/三餐等。4.a most+n.

2、=a very+n.。5.a/an+比較級(jí)+單數(shù)名詞,表示“一個(gè)更/比較的”。6.a/an+序數(shù)詞,表示“又一,再一”。典例典例1 (2015重慶,3)I just heard bank where Dora works was robbed by gunman wearing a mask.答案the;a解析句意:我剛聽說Dora工作的那家銀行遭到了一名戴面具的持槍人搶劫?？疾楣谠~。第一個(gè)空后的名詞后有定語(yǔ)從句修飾,特指Dora工作的那家銀行,應(yīng)該用定冠詞the;第二個(gè)空后的名詞gunman在本句中表示泛指,故用不定冠詞a。高頻考點(diǎn)二定冠詞的基本用法高頻考點(diǎn)二定冠詞的基本用法 高考中對(duì)定冠詞

3、的考查主要集中在:1.定冠詞表示特指。2.定冠詞的固定搭配。做題時(shí)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷是泛指還是特指,特指的是什么。往往考查冠詞的試題設(shè)兩個(gè)空,需要分別做出判斷。典例典例2 (2014重慶,6)I cant tell you way to the Wilsons because we dont have Wilson here in the village.答案the;a解析句意:我不能告訴你去威爾遜家的路,因?yàn)槲覀兇謇餂]有姓威爾遜的。本題考查冠詞。第一個(gè)空表示特指,故用the;第二個(gè)空表示泛指,表示“一個(gè)”,故用不定冠詞a。高頻考點(diǎn)三名詞高頻考點(diǎn)三名詞要求學(xué)生掌握復(fù)數(shù)名詞的構(gòu)成,不可數(shù)名詞、名詞所有

4、格及常見名詞后綴。未來(lái)幾年對(duì)于名詞主要考查復(fù)數(shù)名詞的構(gòu)成、名詞所有格及名詞構(gòu)詞法。在語(yǔ)法填空的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換考查中,要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和設(shè)空前的修飾詞去判斷空格處是不是需要所給單詞的名詞形式,然后判斷名詞的單復(fù)數(shù),做出正確回答。典例典例3 (2015浙江,15)One of the most effective ways to reduce (stressful)is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.答案stress解析句意:減輕壓力最有效的方法之一就是與你信任的人談?wù)劯惺?。設(shè)空處作動(dòng)詞reduce的賓語(yǔ),故用名詞形式。reduce stress減

5、壓。高頻考點(diǎn)四不定代詞高頻考點(diǎn)四不定代詞 1.either,neither,both,all,any,none的區(qū)別典例典例4 (2015四川,10)Niki is always full of ideas,but is useful to my knowledge.答案none解析句意:Niki總是會(huì)有很多想法,但是就我所知沒有一個(gè)想法是有用的。本題考查代詞。none(三者或三者以上)都不,都沒。 都任何一個(gè)都不兩者botheitherneither三者或三者以上allanynone2.none,no one,nobody,nothing的區(qū)別典例典例5 (2015重慶,2)The meet

6、ing will be held in September,but knows the date for sure.none既可指人,也可指物,側(cè)重?cái)?shù)量,通常指三者或三者以上的人或物,后可接of短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù),也可用復(fù)數(shù),常用來(lái)回答由how many/much引導(dǎo)的疑問句no one/nobody只能指人,是泛指概念,常用來(lái)回答由who引導(dǎo)的疑問句,不與of短語(yǔ)連用,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)nothing只能指物,且表泛指概念。常用來(lái)回答由what引導(dǎo)的疑問句答案nobody解析句意:會(huì)議將在9月份召開,但是沒有人知道確切日期。根據(jù)題干中的but可知此處應(yīng)該用表示否定意義的no

7、body。3.everything,something,anything,nothing及其習(xí)慣搭配的區(qū)別典例典例6 (2014重慶,1)A smile costs ,but gives much.答案nothing/littleeverythingsomethinganythingnothing強(qiáng)調(diào)“每件事,一切”。and everything“一切事物;以及其他”強(qiáng)調(diào)“某件事,某物”,也可指“重要的事物”。 or some-thing“諸如此類的”強(qiáng)調(diào)“無(wú)論什么,任何東西”。anything but“根本不”意為“沒有東西,沒有一點(diǎn)”。nothing but“只不過,只有”解析句意:微笑不

8、會(huì)損失什么,但是卻能給予很多。根據(jù)題干中的but可推知設(shè)空處應(yīng)為表示否定的代詞,故答案為nothing或little。4.one,another,the other,some,others,the others的區(qū)別典例典例7 (2015陜西,13)To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the .答案other 一個(gè)/一些另外一個(gè)/一些剩余的一個(gè)/一些單數(shù)oneanotherthe other復(fù)數(shù)someothersthe others解析句意:為了使自己暖和,那個(gè)水手

9、坐在爐火前面赤著腳互相摩擦。the other兩者中的另一個(gè)。 替代onea/an+單數(shù)名詞ones零冠詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞the onethe+單數(shù)名詞,有時(shí)可用that代替(尤其在有后置定語(yǔ)的情況下)the onesthe+復(fù)數(shù)名詞,有時(shí)可用those代替(尤其在有后置定語(yǔ)的情況下)thatthe+單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞thosethe+復(fù)數(shù)名詞it上文提到的同一事物高頻考點(diǎn)五高頻考點(diǎn)五one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those,it的區(qū)別的區(qū)別Mr.Zhang gave me a very valuable present,one (=a present) that I

10、had never seen.張先生給了我一個(gè)非常珍貴的禮物,一個(gè)我從來(lái)沒見過的(禮物)。Mr.Zhang gave me many valuable presents,ones (=many presents) that I had never seen.張先生給了我很多珍貴的禮物,這些(禮物)是我從來(lái)沒見過的。The books on the desk are better than those/the ones (=the books) under the desk.桌子上的那些書比桌子底下的那些書好。典例8 (2015天津,2)The quality of education in t

11、his small school is better than in some larger schools. 答案that解析句意:這所小學(xué)校的教育質(zhì)量比一些更大的學(xué)校的(教育質(zhì)量)好。本句需用that替代前面的the quality of education,以避免重復(fù)。知識(shí)清單一冠詞的用法概述知識(shí)清單一冠詞的用法概述一、冠詞的泛指、特指、類指、專指泛指是指首次提到的,不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,或是指被限制性修飾語(yǔ)在其后加以限定的人或事物,也可以是指說話雙方心目中所默認(rèn)的特定的人或事物。類指是指具有共同性質(zhì)或典型特征的事物的一個(gè)類別。專指是指類別中的一員或一部分具體

12、事物。冠詞的泛指、特指、類指和專指用法歸納如下:知識(shí)清單知識(shí)清單單數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞二、普通名詞前使用冠詞的類指用法1.在“the+單數(shù)名詞”、“a/an+單數(shù)名詞”、“零冠詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞”中,所用冠詞都可表類指,但也有細(xì)微區(qū)別:(1)“the+單數(shù)名詞”指的是整個(gè)類別,這個(gè)類別是可以區(qū)別于另一個(gè)類別的。如:復(fù)數(shù)名詞和The car goes faster than the bike.汽車比自行車跑得快。(2)“a/an+單數(shù)名詞”側(cè)重于指類別中任何一個(gè)的特點(diǎn)。如:A tiger is a type of very large fierce wild cat that has yell

13、ow fur with black bands across.老虎是一種毛皮為黃色,全身長(zhǎng)滿黑色條紋,形體很大的兇猛的野生貓科動(dòng)物。(3)“零冠詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞”側(cè)重指類別中的許多個(gè)體。如:Farmers are busy in autumn.農(nóng)民們?cè)谇锾旌苊Α?4)在使用冠詞時(shí)要根據(jù)所要表達(dá)內(nèi)容的具體情況而定。如:The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.老虎正面臨著滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。(不能說:A tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.因?yàn)闉l臨滅絕指的是整個(gè)虎類,而不是任何一只虎面臨滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。)2.the

14、+形容詞或分詞有時(shí)也可表類指。如:the wounded 傷員 the dying垂死的人the unknown未知的事物 the deaf聾子the young青年人 the old老人the living 生者 the dead死者3.民族詞匯前的冠詞類指用法是在復(fù)數(shù)民族詞匯前加the。如:The Chinese are hard-working.中國(guó)人民是勤勞的。有些民族詞匯有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:English,Englishmen;French,Frenchmen等。在這種情況下,the English表類指,the Englishmen既可表類指,又可表專指。如:The French/

15、Frenchmen are romantic.法國(guó)人很浪漫。(類指)The Frenchmen are playing tennis now.那些法國(guó)人現(xiàn)在正在打網(wǎng)球。(專指)知識(shí)清單二冠詞的基本用法知識(shí)清單二冠詞的基本用法一、不定冠詞的用法1.不定冠詞有a,an兩種形式,當(dāng)緊挨著冠詞的第一個(gè)音素為輔音音素(注意:不是輔音字母)時(shí)用a;當(dāng)緊挨著冠詞的第一個(gè)音素為元音音素(注意:不是元音字母)時(shí)用an。如:a university,a useful animal,a one-eyed dog,a European car,an hour,an honest boy,an X-ray,an ugl

16、y man,an honor等。2.表示one,the same,a certain或every的意思。如:They are of an age.(=the same)他們年齡相同。I will return in a day or two.(=one)我將在一兩天內(nèi)回來(lái)。Hi!John.A Mr.Smith is waiting for you outside.(=a certain)嗨!約翰。有位史密斯先生在外面等你呢。3.有些不可數(shù)名詞,如knowledge,understanding 等是由其動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的,它們后面加of.時(shí),前面需用不定冠詞a/an。如:He has a wide

17、knowledge of painting and music.他在繪畫和音樂方面知識(shí)淵博。4.與不定冠詞連用的習(xí)語(yǔ)。如:have a cold;have a good/happy time;have a gift for;have a word with;keep a diary;in a hurry;once in a while;at a loss;for a while;once upon a time;all of a sudden;tell a lie;do sb.a favor;get an education;with a score of;at a distance;have

18、 a popula-tion of;a waste of;a collection of;a matter of;have/take a rest;have a holiday;get a lift/ride;go on a diet等。This picture looks beautiful at a distance.這幅畫從遠(yuǎn)處看上去很漂亮。Tom,I want to have a word with you.湯姆,我想和你談?wù)劇?.不定冠詞的特殊位置quite/rather+a/an(+adj.)+單數(shù)名詞;what/such/half+a/an+單數(shù)名詞;rather/so/as/t

19、oo/how/however+adj.+a/an+單數(shù)名詞;many a/an+單數(shù)名詞:許多;not a/an+單數(shù)名詞:不止一個(gè)。如:He is quite a kind guy.他是一個(gè)相當(dāng)好的人。He is as great a man as ever lived.他和從前的任何一個(gè)偉人一樣偉大。However clever a student he is,he should follow the teachers instructions now.無(wú)論這位學(xué)生多聰明,他現(xiàn)在都要服從老師的命令。二、定冠詞的用法1.用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前,表一家人或夫妻二人。如:The Greens are a

20、t table.格林一家在吃飯。2.用在年代、朝代名詞及逢十的數(shù)詞(表某個(gè)年代)前。如:the Tang Dynasty唐朝,the Spring and Autumn Period春秋時(shí)期,in the 1990s在20世紀(jì)90年代3.用在表度量單位的名詞前,表示“每一”。如:I have hired the car by the hour.我已按小時(shí)租了這輛車。Eggs are sold by the dozen.雞蛋論打賣。4.句型“動(dòng)詞+sb.+介詞+the+身體某一部位”中的the不可用人稱代詞代替。如:take sb.by the arm抓某人的手臂hit sb.in the fa

21、ce打某人的臉此外,在be red in the face(臉紅),be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸),be blind in the eye(眼瞎)等結(jié)構(gòu)中,名詞前要用the。5.用在某些固定詞組中。如:make the most of(充分利用);in the daytime;in the end;in the habit of;not in the least(=not at all);in the distance;in the way(擋路);on the whole(總之);on the right/left;on the other hand;at the

22、 same time;at the moment;go to the cinema/theatre;go to the doctors;the other day(=a few days ago);for the time being(暫時(shí));on the ra-dio/phone(通過無(wú)線電/電話);on the spot;to tell(you)the truth;by the way等。6.定冠詞的特殊位置:在名詞詞組中,定冠詞一般放在最前面,但名詞詞組中如果有exactly,just,half,double,all,both,off 等修飾時(shí),定冠詞要放在這些詞后面。如:exactly

23、 the same color相同的顏色 just the right place就是這個(gè)地方half the story故事的一半doutwiceble the amount雙倍的數(shù)量三、零冠詞的用法1.不可數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞表泛指,用零冠詞。如:Father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.父親去了醫(yī)生那里尋求關(guān)于他的心臟病的建議。Horses are useful animals.馬是有用的動(dòng)物。2.請(qǐng)牢記以下用零冠詞的口訣:月、季、星期、節(jié)假、洲,呼語(yǔ)、頭銜、職務(wù)前;三餐、球類、慣用語(yǔ),學(xué)科、棋類名詞前。如:A

24、year can be divided into four seasonsspring,summer,autumn and winter.一年可以分為四季春、夏、秋、冬。He has no lessons on Sundays.他周日沒有課。Mr.Li is chairman of the meeting.李先生是本次會(huì)議的主席。(表示呼語(yǔ)、頭銜的名詞作表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)用零冠詞)3.系動(dòng)詞turn(變成)后的單數(shù)名詞作表語(yǔ),用零冠詞。如:Has he turned scientist?他成為科學(xué)家了嗎?4.“零冠詞+單數(shù)名詞+as/though+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ),主句”,意為“雖然/盡管,但是

25、”。如:Hero as he is,he has some shortcomings.雖然他是英雄,但他也有缺點(diǎn)。The teacher came in,book in hand(=with a book in his hand/holding a book in his hand/a book held in his hand).老師進(jìn)來(lái)了,手里拿著一本書。6.與零冠詞連用的短語(yǔ)。如:pen and ink(筆墨);master and servant(主仆);at noon/dawn/daybreak/dusk/night/midnight;on second thoughts;come

26、to light;come to power(=take office);give birth to;in case of;come/rank first;out of work/order/control/date/patience/mind/money/question/reach/breath/danger;in use/danger/public;ahead of time;in debt;under repair;day and night;husband and wife;father and son;sun and moon;side by side;shoulder to sh

27、oulder;from morning till night;hand in hand;by weight;by mistake;in place of;by law;on board;at war;every few days;catch fire;face to face;for certain5.在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的某一形式中。如:知識(shí)清單三名詞知識(shí)清單三名詞一、名詞的數(shù)1.單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)名詞?？键c(diǎn):(1)以-o結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí),常在詞尾加-s,但是下列名詞要加-es,它們是:黑人英雄愛在火山上吃土豆西紅柿,即:Negroes,heroes,volcanoes,potatoes,tom

28、a-toes。(注:volcanos也正確。)(2)以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí),一般直接加-s,但下列以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞需把f或fe去掉,加-ves,它們是:為了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和一片樹葉站在架子上,把狼劈成兩半,即:selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,loaves,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。(3)合成名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù),如果沒有主體名詞,則將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如:sons-in-law女婿;passers-by過路人;sto-rytellers講故事的人;bre

29、akfasts早餐;housewives家庭主婦。2.下列名詞通常用作不可數(shù)名詞:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equip-ment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permis-sion,practice,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,word(=news)等。papers文件,試卷,報(bào)紙,論文;goods貨物,商品;ashes骨灰,遺骸;glasses眼鏡;sands

30、沙灘;woods樹林;greens青菜;times時(shí)代;drinks飲料;arms武器;looks外表;man-ners禮貌;damages賠償金;lines臺(tái)詞;works工廠,著作;brains 頭腦;customs海關(guān),關(guān)稅;irons鐐銬;regards問候;pains 努力;conditions條件;airs 傲氣;contents目錄;spirits酒精;waters水域;expectations前程。4.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞。如:Chinese中國(guó)人;Japanese日本人;sheep綿羊;deer鹿;series系列;means方式;works工廠;fish魚;fruit水果;cr

31、ossroads十字路口;horsepower馬力;jin斤等,其中fish,fruit表示種類時(shí),可加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾,即fishes,fruits。5.“集體名詞的數(shù)”見本書“特殊句式”語(yǔ)法專練中的“主謂一致”部分。3.有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。如:1.所有格的含義:(1)表示所屬。如:Toms car湯姆的汽車(2)表示類別。如:a womens college一所女子學(xué)院(3)表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者。如:the teachers praise老師的表?yè)P(yáng)childrens education兒童的教育2.所有格有兩種不同的形式:在名詞末尾加s構(gòu)成,多用來(lái)表示有生命的東西;由介詞of

32、加名詞構(gòu)成,多用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的東西。但在以下幾種情況下,由s構(gòu)成的所有格也可表示無(wú)生命的東西:(1)表時(shí)間。如:二、名詞的格a days meeting一天的會(huì)five weeks holiday五周的假期todays newspapers今天的報(bào)紙(2)表自然現(xiàn)象。如:the moons rays月光the trees branches樹枝the earths atmosphere地球的大氣層(3)表國(guó)家、城市等地方。如:the countrys plans國(guó)家計(jì)劃the worlds population世界人口Chinas industries中國(guó)的工業(yè)(4)表工作群體。如:the ma

33、joritys view多數(shù)人的意見the teams victory 全隊(duì)的勝利the ships crew 船上的工作人員(5)表度量衡及價(jià)值。如:a miles journey 1英里的旅程twenty pounds weight 20磅的重量five dollars worth of apples 5美元的蘋果3.雙重所有格:(1)雙重所有格的構(gòu)成名詞+of+名詞所有格。如:a friend of my fathers名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。如:some friends of mine(2)雙重所有格的概念及用法表示部分概念,of短語(yǔ)修飾的名詞前通常有表示數(shù)量的限定詞a,an,on

34、e,two,some,several,a few,many,any,no等。如:Some friends of my brothers will come to join us.我哥哥的一些朋友將加入到我們當(dāng)中來(lái)。表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩時(shí),of所修飾的名詞前通常有指示代詞this,that,these,those等。如:This little cat of your sisters is really a dear.你妹妹的這只小貓真惹人愛。(比用your sisters little cat更帶有贊美的感情色彩)That dog of Mikes is always making trou

35、bles.邁克的那只狗總是惹禍。(比用Mikes dog更具有厭惡情緒)三、名詞作定語(yǔ)1.當(dāng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用單數(shù)形式,即使在意義上是復(fù)數(shù)(如shoes)或總用作復(fù)數(shù)的名詞(如trousers),也是如此。如:shoe repairers修鞋的人 pencil boxes鉛筆盒radio programs電臺(tái)節(jié)目 book marks書簽tooth brushes牙刷 trouser pockets褲子上的口袋但也有例外,它們是:sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales和accounts。如:a sports car一輛賽車a customs officer一個(gè)海關(guān)

36、官員arms production武器的生產(chǎn)a clothes shop一家服裝店a salesgirl一個(gè)女售貨員an accounts department一個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)部門2.“man/woman+n.”變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),作定語(yǔ)的man/woman和中心詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)。如:men teachers男老師 women engineers女工程師四、幾組?？济~辨析1.cause,reason,excusecause是造成一種事實(shí)或現(xiàn)象的“原因、起因”,后接介詞of;reason是說明一種看法或行為的“理由”;excuse 意為“借口、辯解”。如:Carelessness is the usual caus

37、e of fire.粗心往往是導(dǎo)致火災(zāi)的原因。You must tell him the reason why you wont accept his offer.你必須告訴他你不愿意接受他的提議的原因。Late again!Whats your excuse of this time?又遲到了!這次你又是什么借口?2.mistake,error,fault三個(gè)詞都有“錯(cuò)誤、過錯(cuò)”的意思,但mistake幾乎等于error,只不過error更正式,更常用于書面語(yǔ)。此外,error強(qiáng)調(diào)“道德方面的過失”,如:the error of his youth他年輕時(shí)的過失,而fault則強(qiáng)調(diào)“(性格上

38、的)小缺點(diǎn)”,如:Your only fault is that you cant concentrate.你唯一的缺點(diǎn)就是注意力不集中。但以上三個(gè)詞在一些固定短語(yǔ)中卻不能混用。如:an error of judgment(判斷錯(cuò)誤);by mistake(錯(cuò)誤地);find fault with.(找茬兒、挑剔);It is someones fault.(是某人的過錯(cuò))。3.journey,trip,travel,voyagejourney適用范圍很廣,可指陸海空的旅行,常指距離較遠(yuǎn)的旅行。trip指短時(shí)間、短距離的旅行,與journey通?；Q使用,常與其搭配的動(dòng)詞或詞組有make,ta

39、ke,go on等。travel泛指旅游,前面一般不用冠詞,復(fù)數(shù)形式travels多指旅行經(jīng)歷或到國(guó)外旅行,前面不能用many或數(shù)詞修飾。通常journey和trip強(qiáng)調(diào)往返性,而travel不側(cè)重往返性,可以是單程旅行。voyage指海上旅行或航海。如:Have a good journey/trip!旅行愉快!This post involves a large number of foreign travels.這一職務(wù)要求經(jīng)常到國(guó)外出差。Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.“泰坦尼克號(hào)”在首航中就沉沒了。4.habit,custom,customshab

40、it指一個(gè)人在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)逐漸養(yǎng)成的、一時(shí)不易改變的“行為”、“習(xí)慣”;custom則強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)、民族經(jīng)過一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間過程而形成的“風(fēng)俗”、“習(xí)慣”;customs意思是“關(guān)稅”、“進(jìn)口稅”,當(dāng)首字母大寫并與the連用時(shí),表示“海關(guān)”的意思。如:He has formed the habit of saving money.他養(yǎng)成了存錢的習(xí)慣。Social customs vary greatly from country to country.各國(guó)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣很不一樣。The officials in the Customs at Beijing Airport are very polite.北京

41、機(jī)場(chǎng)海關(guān)的官員很有禮貌。5.award,reward二者既可作名詞也可作動(dòng)詞。award用作名詞時(shí),意為“獎(jiǎng)品”、“獎(jiǎng)金”;用作動(dòng)詞時(shí),常用于award sth.to sb.;reward作名詞時(shí),意為“報(bào)酬”、“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”、“報(bào)答”;用作動(dòng)詞時(shí),常用于reward sb.for sth.。如: The film awards are presented annually.電影獎(jiǎng)每年頒發(fā)一次。A reward was offered for the return of the passport.為找回護(hù)照(他)提供了一筆酬金。 How can I reward you for your help?

42、我怎樣才能報(bào)答你的幫助?They awarded scholarship to the best students.他們把獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金授予最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生。知識(shí)清單四人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、疑問代詞和指示代詞知識(shí)清單四人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、疑問代詞和指示代詞一、人稱代詞1.當(dāng)說話者不清楚或沒必要知道說話對(duì)象的性別時(shí),可以用it來(lái)表示。如:Its a lovely baby.Is it a boy or a girl?這是個(gè)可愛的寶寶。是男孩還是女孩?2.人稱代詞有時(shí)也可用作名詞。如:Its not a she;its a he.那不是個(gè)女孩;是個(gè)男孩。3.在沒有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子中,人稱代詞常

43、用賓格。如:Glad to meet you.Me,too.見到你很高興。我也是。4.代詞they(不分性別)代表已提到過的一些人或事物,在口語(yǔ)中還可代替he or she,此外they還可泛指一般人。如:The Browns phoned.Theyre coming round this evening.布朗夫婦打電話了。他們今天晚上過來(lái)。(代表已提到過的一些人)If anyone arrives late,theyll have to wait outside.誰(shuí)要是遲到,他就得在外面等著。(代替he or she)They say were going to have a hot sum

44、mer.據(jù)說今年夏天將會(huì)很熱。(泛指一般人)二、物主代詞1.物主代詞即人稱代詞的所有格形式,它可分為形容詞性物主代詞(my,your,his,her,its,our,their)和名詞性物主代詞(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs)。形容詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,只能作名詞或動(dòng)名詞的定語(yǔ)。如:This is our classroom.這是我們的教室。(作名詞的定語(yǔ))Would you mind my opening the window?你介意我開窗戶嗎?(作動(dòng)名詞的定語(yǔ)或被稱為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ))2.名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”,可單獨(dú)作

45、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。此外,名詞性物主代詞還可與名詞及of連用,構(gòu)成雙重所有格,即:a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/several/no/each/every/such/another/which+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。如:This is her coat.Mine is over there.這是她的大衣。我的(大衣)在那邊。Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.我的一些朋友將參加我的生日聚會(huì)。三、反身代詞1.反身代詞的基本用法2.含有反身代詞的慣用語(yǔ)(1)與介詞連用Youll have

46、 to see if he has gone to the school for yourself.(親自)你得親自去看看他是否已經(jīng)去了學(xué)校。The computer can shut off of itself.(=naturally 自動(dòng)地):Tom taughthimselfChinese.: byhimself.:She is not quiteherselftoday.:Imyselfcan repairthe bike.You shouldn t have left the baby動(dòng)賓作賓語(yǔ) 介賓作表語(yǔ)作同位語(yǔ)計(jì)算機(jī)可以自動(dòng)關(guān)機(jī)。Jim is not bad in himself

47、,but he likes playing jokes on others.(本質(zhì)上)吉姆本身不壞,但他喜歡開別人的玩笑。One would rather have a bedroom to oneself.(=for ones own private use,not to be shared獨(dú)自享用)每個(gè)人都愿意有間自己的臥室。I cant finish the work by myself.(=alone;without help單獨(dú)地、獨(dú)自地)我自己完成不了這個(gè)工作。He was beside himself with joy when he heard he had passed th

48、e exam.(=almost mad with anger/excitement,etc.由于氣憤、激動(dòng)等而近乎發(fā)狂、忘形)當(dāng)聽說通過了考試,他欣喜若狂。(2)與動(dòng)詞連用enjoy oneself(=have a good time)玩得開心,過得愉快Behave yourself!(=Be polite!Show good manners!)規(guī)矩點(diǎn)!absent oneself缺課/缺勤devote oneself to專心于;獻(xiàn)身于apply oneself to專心致志于adapt oneself to適應(yīng)于treat oneself to用款待自己make oneself at ho

49、me舒適自在seat oneself(=sit)坐think for oneself(=form ones own opinion)獨(dú)立思考(形成看法、作出決定等)He is not himself today.(be oneself處于正常狀態(tài),顯得自然)He is always boasting himself.(boast oneself自夸)A moment later,he came to himself.(come to oneself=regain self-control or con-sciousness恢復(fù)自制力/知覺;蘇醒過來(lái))When he woke up,he fou

50、nd himself in hospital.(find oneself+地點(diǎn):發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不知不覺來(lái)到)The food was on the table and no one was there,so he helped himself to it.(help oneself to sth.=take sth.for oneself為自己/某人取用)四、疑問代詞1.what,who的區(qū)別一般來(lái)說,what問職業(yè)、地位;who問的是姓名或身份。如:What is the man over there?He is a doctor.那邊那個(gè)男人是干什么的?他是個(gè)醫(yī)生。Who is that man

51、?He is her husband.那個(gè)男人是誰(shuí)?是她的丈夫。2.what,which的區(qū)別what是在未知范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行選擇,后面不可跟of短語(yǔ);which是在已知范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行選擇,后面可跟of短語(yǔ)。如:What do you want to read?(無(wú)范圍)你想讀什么?Which(of the animals)is bigger,an elephant or a horse?(有范圍)大象和馬,哪個(gè)更大?3.whatever,whichever,whoever等詞的用法whatever,whichever,whoever分別為what,which,who 的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式,相當(dāng)于what/whi

52、ch/who on earth,意為:到底(究竟)什么/哪一個(gè)/誰(shuí)。如:Whatever do you want?你到底想要什么?Whoever gave you the book?究竟是誰(shuí)給你的這本書?4.what的習(xí)慣用法What is五、指示代詞指示代詞是用來(lái)指代或標(biāo)記人或事物的代詞。常用的指示代詞有this,that,these,those。在句中可以作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等成分。另外,such,so,the same也可以充當(dāng)指示代詞。the population?the distance?the price?your address?your attitude?the

53、 height / weight /depth /length / width /size?/?人口是多少距離有多遠(yuǎn)價(jià)格是多少你住在哪里你的態(tài)度怎樣高度 重量 深度 長(zhǎng)度 寬度 大小是多少1.this,that,these,those用法比較簡(jiǎn)單,應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1)在打電話時(shí),this指自己,that指別人。(2)習(xí)慣用法,如:at this一聽到/看到這個(gè)with this一面說著,一面like this像這樣,如此that is to say也就是說Is that so?真的嗎?Thats enough!我受夠了!Thats it!正是這樣!Thats all right.沒關(guān)系。Th

54、at will do.那正好。2.such,so,the same的用法(1)such指如前所述的這樣的人或事物。此時(shí),如果遇到a/an,such必須放在其前;如果遇到no,one,two,three,another,several,some,many,all等詞時(shí),such必須置于其后。有時(shí)such之后可以加一個(gè)as用以引出屬于哪一類。如:Every day,he got up early,walked about 20 miles to work and returned very late.Such was his life.每天他一早起床,步行大約二十英里去上班,而且回家很晚。這就是他

55、的生活。Such is Albert Einstein,a simple man with great achievements.這就是阿爾伯特愛因斯坦,一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)樸而又成績(jī)卓著的人。Tom is such a nice person.湯姆就是這樣一個(gè)好人。(2)so作指示代詞時(shí),代替一個(gè)句子或短語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的事情。在believe,think,expect,suppose,imagine,guess等詞后,用so代替前文提出的觀點(diǎn),既可以用于肯定句,也可以用于否定句。如:Will Tom come this evening?I think so./I dont think so.(I think n

56、ot.)湯姆今晚會(huì)來(lái)嗎?我想會(huì)的。/我想不會(huì)。用于hope以及Im afraid后,代替前文提出的觀點(diǎn)。如:Is it going to rain tomorrow?I hope so./I hope not.(不用I dont hope so.)明天會(huì)下雨嗎?希望如此。/希望不會(huì)。用在肯定句中,表示與上文的情況相同。如:He likes English,and so do I.他喜歡英語(yǔ),我也喜歡?！癲o so”可用來(lái)代替“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu),以避免重復(fù)。此時(shí)“do so”的主語(yǔ)必須與前面的“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”的主語(yǔ)一致。如:Have you phoned your parents?No,but I

57、ll do so soon.你給你父母打電話了嗎?沒有,我一會(huì)兒就打。注意:“do so”所代替的動(dòng)作必須是可以由主觀意愿支配的,否則不可用“do so”。(3)the same單獨(dú)用the same,可指剛提到過的同一個(gè)人或事物。如:I bought a new car three days ago,but soon sold the same.三天前我買了一輛新車,但是很快就賣掉了。the same后跟as用以引出所談及的范圍,as后可以是名詞、代詞,也可以是句子。如:He is of the same age as you.他和你一樣大。I have the same computer

58、as you do.我的電腦和你的一樣。注意:the same.as和the same.that的區(qū)別在于:前者表示“與一樣的(不是同一個(gè))”,后者指“同一個(gè)”。如:This is the same pen as I lost.這支鋼筆和我丟的那支是一樣的。This is the same pen that I lost.這就是我丟的那支鋼筆。知識(shí)清單五知識(shí)清單五it的用法的用法一、指代時(shí)間、距離、自然現(xiàn)象等。如:It is half past two now.(指時(shí)間)現(xiàn)在是兩點(diǎn)半。 It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital.(指距離)離最近的醫(yī)院是6英里。

59、 It is very cold in the room.(指溫度)房間里很冷。A lovely day,isnt it?(指天氣)真是個(gè)好天氣,不是嗎?二、指代前面所提到過的事情、事物、群體、想法、性別不明或性別被認(rèn)為不重要的人或動(dòng)物,未指明但談話雙方都明白的事情或情況。如:Ive broken a plate.It(=Breaking the plate)doesnt matter.(指前面所提到過的事情)我打碎了個(gè)盤子。沒關(guān)系。The Parkers bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can mov

60、e in.(指雙方都明白的事情)帕克家買了一套新房子,但是在入住之前有大量的工作需要去做。三、用作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ),而把真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)放在后面,真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)往往由從句、動(dòng)名詞、不定式充當(dāng)。如:He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)是不容易的。We think it no good reading in bed.我們認(rèn)為躺在床上讀書沒有好處。四、熟記下列有關(guān)it的固定結(jié)構(gòu):I take it that you dont agree with me.我的理解是:你不同意我的見解。I hate it wh

61、en I have to speak in French on the phone.有時(shí),非得用法語(yǔ)打電話,我感到很討厭。I like it when she sings a song for me.我喜歡她為我唱歌。I cant help it if he is always late.如果他總是遲到,我也沒辦法。I would appreciate it if you could help me.如您能幫忙,我將不勝感激。I dont mind it if you are late.如果你遲到,我不會(huì)介意的。Please see to it that(make sure that)you bring enough money when you go out.出門時(shí)請(qǐng)務(wù)必帶夠錢。You can count on it that he is very smart.你就相信吧,他非常聰明。As someone puts it,practice makes perfect.像某人所說的那樣,熟能生巧。You neednt go if you dont feel like it.如果不愿意,你就不必去了。When it comes to football,he is more excited.提到足球,他就更興奮了。五、用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中(見特殊句式專題)