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1、第第 9 講講 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1. Hows your new babysitter? We _ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much. (2011浙江卷) A. should B. might C. mustnt D. couldnt 【答案及解析答案及解析】1. D考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。句意為“你的新保姆怎么樣?”“找不到更好的了。我們的孩子們都很喜歡她?!眘hould應(yīng)該;might可能,可以;mustnt禁止;couldnt不可能。 2. Had I known about this computer
2、 program, a huge amount of time and energy _.(2010浙江卷) A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved 【答案及解析答案及解析】2. A考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。根據(jù)句子的倒裝特征判斷此處是省略了if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,原形是:If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _. 句意為:如果我早知道這個(gè)電腦程序,就可以節(jié)省大量的時(shí)間和精力了。 3. “You
3、 _ have a wrong number,” she said. “Theres no one of that name here.”(2010浙江卷) A. need B. can C. must D. would【答案及解析答案及解析】3. C考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如果表示非??隙ǖ耐茰y(cè)要用must。句意為:“你肯定打錯(cuò)電話(huà)了,”她說(shuō),“我們這里沒(méi)有一個(gè)叫那個(gè)名字的人?!?4. The doctor recommended that you _ swim after eating a large meal.(2009浙江卷) A. wouldnt B. couldnt C. needn
4、t D. shouldnt【答案及解析答案及解析】4. D考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。根據(jù)句子中的recommended(推薦)可知,從句應(yīng)用“should 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示虛擬,且此句為否定句。1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),其后接動(dòng)詞原形。2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的變化。4. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞原形表描述現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(modal verb be / do, modal verb be doing),情態(tài)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表描述過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(modal verb have done)。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1. can, could
5、(1)表能力(be able to)。(2)表許可may。(3)表客氣的請(qǐng)求,could比can更委婉。(4)表推測(cè),僅用于否定句和問(wèn)句。(5)(表示可能、許可)能夠;可以??记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(6)cant / couldnt v. too adj. / adv. 再怎么也不過(guò)分cant / couldnt butv. 只好,不得不cant help doing禁不住做cant help but do不能幫助做2. may, might(1)表允許,許可can。You may go home now, Susan. 蘇珊,你現(xiàn)在可以回家了。??记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(2)
6、表可能性,may比might可能性更大。(3)may / might as well v. 還是好You may as well wait till Tuesday and go on a fast train.你還是等到星期二乘快車(chē)走為好。(4)表祝愿,祈求。May you succeed!祝你成功!(5)(用于讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中)即使;無(wú)論。Whatever he may say,I dont believe him. 無(wú)論他說(shuō)什么,我都不相信他的話(huà)。??记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞3. must(1)(表示義務(wù)、必要性、命令)必須,得,要。You must do as you are to
7、ld. 你必須按照吩咐去做。(2)表強(qiáng)烈的勸告。(3)表把握性很大的推測(cè)。(4)must not表禁止,不允許。Cars mustnt be parked here. 此處禁止停車(chē)。??记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(5)must的一般疑問(wèn)句的否定回答用neednt或dont have to。(6)(表固執(zhí),不滿(mǎn)等)偏偏,硬要,偏要表示與說(shuō)話(huà)人愿望相反及不耐煩。Our threeyearold boy must do the opposite to what we ordered. 我們3歲的兒子很固執(zhí),要他向東,他偏向西。(7)(表必然性)必定。Everyone must die. 每個(gè)人都
8、必定會(huì)死。??记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞4. shall(1)用于第一、三人稱(chēng)表征求意見(jiàn),請(qǐng)求指示。Shall she go to the concert with us this evening?今晚請(qǐng)她和我們一起去看演唱會(huì)嗎?(2)用于第二、三人稱(chēng), 表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的命令、強(qiáng)制、允諾、威脅或決心等, 多見(jiàn)于法律條文等文件中。Dont worry。You shall get the answer this very afternoon. (允諾)He shall be sorry one day. I tell you. 我告訴你,他早晚有一天會(huì)后悔的。(警告)常考情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)
9、動(dòng)詞5. should(1)(表驚訝、遺憾)竟然;居然。Its a pity that he should resign. 可惜他竟然辭職了。(2)(用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中)一旦;萬(wàn)一。Should you change your mind, let us know. (If you should change your mind,)你一旦改變主意,就通知我們。常考情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(3)(用于表示命令、建議、請(qǐng)求的動(dòng)詞后面的that從句中,且should可省略)應(yīng)該;必須。I suggested that he (should) change his mind. 我建議他改變主意。6
10、. will /would(1)表請(qǐng)求,would用疑問(wèn)句多與you連用比will更委婉,客氣。(2)表習(xí)慣性或反復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,will指現(xiàn)在,would指過(guò)去的習(xí)慣used to。(3)表意愿或固執(zhí)堅(jiān)持,事情作主語(yǔ)表固有的性質(zhì)。??记閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè):對(duì)肯定情況的推測(cè): must be /do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái))must be doing(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)must have pp. (已發(fā)生的或狀態(tài))對(duì)否定情況的推測(cè):can /could not be /do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái))cant /couldnt be doing(正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)can /could not ha
11、ve pp. (過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))把握性很大情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái))may be doing(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)may have pp. (已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))may not be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái))may not be doing(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)may not have pp. (過(guò)去已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))把握性其次might be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái))might be doing(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞might have pp. (過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))might not be/do(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái))might no
12、t be doing(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)正在發(fā)生動(dòng)作)might not have pp. (過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài))把握性不大情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式:(1) could have done 本來(lái)能夠做而實(shí)際上未做(2) might have done 本來(lái)可以做而實(shí)際上未做(3) should / ought to have done 本來(lái)應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上未做(4) ought not to have done /shouldnt have done 本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上做了 (5) neednt have done 本來(lái)不必要做而實(shí)際上做了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞i
13、f 虛擬條件句的形式 虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣if 虛擬條件句的形式 虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣注意:有時(shí)條件從句中的動(dòng)作和主句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致(表示錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的虛擬語(yǔ)氣),這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。如: If you had_listened_to the doctor, you would_be_all right now. 如果你當(dāng)初聽(tīng)了醫(yī)生的話(huà),身體現(xiàn)在就好了。(從句動(dòng)作指過(guò)去,主句動(dòng)作指現(xiàn)在) 1. 省略連詞if,將were, had或should提至主語(yǔ)前。如: Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你,就不做這事
14、。2. 用介詞短語(yǔ)代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句。如: Without_air,_there would be no living things. 如果沒(méi)有空氣的話(huà),就不會(huì)有生物了。But_for_your_help,I couldnt have done it. 要是沒(méi)有你的幫助,我就不可能完成這件事。if 虛擬條件句的轉(zhuǎn)化 虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣3. 假設(shè)的情況有時(shí)可以通過(guò)上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。如:I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. 我那天很忙,否則,我就和他們一起去那兒了。(如果我那天不忙的話(huà),我就)I wo
15、uld_have_finished the work, but I have been ill. 我本來(lái)該完成這項(xiàng)工作的,但我生病了。(如果我沒(méi)生病的話(huà),我就會(huì)完成)if 虛擬條件句的轉(zhuǎn)化虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣4. 省去條件從句成主句。如:You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自己洗衣服的。If my grandmother were with me!如果我的祖母與我在一起多好??!if 虛擬條件句的轉(zhuǎn)化虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1. can可以作“有時(shí)候會(huì)”解,意思是平時(shí)或大部分時(shí)間不是這樣子,只是偶爾發(fā)生的事情。如: The climates o
16、f East China can_be pretty cold in winter. 華東地區(qū)冬天的氣候有時(shí)會(huì)相當(dāng)冷。 2. 在“It is important (strange,natural,necessary)that”這類(lèi)句型里,that所引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用 “should動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu),表示某事是“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意義。如: It is important that every member (should)_inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每個(gè)成員知道這些規(guī)則。 3. 在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中: (1)表示
17、對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬:從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行式(be動(dòng)詞一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。(可惜不知道) (2)表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬:從句動(dòng)詞常用“had過(guò)去分詞”。如: I wish (wished) I hadnt_spent so much money. 我后悔不該花那么多錢(qián)。 (3)表示對(duì)將來(lái)的主觀愿望:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為“would動(dòng)詞原形”。如: I wish it would_stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。 4. 在suggest,demand,order,propose,
18、insist,command,request,desire等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should 動(dòng)詞原形”,表示建議、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should)_answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答復(fù)我。 5. 在“It is time (that)”句型中,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示將來(lái),動(dòng)詞形式一般用過(guò)去式,意思是“是該干某事的時(shí)候了”。如: Its (high) time we did our homework. 是我們?cè)撟鲎鳂I(yè)的時(shí)候了。 6. if only 要是就好了。相當(dāng)于I wish(與wish 后的虛擬語(yǔ)氣類(lèi)似),如: If only you hadnt_told him the news.