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1、 石家莊鐵道大學(xué)四方學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 通過小說《寵兒》看美國的種族歧視 An Analysis of the Racial Discrimination in America in Beloved 2010屆 外 語 系 專 業(yè) 英 語 學(xué) 號 學(xué)生姓名 指導(dǎo)教師 完成日期 2010年6 月 3 日 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書 題　目 通過小說《寵兒》看美國的種族歧視 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué)號 方0655-1 專業(yè) 英語 承擔(dān)指導(dǎo)任務(wù)

2、單位 外語系 導(dǎo)師 姓名 王 霞 導(dǎo)師 職稱 講師 一、主要內(nèi)容 通過對寵兒命運的分析來看美國的種族歧視。寵兒不受寵的事實可以從多個方面得以體現(xiàn),而通過這些事實,一些種族問題也得以揭露。造成寵兒不受寵的原因主要包括社會的、家庭的與個人的原因,寵兒的悲劇是整個黑人民族的縮影。在論文的最后,討論了解決美國種族問題的未來。 二、基本要求（各方向具體要求見論文指導(dǎo)書） 1.了解文學(xué)評論的基本要求,并能運用這些基本知識和理論正確完成對作品、作家、文學(xué)流派與思潮等的研究。 2.對文學(xué)文本、作家有較全面、準(zhǔn)確的把握。 3.應(yīng)能用科學(xué)的、規(guī)范的語體正確地表述思想,完成論文的撰寫。

3、三、應(yīng)收集的資料及參考文獻(xiàn) [1] David L, Middleton. ed. Toni Morrison’s Fiction: Contemporary Criticism .New York: Garland Publishing, 1997. [2] Toni, Morrison. Beloved. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003. [3] Toni, Morrison. Rootedness, the Ancestor as Foundation. In Black Women Wr

4、iters: A Critical Evaluation. ed. Mari Evans. New York: Anchor Press, 1984. [4] Toni, Morrison. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination, 1992. [5] 陳潔. 奴隸制度的“后遺癥”和歷史創(chuàng)傷的愈合—托妮·莫里森《寵兒》簡析[J]. 蘇州: 蘇州教育學(xué)院學(xué)報. 2004-20-6 [6] 胡國成, 透視美國[M]. 北京: 中國社會科學(xué)出版社. 2002. [7] 朱元美. 托尼·莫里森的奴隸馬車.

5、北京: 中華書局.2005. [8] 朱自達(dá). 當(dāng)代美國文化與社會[M]. 北京: 中國社會科學(xué)出版社.2000. 四、進度計劃 2010年03月15日,交開題報告； 2010年03月20日,交論文提綱； 2010年04月19日,交論文初稿； 2010年05月19日,交論文二稿； 2010年06月03日,論文定稿。 教研室主任簽字 時　間 　　 年　 月 日 指導(dǎo)教師簽字 時 間 　　 年　 月 日 開題報告主要內(nèi)容統(tǒng)計表 選題背景、意義 托尼·莫里森(Toni Morrison)是美國第一個獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎的非裔美

6、國女性。她的作品大多反映了非裔美國黑人特殊的歷史、文化及其思想情感。莫里森于1987年發(fā)表其第五部長篇小說《寵兒》并于1993年因這部作品獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎?！秾檭骸肥峭心荨つ锷钫鸷橙诵?最成熟的代表作,現(xiàn)已成為當(dāng)代文學(xué)史上不朽的經(jīng)典。這部小說緊密地結(jié)合社會,反映了現(xiàn)代美國存在的種種社會問題——暴力、革命、自由、人性和種族歧視。本文的寫作目的是通過研究小說,來展現(xiàn)美國社會中的種族歧視現(xiàn)象。以使國內(nèi)讀者更加了解美國的黑人現(xiàn)狀。 該課題國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 國內(nèi)外學(xué)者從女性主義、心理分析、結(jié)構(gòu)主義、解構(gòu)主義、敘事學(xué)、新歷史主義等文化研究角度以及寫作主題、寫作技巧、人物分析等方面進行了大量的研究。很

7、多評論家從不同的角度分析了該小說：有的分析小說的主題；有的分析寫作技巧及敘事策略；還有的運用各種文藝批評理論對其進行分析．主要包括心理分析批評、后殖民主義批評、后現(xiàn)代主義批評等。在國外方面,Middleton, David主編的作品Toni Morrison’s Fiction收錄了很多名家對托尼莫里森小說的評價作品,其中有許多是關(guān)于《寵兒》這部小說的研究,例如其中Gillis將《寵兒》與美國的社會現(xiàn)實連接起來進行研究,對本文的寫作啟發(fā)很大。在國內(nèi)方面也有很多相關(guān)的研究,屈婉玲2005年的作品《黑人女性的凝聚之力——對寵兒中塞絲的女性主義解讀》,認(rèn)為托尼.莫里森的長篇小說《寵兒》敘述了在白人權(quán)

8、威肆意踐踏性別尊嚴(yán)、蔑視種族身份的文化語境中,黑人女性所進行的百折不撓的文化身份和生存價值的追求,并由此揭示了作家特有的黑人女性主義思想:要爭取真正意義上的生存,黑人女性就必須首先結(jié)成一個有凝聚力的群體。 該課題研究與解決的主要問題 通過小說《寵兒》淺談對美國的種族歧視的認(rèn)識 進度安排 2010年03月20日：交論文提綱 2010年04月19日：交論文初稿 2010年05月19日：論文二稿 2010年06月 3日：論文定稿 論文主要內(nèi)容 通過對寵兒命運的分析來看美國的種族歧視。寵兒不受寵的事實可以從多個方面得以體現(xiàn),而通過這些事實,一些種族問題也得以揭露。造成寵兒不受寵的原

9、因主要包括社會的、家庭的與個人的原因,寵兒的悲劇是整個黑人民族的縮影。在論文的最后,討論了解決美國種族問題的未來及其解決之道。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] Barbara, Smith. Toward a Black Feminist Criticism .Elaine Showalter. The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature, and Theory. New York: Random House, 1985. [2] Danille, Taylor-Guthrie. ed. Conversations with To

10、ni Morrison [M]. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 1994. [3] David L, Middleton. ed. Toni Morrison’s Fiction: Contemporary Criticism .New York: Garland Publishing. 1997. [4] Emory, et al, Elliott. (eds). Columbia Literary History of the United States [C]. New York: Columbia University Pr

11、ess, 1988. [5] Gurleen, Grewal. Circles of Sorrow, Lines of Struggle: The Novel of Toni Morrison [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1998,101. [6] H Aram,Veeser. The New Historicism [A]. In Veeser (ed) .The New Historicism Reader [C]. New York: Routledge, 1994. [7] Nancy J, Pet

12、erson. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1997. [8] The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. [9] Toni, Morrison. Beloved. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2003. [10] Toni, Morrison. Rootedness, the A

13、ncestor as Foundation. In Black Women Writers: A Critical Evaluation. ed. Mari Evans. New York: Anchor Press. 1984. [11] Toni, Morrison. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination, 1992. [12] Wang Shouren and Wu Xinyun. Gender, Race and Class: Toni Morrison and Twentieth-Century

14、 Afro-American Literature [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press. 1999 [13] 伯納德. 非洲裔美國黑人小說及其傳統(tǒng)[M]. 四川: 四川人民出版社.2000. [14] 陳潔. 奴隸制度的“后遺癥”和歷史創(chuàng)傷的愈合—托妮·莫里森《寵兒》簡析[J]. 蘇州: 蘇州教育學(xué)院學(xué)報. 2004-20-6. [15] 杜平. 何木英, 美國文學(xué)簡史與作品選讀[M]. 四川: 四川大學(xué)出版社. 2004. [16] 胡國成, 透視美國[M]. 北京: 中國社會科學(xué)出版社. 2002. [17] 姬虹. 民權(quán)運動與美

15、國南方黑人政治力量的興起[J], 美國研究 2000(2). [18] 李道揆. 美國政府和美國政治[M]. 北京: 中國社會科學(xué)出版社.1990. [19] 羅伯特. 美國黑人在覺醒中[M]. 上海: 上海人民教育出版社.1976. [20] 陸谷孫. 英漢大詞典[M]. 上海: 上海譯文出版社.1993. [21] 屈婉玲. 黑人女性的凝聚之力——對《寵兒》中塞絲的女性主義解讀[N], 四川外語學(xué)院學(xué)報.2005(5). [22] 王守仁. 性別·種族·文化 ： 托尼·莫里森與二十一世紀(jì)黑人文學(xué)[M]. 北京: 北京大學(xué)出版社.1999. [23] 鄭家馨. 殖民主

16、義史[M]. 北京: 北京大學(xué)出版社.2000. [24] 朱元美. 托尼·莫里森的奴隸馬車. 北京: 中華書局.2005. [25] 朱自達(dá). 當(dāng)代美國文化與社會[M]. 北京: 中國社會科學(xué)出版社.2000. 指導(dǎo)教師意見 系部意見 Abstract Beloved is the masterpiece of Toni Morrison--the famous Afro-American woman writer. Toni Morrison won the Nobel Prize in 1993 which made her the first b

17、lack woman to win this prize in the history of America. This novel is regarded as a milestone in American literature. Morrison is such a person who holds the firm national status, and has deep personal views on the racial contradictions. In Beloved, she stats a central story of Sethe killing her dau

18、ghter Beloved. Through this novel she exposes the problem of racial discrimination in America. The author of the present thesis tries to see the racial discrimination in America through the analysis of the fate of Beloved. The fact that Beloved is not beloved could be displayed in many aspects, and

19、 through these facts, some racial problems could be exposed. What makes Beloved not beloved includes the social reasons, the family reasons and the personal reasons. Beloved’s tragedy is a epitome of the whole black people. At the end of the present thesis, the author tries to talk about the solutio

20、n to the racial problem in America. Key words: Beloved； love； slavery system ； racial discrimination 摘 要 《寵兒》是美國著名非洲裔女作家托尼·莫里森的代表作,于1993年獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎,從而使莫里森成為第一個獲此獎項的黑人女作家,而該部作品也成為了美國文學(xué)史上的一個里程碑。莫里森作為一個黑人,對種族問題持有深刻的個人見解。在《寵兒》中,她講述了塞絲殺死女兒的中心故事,并通過這個故事揭露了美國的種族歧視問題。 在本論文中,作者通過對

21、寵兒命運的分析來看美國的種族歧視。寵兒不受寵的事實可以從多個方面得以體現(xiàn),而通過這些事實,一些種族問題也得以揭露。造成寵兒不受寵的原因主要包括社會的、家庭的與個人的原因,寵兒的悲劇是整個黑人民族的縮影。在論文的最后,作者討論了美國種族問題的未來以及解決之道。 關(guān)鍵詞：寵兒 ；寵愛 ；奴隸制 ；種族歧視 Contents Introduction 1 1 Introduction of Toni Morrison and Beloved 1 2 Background Knowledge 2 Chapter one Beloved Is

22、 Not Beloved 3 1.1 The Facts that Beloved Is Not Beloved 3 1.2 The Racial Problems Reflecting from the above Facts 5 Chapter two The Reasons that Make Beloved Not Beloved 6 2.1 The Social Reasons 7 2.2 The Family Reasons 9 2.3 The Personal Reasons 10 Chapter three The Echo of the Tragedy 12

23、 3.1 The Future of the Racial Problem in America 13 3.2 The Solution to the Racial Problem in America 14 Conclusion 16 The Graduation Thesis of Sifang College in Shijiazhuang Tiedao University Introduction 1. Introduction of Toni Morrison and Beloved Beloved is an outstandi

24、ng literature work of Toni Morrison who is one famous Afro-American writer born in the state of Ohio in 1931. Morrison has deep views on the racial problem and has written many books to display this long-existed problem in America. Beloved is the fifth and the most mature work of Toni Morrison, as w

25、ell as the masterpiece of hers. Beloved got the Nobel Prize in 1993, thus making its author the first black woman to win this prize in literature, so the novel became a milestone in the history of American literature. Many critics have recognized Beloved as the best novel of America in the last 25 y

26、ears. So Beloved is one work worth of studying. When this work is put into the wide background of the modern society of America, the fate of Beloved is not one fate of herself, but that of the whole black. Through the analysis of the fact that Beloved is not beloved, one of the biggest problems in A

27、merica could be exploded, thus having its practical values in the modern society. Beloved is a historical fiction as well as a ghost story in which Morrison tells a central story that Sethe kills her daughter Beloved. Sethe is a slave in the Sweet House--plantation in Kentucky, and unable to bear

28、the inhuman treatment of slave owners. She escapes to her mother-in-law’s house in Cincinnati, where she and her children spend a happy life of 28 days, after which the slave catchers come and Sethe, in order to protect her children from slavery, chooses to kill them. However at last, only the elder

29、 daughter Beloved dies. Eighteen years later, Beloved comes back into the earth as a woman. Beloved's return consumes Sethe to the point where she ignores her other daughter and even her own needs, while Beloved becomes more and more demanding. At last Paul D and Denver expellee Beloved away. As Mor

30、rison says at the first page of this novel: Six Million And more I will call them my people, Which were not my people; and her beloved, which was not beloved. ROMANS 9:251[1] 2. Background Knowledge 2.1The Setting of the Story The setting of the novel Beloved is the reconstruction era in

31、 1873, which is a period after civil war. The reconstruction period is ranked from 1865 to 1877, during which there are two extrusive problems which Americans face, namely the reconstruction of the status for the southern states and the reconstruction of the position for the black people. In the pro

32、cess of the reconstruction, the conflicts of classes, races, and religions are complicated. The black people are cruelly persecuted and the black slaves who have got freedom are also lynched by many terror organizations. The freed slaves don’t live much better than the slaves actually. This story f

33、requently flashbacks to the early 1850s when slavery is rampant, as well as the time when the black people are in awake to have active attitude towards the fighting for freedom and equality. The white slave owners treat the slaves cruelly. 2.2 The Setting for the Creation of This Story For a very

34、long time, Toni Morrison had a hope that she could rebuild the lost history for the whole black people, and she wanted to create a canon of the black work. In 1974, when Morrison was an editor for the Language Bookshop, she touched a true event that a black mother Margaret who was a slave in Kentuck

35、y escaping from the farm, and when the slave owners captured her, she killed her daughter with an ax in order to save the daughter from being a slave. Then after ten years of preparing and three years of writing, the striking composing Beloved came into being in 1987. In the novel, Morrison borrows

36、the true story of Margaret. The mother is the model of Sethe, and this incident is also the model of the central event in Beloved. 17 Chapter One Beloved Is Not Beloved Beloved has an elusive, complex character. Her identity is the central character for the readers to understand the novel.

37、As most readers consider, Beloved is the embodied spirit of Sethe’s dead daughter. Beloved never receives love truly, and through these facts some racial problems in America could be reflected. 1.1The Facts that Beloved Is Not Beloved Beloved is a beautiful name, giving people the illusion that sh

38、e is a child who grows up in the atmosphere of being loved and cared. However, it is contrary to the fact, because she is the one who is never cared but only deserted and murdered. The fact that Beloved is not loved could be displayed mainly in the following aspects. 1.1.1 Beloved Is Murdered by H

39、er Own Mother Beloved is killed by her own mother when she is only about one year old. Her mother, Sethe, cut her throat with a sharp handsaw. Sethe doesn’t want her children to experience what she has experienced in the Sweet House. Living there is a rather unpleasant experience for her. She is p

40、ut to the animal side and works hard but being treated as a cow or goat. The two white slave owners hold her down and take her milk away. What’s more, her saint love as a mother is invaded cruelly. Finally, Beloved becomes the only one who escapes from the earth because of her mother’s “help”, but a

41、t the same time she becomes the only one who is deserted to the world full of darkness. At that time, she is still a small baby who could only crawl. She has to be used to facing the darkness by herself. 1.1.2 Beloved Is Hated by Paul D Paul D plays an important role to repress Beloved. From the

42、 beginning to the end, what he does is to exorcise Beloved out. When coming into the house of 124 for the first time, he uses his power to force the baby ghost go away. when Beloved comes back to the earth in the form of a woman, both Sethe and Denver treat her as a member of the house, but only Pau

43、l D could not accept a stranger again, even bases on the fact that he doesn’t know this woman is the ghost. So maybe his prejudice and unfriendliness is not pointed to Beloved but to all the persons who snatch Sethe’s love. However, his hostile mood and his feeling or attitude to other intruders hav

44、e made Beloved a person who could not get love from him nor from her mother at last. Paul D has played a role in repressing Beloved. He has no relation with Beloved but adds more bitterness on her. 1.1.3 Beloved Is Expelled to the Edge of Death by Her Sister At the end of the story, as the siste

45、r of Beloved, Denver comes out of the house to seek help from the community, thus making Beloved disappear. To some extent, Denver is the murder of Beloved who has come back to the earth. If it were not for Denver, no one in the community would pay attention to the house of 124, and without her, no

46、one would come to the house to expel Beloved. Whether Beloved does right or wrong, it is a fact that her sister sends her to the death once again as her mother did 18 years ago. 1.1.4 Beloved Is Exorcised by the Community The black community exorcises Beloved from 124: They treat her as just a

47、haunted ghost, hates her and then forgets her. For a very long time, the community has ignored the family of 124 where Sethe and her children live. Because Sethe kills her own daughter and all the people living in the community think that a mother who could murder her child would definitely not wo

48、rthy of getting along with. “The community makes the family of Sethe live separately for nearly 19 years.”[2] But when Beloved comes back as a ghost, they show their empathy to Sethe for the first time and they try to drive the ghost away from their group. This behavior shows that comparing the crim

49、inals that the alive person has done, people who live in community could not endure the things the ghost does. Beloved sees that the black people become a hill before her. When the ghost without skin comes and takes her away to the darkness again, the community expellees Beloved out successfully. Th

50、ey give no living space for the pity girl at all. Beloved disappears, in other words, she is destroyed once more. People forget her. What Beloved left is just a dream that everyone is not sure whether it is true. This forgetfulness is the betrayal to Beloved, but also the necessity for the black p

51、eople who are still alive. This forgetfulness is one thing that makes Beloved a floating dead soul who is poor enough. 1.1.5 Beloved Has No Identity of Herself From cradle to grave, she even does not have a real name. When the minister makes his preach, Sethe hears the word of “Dearly Beloved” an

52、d mistakes the words as the dead people. Then she offers her sex to make an exchange with the burier. Thus on the grave of the dead girl there comes her name---Beloved. No lucky children, or in other words, no child that gets enough love could get his name in this way. What’s more, in fact, it is no

53、t a name at all. “Everybody knows what she is called, but nobody anywhere knows her name.”[3] She is such a child that has no identity at all. 1.2 The Racial Problems Reflecting from the above Facts In Beloved, the author explores one of the most serious problems in America—the racial problem thr

54、ough the fact that Beloved is not beloved. 1.2.1 The Historical Origin of the Racial Problem The dark place that Beloved lives lonely is one that of the dark hot quarters, a pile of dead bodies. The water may be the representative of the “Middle Passage” to transport slaves. Slavery is the origin

55、of the racial problem that makes their colored skin a brand for the inferior. Thus hundreds of years after the time when slavery ends, the black people still live at the bottom of the American society. In the slavery society, the black people are not humans who have the independent identities, they

56、are treated as animals. And because of the slavery, the white people have the prejudice and discrimination towards the Black. 1.2.2 The High Rate of Criminal for the Black The dehumanizing slavery, as well as the racial discrimination has driven the black people to be brutal. The white people thi

57、nk that in every black person’s heart, there is a wild wood, but they do not know it is their cruelty that makes this wood uncontrolled. The more the black want to estimate that they are human, the more cruel would the white exploit them. When they are driven to some extent beyond their endurance, t

58、hey would turn to the violent force, even to murder. The black people, a weak group, are more tended to use violence to solve problems. Sethe, a black woman, is the representative of the weaker. She could not use violence to hurt the white who has persecuted her but only could hurt her most imitate

59、children. The mother who is helpless could only choose to kill her daughter to protect her and then go to the prison. America, a country which is considered as “the paradise of freedom”, makes so many people feel helpless as in prison. It is the result of the slavery and the racial problems. 1.2.3

60、The Lack of Education for the Black Most black people are illiterate. Few of them have the chance to get education, because the society show prejudice to them. Sethe even could not understand the simplest address of the preacher, thus giving her dead daughter a name like Beloved. The limit of the

61、 language is one signal of the poor education level. 1.2.4 The Black Suffer the Most The racial problem is the chronic illness of America. The black people could not face the past. Indeed it has the condonable and harmonious surface, but the racial problem exists in subtle everywhere. Enduring

62、 the discrimination, the black was lack of the courage to see the ghost who had come back for debts. The ghost represented their brethrens who were killed, if they accepted it, they would try to kill the white for revenge, but in one society that the white was in majority, if they revenged, they cou

63、ld not survive. [4] So what they do could only be expelling the ghost away. The black would not only face the discrimination at present, but also the history of dead souls. So they suffer the most that is all brought by the slavery and the racial discrimination in America. Chapter Two The Rea

64、sons that Make Beloved Not Beloved In fact, Beloved is only a name, and the girl is never beloved. In other words, Beloved’s parents want to love her but the society could not allow. How could a child who seems to be very loved by parents become a ghost? There are many reasons that make Beloved not

65、 beloved, and they could be mainly categorized to the following three aspects: the social reasons, the family reasons and the personal reasons. 2.1 The Social Reasons The social reasons are the root that makes Beloved not beloved, and these reasons mainly include the three aspects: the slavery sys

66、tem, the racial discrimination, and the whole black people’s community. 2.1.1 The Slavery System The cruelty of the slavery is well-known. From 1619, the first slaves were transferred to America, it had opened a stage of the bitterness for the Africans. Two and a half centuries’ later, it still tortured those who suffered a lot. “Slavery was the origin of the racial discrimination, and also one root for the disaster of the whole black people.”[5] There could be kinds of reasons for a mother